新視界大學(xué)英語綜合教程A省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

新視界大學(xué)英語綜合教程A第1頁TextOrganizationGeneral-to-particularpatternI.IntroductionReasonsII.ReasonsMathematical/psychologicalIII.Specificbadluck1Specificbadluck2

第2頁Introduction/Leadin(1-3)Raisequestions1.Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?2.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?第3頁II.Thedefinitionofbadness(4-6)Neutral←

→BadBadnessMarginallybad←→extremelybadOnthespectrumThetrainarrives5minuteslate第4頁Reasonsforbadthingshappeninginthree

(7-10)1.ThemostimportantofallDurationandmemorability(Paras7-8)2.tendency(Para9)lookforexampleswhichconfirmandignorethosewhichdon’t.第5頁3.RationalexplanationProbabilityandindependence(Para10)第6頁Matchtheexampleswiththetypeofevents

1,burstwaterpipe2.caraccident3.loseweddingring4.beredundant5.dropapreciousvaseA.sthmighthappenwhenyoufeeldepressedB.memorableandunfortunateeventC.eventthatconfirmsthebadlucktheoryD.unluckyeventthatmakespeoplesufferdepression第7頁Key

1B2,3C4D5A第8頁SpecificExamples

Specificbadluck1---MapreadingmisfortunesSpecificbadluck1---ThelightsarealwaysredwhenI'minahurry第9頁Judgingstatements(I)1.Thechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapismuchhigherthanyouexpect.2.Peoplealwaysforgetthenumberoftimestheroaddoesn’tlandawkwardly.第10頁Judgingstatements(I)3.30%ofthemappageisduplicatedbecauseofselectivememory.4.Mapreadingmisfortuneisatypicalselectivememory.第11頁Judgingstatements(II)5.Therelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourneyisanotherexampleofselectivememory.6.Trafficlightissimplifiedasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50%chanceofbeingred.第12頁Judgingstatements(II)7.Redlightscomeupnotsooftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry.8.Redlightsareforgottenimmediatelywhilegreenlightsstickinpeople’sminds.第13頁Key

1-4√√×√5-8√√××第14頁Numberthestatementsinacorrectorder

1.Aswithcoincidence,inbadluck,thereisatendencytolookforexampleswhichconfirmthetheoryandignorethosewhichdon’t.2.Badluckcanbepartlyexplainedfromtheangleofmathsandpsychology.第15頁3.Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthree,itmaybeduetothedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.4.Thereisatleastonereasonwhybadeventsclustertogether,thatis,probabilityandindependence.第16頁5.Thelongerthefirsteventsticksinthemind,themoreopportunityyoumayhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.6.Badluckisaproblematicconceptbecauseitisrelative.第17頁Key

5-1-3-6-4-2第18頁課后練習(xí)答案ReadingandUnderstanding2.1)a2)b3)a4)b5)d6)a

7)b8)a3.1)b2)e3)d4)c5)a第19頁DealingwithUnfamiliarWords

4.

1)a2)b3)a4)a5)b5.1)duration2)ignore3)Unfortunately,Alotofpeoplehavealreadybeensacked.

4)overlapped5)Ihaven’ttakenanynotesforthreeconsecutivelessons.6)duplicate第20頁6.1)misfortunes2)coincidence3)latter4)ajacent5)situated6)frequency7)reminder第21頁Canbadluckbeexplained?1

Toastalwayslandsbuttersidedown.Italwaysrainsonbankholidays.Youneverwinthelottery,butotherpeopleyouknowseemto...Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?Eventhemostrationalpersoncanbeconvincedattimesthatthereisaforceouttheremakingmishapsoccurattheworstpossibletime.WeallliketobelievethatMurphy'sLawistrue(“ifitcangowrong,itwill”).Text第22頁2

Partoftheexplanationforbadluckismathematical,butpartispsychological.Indeedthereisaverycloseconnectionbetweenpeople'sperceptionofbadluckandinterestingcoincidences.3

Forexample,takethebeliefthat“badthingsalwayshappeninthrees”(justlikebuses...!)

Thispopularnotionwouldbeunlikelytostandthescrutinyofanyscientificstudy,butitmusthavesomebasisinexperience,otherwisethephrasewouldneverhaveariseninthefirstplace.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?Text第23頁4

Thefirstquestionis“whatisbad?”5

Somethingsareonlymarginallybad,forexamplethetrainarrivingfiveminuteslate.Someareextremelybad,suchasfailinganexamorbeingsacked.Sobadnessismuchbetterrepresentedasbeingonaspectrumratherthansomethingwhichisthereornotthere.Text第24頁6

Aparticulareventmayonlybeamisfortunebecauseofthecircumstancesaroundit.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.Itisbadifyouarelateforanimportantmeeting.Text第25頁7

Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthrees,whatmaybemostimportantofallisthedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.Takeaburstpipewhileyouareawayonholiday,forexample.Itmaytakelessthananhourtofloodthehouse,butthisonebadeventcanremainaliveandkickingformanymonths,withthecleaningupoperationandthedebatewithyourinsurersactingasconstantremindersoftheoriginalevent.Text第26頁8

Thelongerthefirstbadeventsticksinthefrontofyourmind,themoreopportunitiesyouwillhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.Amonthlatersomeonebumpsthebackofyourcarandaweekafterthatyouloseyourweddingring.Themindwhichisalreadyonalowfromthefirsteventwillquicklyleaptoconnectthesubsequentmisfortunesaspartoftheseries.Text第27頁Itwouldn'tmatterthattherecouldbeatwo-monthtimescaleoverwhicheverythinghappened.Bythetimeyouhaverecoveredfromthewaterdamageyouareactivelylookingoutforthenextdisaster.Thetimescalehasbeenextendedaslongasisnecessarytoconfirmtheoriginalprophecy.Text第28頁9

Aswithcoincidences,inbadluckthereisatendencytolookfortheexampleswhichconfirmthetheory,andignorethosewhichdon’t(becausetheyarelessinteresting).Singlebadeventshappenallthetime.Thataloneshouldbeenoughtodisprovethetheory.Badthingsalsocomeintwos.Butitismorelikelythatafriendwilltellyou“threebadthingshavehappenedtome,isn’tthattypical”than“onlytwobadthingshavehappenedtome,whichjustprovesthatthetheorydoesn’twork”.Afterall,thelatteristemptingfate!Text第29頁10

Thereis,however,atleastonerationalreasonwhybadeventsmightclustertogether.Itisrelatedtoprobabilityandindependence.Unluckyeventsarenotalwaysindependentofeachother.Anybodywhoismaderedundant

isboundtosuffersomedepression.Thatwilllowerthebody’sdefences,makingthepersonvulnerabletoillness,andalsomakingthemlessalertandresponsive(sotheymaybemorelikelytodropapreciousvase,forexample).Text第30頁Sowhiletheprobabilityofbeingmaderedundantonanyparticulardayandtheprobabilityofbeingsickmaybothbesmall,thechanceofbothoccurringisalmostcertainlyhigherthantheproductofthetwoprobabilities.

Mapreadingmisfortunes11

Somuchforthegeneralincidentsofbadluckwhichcropupinlife.Let’sgetontoaspecificonethateveryonehasencountered.Text第31頁12

Youareofftovisitafriendwholivesattheotherendofthecity.Youlookuptheroadinthestreetatlas,anddiscoverthatitisrightontheedgeofthepage.Thismeansthatfindingthepreciseroutebecomesachoreofflickingbackwardsandforwardsfromonepagetothenext.Eithertheroadishalfononepageandhalfontheother,orit'sspreadacrossthefoldinthemiddleofthebook.Andifit’sanordnancesurveymap,thenyourdestinationisatjustthepointwhereyoufoldedthemapover.Text第32頁13

Itdoesn’tseemfair.Afterallamaponlyhasatinybitof“edge”butplentyof“middle”inwhichyourdestinationcouldbesituated.Orhasit?Infactthechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapisalothigherthanyoumightexpect.Text第33頁14

Takealookatthemapinthediagram.

Youwillhaveaproblemifyourdestinationisanywhereintheshadedareamarkedonthemap.Thisshadedareaisjust1cmintothepageallthewayaround.Itlooksinsignificant.However,theshadedareaaddsupto56cm2.Text第34頁Thatrepresents28percentoftheareaofthewholepageofthemap,whichmeansthatanyspecificpointthatyouareseekingonthismaphasa28percentchance(that'snearlyoneinthree)ofbeinginanawkwardpositionwithin1cmoftheedgeofthepage.Andifyouregardbeingwithin2cmoftheedgeofthepageasbeingawkward,thechanceofill-fortuneclimbsto52percent.Inotherwords,youmightexpectthismisfortunetooccuronalmosteveryotherjourney.Text第35頁15

Asinmostbadluckstories,youforgetaboutthenumberoftimestheroaddoesn’tlandawkwardlyandrememberthetimesitdoes,andinthiscasethechanceofabadresultissohighthatbeforelongyouareboundtobecursingyourmisfortune,orthemap’sprinter,orboth.This,incidentally,iswhymanymodernroadmapsallowsignificantoverlapsbetweenadjacentmappages.Inagoodroadatlas,atleast30percentofthepageisduplicatedelsewhere.Text第36頁

ThelightsarealwaysredwhenI'minahurry16

Oneofthebestexamplesofselectivememorywhereanunfaircomparisonismadebetweengoodandbadisintherelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourney.Foronce,theperceptionof“IalwaysseemtogetredlightswhenI’minahurry”istrueandverifiable.Text第37頁Tosimplifythesituation,thinkofatrafficlightasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50percentchanceofbeingred,and50percentofbeinggreen.(Infactmosttrafficlightsspendmoretimeonred).Ifyouencountersixtrafficlightsonajourney,thenyouarenomorelikelytoescapearedlightthanyouaretotosssixconsecutiveheads,thechanceofwhichis1in64.Text第38頁17

Redlightscomeupjustasoftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry;it’sjustthatthedisadvantageoftheredlightisconsiderablylessiftimeisnotcritical.Thefalsepartoftheperceptionisthatredlightshappenmorethangreenlights.Text第39頁Thereasonforthisissimplythatadriverhasmoretimetothinkaboutaredlightthanagreenlight,becausewhilethelatterisgoneinseconds–andindeedisanexperiencenodifferentfromjustdrivingalongtheopenroad–theredlightforcesachangeofbehaviour,amomentofexertionandstress,andthenadeprivationoffreedomforaminuteorso.Redlightsstickinthemind,whilegreenlightsareinstantlyforgotten.Text第40頁生活中倒霉事能解釋嗎？1每次吐司掉到地上總是抹了黃油那一面貼地。每逢公假日必定下雨。你買彩票從來沒中過大獎(jiǎng),不過你認(rèn)識人里似乎有些人……你有沒有以為自己生來就是個(gè)倒霉蛋？即使是最理智人有時(shí)候也會(huì)對此深信不疑，認(rèn)為冥冥之中有一個(gè)力量讓他們在最糟糕時(shí)期里災(zāi)禍連連。我們都愿意相信墨菲定律是正確（“該犯錯(cuò)，終將犯錯(cuò)”）。Text第41頁2人之所以走背運(yùn)，部分是概率問題,部分是心理上問題。確實(shí)，人們對背運(yùn)感知和一些有意思巧合之間有著緊密聯(lián)絡(luò)。3就拿“壞事成三”這種想法來說吧（就像等公交車一樣，要么不來，要么一下來三輛！）。這種流傳甚廣觀念可能根本經(jīng)不起科學(xué)檢驗(yàn)，不過它必定有一些現(xiàn)實(shí)依據(jù),不然話也不會(huì)有這么個(gè)說法了。那么，什么樣解釋才是合理呢？Text第42頁4我們要考慮第一個(gè)問題是“什么是壞事？”5有些事情只是稍稍有點(diǎn)不好，比如火車要晚點(diǎn)五分鐘。有些事情則是糟糕透頂，比如考試不及格，或是被炒魷魚了。所以我們更應(yīng)該把事情好壞看成是一個(gè)程度問題，而不是非好即壞。Text第43頁6某件事情有可能因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)一些原因而變成了不幸事?；疖囈睃c(diǎn)五分鐘，假如你邊讀著報(bào)紙上一篇有趣文章邊等車，并不趕時(shí)間，那么這就是一件無關(guān)緊要事。不過假如你要去參加一個(gè)主要會(huì)議，而且馬上要遲到了，那火車晚點(diǎn)就變成壞事了。Text第44頁7談到壞事成三問題，其中最關(guān)鍵原因是第一件倒霉事連續(xù)時(shí)間有多長以及給人印象深不深。比如說，你外出度假期間家里水管爆裂了?？赡懿坏揭粋€(gè)小時(shí)你家就變成了一片汪洋，而在接下來幾個(gè)月中你腦子會(huì)不停地想起這樁倒霉事，因?yàn)槟阋逊孔忧謇頋崈?，還要和保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)就賠償問題討價(jià)還價(jià)，這些都會(huì)讓你不停地想起這件事。Text第45頁8第一件倒霉事困擾你時(shí)間越長，你再碰到兩件倒霉事機(jī)率就越大。說不定一個(gè)月之后，有些人開車追尾撞了你車。又過了一個(gè)星期，你結(jié)婚戒指不見了。出了第一件倒霉事，你情緒原來就很低落，這時(shí)你會(huì)很快地把以后發(fā)生事情聯(lián)絡(luò)到一起，把它們看作是相關(guān)聯(lián)一連串事件。Text第46頁即使這幾件事情時(shí)間跨度可能長達(dá)兩個(gè)月之久，那也不會(huì)改變你看法。等你從浸水事件中平復(fù)過來時(shí)候，你已經(jīng)在主動(dòng)地等候下一個(gè)災(zāi)難發(fā)生了。這個(gè)時(shí)間跨度已經(jīng)被拉長了，直至能夠證實(shí)你之前預(yù)言是正確。Text第47頁9人們碰上倒霉事時(shí)候會(huì)像碰到巧合時(shí)候一樣，去尋找一些事例來驗(yàn)證他們先入為主想法，而忽略掉與這種想法有出入事情（因?yàn)槟切┦虑椴皇悄敲从腥ぃ９铝⒌姑故旅繒r(shí)每刻都在發(fā)生。光憑這一點(diǎn)就能夠推翻“壞事成三”理論了。壞事也能夠是成雙。不過你朋友很可能會(huì)對你說：“我一連碰到了三件倒霉事，可真是應(yīng)了那句俗話！”，而不是說：“我只碰上了兩件倒霉事，這不恰好證實(shí)了‘壞事成三’這個(gè)說法不成立嗎？”畢竟，說后一個(gè)話是要冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)！Text第48頁10不過，最少有一個(gè)合理解釋能夠說明為何壞事會(huì)扎堆。這包括到概率和獨(dú)立性問題。并不是全部倒霉事都互無關(guān)聯(lián)。任何一個(gè)人在被辭退之后都會(huì)心情抑郁，這會(huì)降低他們身體抵抗力，使他們更輕易得病，而身體反應(yīng)也不像以前那么警覺敏感（所以他們就更有可能遇上打壞珍貴花瓶這么事）。Text第49頁所以，即使人們在某一天被裁員和在某一天生病概率都很小，不過這兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生概率必定要高于它們分別發(fā)生概率。看地圖時(shí)碰到倒霉事11關(guān)于日常生活中突發(fā)普通倒霉事我們就說到這里。下面讓我們來看一個(gè)每個(gè)人都會(huì)碰到事情。Text第50頁12你要去造訪一個(gè)朋友，他住在城市另一頭。你在街道地圖冊上尋找去他家路線，結(jié)果發(fā)覺這條路恰恰就在這頁地圖邊上。這意味著要找到一條準(zhǔn)確路線，你就必須從這一頁翻到下一頁，不停地翻來翻去，很是麻煩。這條路線不是二分之一在這一頁二分之一在下一頁，就是被地圖中間書脊夾著。假如你手里拿是全國地形測量局地圖，那么你目標(biāo)地可能恰好就在地圖冊折合處。Text第51頁13這似乎很不公平。畢竟一個(gè)地圖“邊緣”只有那么一點(diǎn)兒，而“中間”地方那么大，你要去地方完全能夠在中間??！事實(shí)果真如此嗎？實(shí)際上，你隨便挑一個(gè)地方，它出現(xiàn)在靠近地圖邊緣機(jī)率比你想象要大得多。Text第52頁14看一看下面地圖。

假如你目標(biāo)地在地圖上標(biāo)出那個(gè)陰影區(qū)域里，你就碰到麻煩了。這個(gè)陰影區(qū)域離地圖四面邊緣處只有一厘米距離，這似乎微不足道。不過這些陰影區(qū)域面積加起來有56平方厘米。Text第53頁差不多占了整頁地圖面積28%，這意味著任何一個(gè)你要找地方都有28%（差不多是三分之一）機(jī)率出現(xiàn)在離頁邊不到一厘米尷尬地方。假如你設(shè)定離頁邊兩厘米為閱讀不便話，那你遇上壞運(yùn)氣機(jī)率就攀升到了52%。換句話說，差不多每隔一次你就會(huì)碰到這么倒霉事。Text第54頁15在大多數(shù)相關(guān)倒霉事故事中，你會(huì)忘記路線好找次數(shù)，只記得路線不好找次數(shù)，在這種情況下，你倒霉機(jī)率必定會(huì)很高，以致于過不了多久你就又會(huì)詛咒自己運(yùn)氣，詛咒地圖出版商，或者兩個(gè)一起詛咒。順便說一下，這正是現(xiàn)在許多地圖允許相鄰兩頁有很大重合部分原因。一份制作精良地圖冊，每頁最少有30%部分會(huì)在其它頁上重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。Text第55頁我趕時(shí)間時(shí)候總是碰上紅燈16關(guān)于選擇性記憶，即人們對好運(yùn)氣和壞運(yùn)氣所做不公正比較，最好一個(gè)例子就是路上紅綠燈相對頻率問題。有那么一次，“我趕時(shí)間時(shí)候，總是碰上紅燈”這種說法是真實(shí)可靠。Text第56頁為了便于了解，我們能夠把紅綠燈看作是投擲一枚硬幣，出現(xiàn)紅燈和綠燈機(jī)率各為50%。（實(shí)際上大多數(shù)紅綠燈，紅燈時(shí)間更長一點(diǎn)。）假如在路上碰上六個(gè)紅綠燈，全部是綠燈就和扔硬幣連續(xù)六次都是人頭朝上概率是一樣，為六十四分之一。Text第57頁17司機(jī)不趕時(shí)間時(shí)候碰到紅燈其實(shí)和趕時(shí)間時(shí)候一樣多；只是假如時(shí)間不緊急，紅燈帶來不便要小得多。認(rèn)為紅燈出現(xiàn)次數(shù)比綠燈多其實(shí)是一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺。Text第58頁產(chǎn)生這種錯(cuò)覺原因很簡單，因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)有更多時(shí)間去想紅燈，而綠燈時(shí)候，車子幾秒鐘之內(nèi)就飛奔而過了——這其實(shí)和在通暢公路上開車沒有任何區(qū)分——而紅燈卻迫使司機(jī)改變行為，一小會(huì)兒時(shí)間里要強(qiáng)迫自己努力一下，承受點(diǎn)壓力，還要失去一兩分鐘自由。所以紅燈會(huì)深深地印在司機(jī)腦海里，而綠燈轉(zhuǎn)瞬間就被拋到腦后了。Text第59頁Words&Phrasesbankholidayunluckymathematicalcoincidencescrutinymarginallysacktimescalesubsequentreminderinsurermemorabilitydurationneutralatlasproductvaseresponsivevulnerableredundantprobabilitybadnessspectrummisfortuneclusterdisproveprophecyflickchoreroute第60頁Words&Phrasesordnanceordnancesurveymapsituateinsignificantawkwardlyprinterexertionconsiderablyconsecutiveverifiablefrequencyselectiveduplicateincidentallyoverlapadjacentdeprivation第61頁Words&PhrasesaliveandkickingbeboundtocropupMurphy’sLaw

墨菲定律第62頁bankholidayn.[C](BrE)

apublicholidaywhenshops,businesses,andbanksareofficiallyclosed,keptasapublicholiday（商店、企業(yè)、銀行均關(guān)門）銀行假日，法定假日，公眾假日AbankholidayisapublicholidayintheUK,socalledasthebanksarealwaysclosed.TheychangeslightlybetweenEngland,Wales,andScotland,buttheyusuallyincludeChristmasDay,thedayafterChristmas,NewYear’sDay,GoodFriday,theMayBankHolidayandoneattheendofAugust.e.g.EasterMondayisabankholiday.復(fù)活節(jié)是銀行停業(yè)日。TheAmericanversionisnationalholiday.Words&Phrases第63頁unluckya.1)

ifyouareunlucky,sth.badhappenstoyou,orsth.gooddoesnothappen,especiallybychance（尤指偶然發(fā)生情形）不幸，倒霉，運(yùn)氣不好e.g.Shewasunluckytocatchacoldonthefirstdayofherholiday.她太倒霉了，休假第一天就感冒了。2)usedfordescribingsth.thatisbelievedtomakebadthingshappen不吉利e.g.13issupposedtobeanunluckynumber.

13是個(gè)大家認(rèn)為不吉利數(shù)字。Antonym:lucky Synonym:unfortunateWords&Phrases第64頁mathematicala.relatingtoorinvolvingmathematics數(shù)學(xué)e.g.

1.Einsteinwasamathematicalgenius.愛因斯坦是數(shù)學(xué)天才。2.Mathematicallawsgoverntheuniverse.

數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)律統(tǒng)治著整個(gè)宇宙。Wordfamily:mathematics

n. mathematiciann.Words&Phrases第65頁coincidence

n.1)

[C,U]asituationinwhichseparatethingshappenbychanceatthesametimeorinthesameway巧合e.g.Byanunfortunatecoincidence,theirhousewasburgledonthedayhelosthisjob.不幸是，在他丟了工作那天，他們家又偏巧遭人偷竊。2)[sing,U](fml)asituationinwhichideasoropinionsarethesame

（想法或意見）一致，相符e.g.Isthereanycoincidencebetweenhisopinionsandyourown?

他意見與你自己意見有沒有一致之處?Words&Phrases第66頁scrutiny

n.[U]carefulexaminationofsomeoneorsomething

仔細(xì)檢驗(yàn)e.g.

1.Aclosescrutinywillrevealthelinesatthecornersofhereyes.仔細(xì)端詳會(huì)發(fā)覺她眼角皺紋。2.Itissafeassumptionthatthequalityofproducts

willbeunderseverescrutinybygovernmentsintheyearstocome.完全能夠必定，在今后多年中，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量將會(huì)受到政府嚴(yán)格檢驗(yàn)。Words&Phrases第67頁Wordfamily:

scrutinize

vt.examinesomeoneorsomethingverycarefully仔細(xì)檢驗(yàn)，認(rèn)真查看，詳審e.g.

1.Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces.她身子前傾，仔細(xì)查看他們臉。2.Tomaintainalowsodiumdiet,youneedtoscrutinizethe"NutritionalInformation"boxesonfoodcartons.

要保持低鈉飲食，你需要仔細(xì)查看食品包裝盒上“營養(yǎng)信息”內(nèi)容。Words&Phrases第68頁marginally

ad.byonlyaverysmallamount

少許地e.g.

1.Thisyear’sprofitsweremarginallyhigherthanlastyear’s.

今年利潤比去年稍微高些。2.Theteamthatismarginallyaheadismoreafraidtomakemistakes,andlesswillingtotakerisks.

稍微領(lǐng)先球隊(duì)更怕犯錯(cuò)，更不愿冒險(xiǎn)。Wordfamily:marginn.marginala.Words&Phrases第69頁sack

vt.&n.

1)

vt.(BrE)(infml.)tellsomeonethattheycannolongerworkattheirjob

辭退；開除e.g.

1.Hewassackedforpettythieving.他因小偷小摸遭到了辭退。2.Hesackedhissolicitorafteranargumentovercost.在發(fā)生關(guān)于費(fèi)用爭論后，他辭退了律師。2)

n.

(the~)

asituationinwhichthemanagementofacompanyendssomeone’sjob辭退；開除e.g.They'veneveractuallygivenanyonethesack.他們從未真解聘過什么人。Words&Phrases第70頁badness

n.[U]thequalityofbeing

bad

壞；惡；不良e.g.Withthehighpricesandthebadnessofthetimes,wefindithardtogetalong.因?yàn)槲飪r(jià)高漲，時(shí)機(jī)不好，生活真是愈來愈難過了。Antonym:goodness

n.thequalityofbeinggood善良,美德,精華e.g.Shehasthedesiretoseegoodnessandjusticeintheworld她渴望看到世界上美好與公正。Words&Phrases第71頁spectrumn.(sing.)

thewholerangeofideas,qualities,situationsetcthatarepossible系列；范圍；幅度e.g.

1.There'sawidespectrumofopinionsonthisproblem.對這個(gè)問題說法眾說紛紜，莫衷一是。2.Hehasawidespectrumofinterests.他有廣泛興趣興趣。3.Thecoursescoverthefullspectrumoflevels.這些課程從初級到高級，各個(gè)水平都有。Words&Phrases第72頁misfortunen.[C]badluck厄運(yùn)；不幸事e.g.1.Thehurricanewasagreatmisfortuneformanypeopleinthearea.颶風(fēng)給這一地域許多人帶來很大災(zāi)難。2.Hehadthemisfortunetobreakhisleftarm.他不幸把左胳臂折斷了。Antonym:fortuneWords&Phrases第73頁neutral

a.1)acountrythatisneutraldoesnotgetinvolvedinawarbetweenothercountries

中立e.g.Neutralnationsintheareahavetriedtobringanendtothewar.該地域中立國為結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭作出了努力。2)notsupportinganyofthepeopleorgroupsinvolvedinanargumentordisagreement

中立，不偏不倚e.g.Sheexplaineditallinamatteroffact,offhand,neutralway.她以就事論事、即席、不偏不倚口氣做了解釋。Words&Phrases第74頁3)havingnostronglymarkedcharacteristicsorfeatures;indistinct;vague沒有顯著特征；含糊e.g.1.

Hehasaratherneutralcharacter.他品性平平。2.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.

火車要晚點(diǎn)五分鐘，假如你邊讀著報(bào)紙上一篇有趣文章邊等車，并不趕時(shí)間，那么這就是一件無關(guān)緊要事。（即：算不上好，也算不上壞事。）Wordfamily:neutrality

n.Words&Phrases第75頁duration

n.[C,U](fml.)

theperiodoftimeduringwhichsomethingcontinuestohappenorexist

連續(xù)期間e.g.1.

Thedurationoftheexaminationisthreehours.

考試時(shí)間為三個(gè)小時(shí)。2.Wetookfourtrains,andtheoveralldurationofthejourneywas72hours.

我們乘坐了4次火車，整個(gè)旅程為時(shí)72小時(shí)。Wordfamily:durable

a.

Words&Phrases第76頁memorability

n.[U]thequalityorstateofbeing

memorable值得記憶；忘不了；易記得e.g.Brandingcreatesmemorability,butitalsoestablishespreferences,habits,andloyalties.

品牌塑造既創(chuàng)造了輕易記住品牌，也建立了消費(fèi)者偏好、習(xí)慣和忠誠。Wordfamily:

memorablea.verygood,enjoyable,orunusual,andworthremembering極好，難忘，值得紀(jì)念e.g.Thealbumcontainsmanymemorablesongs.

這張唱片中收錄了許多令人難忘歌曲。Words&Phrases第77頁insurer

n.[C]

apersonorcompanythatsellsinsurance

承保人；保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)e.g.1.Hesubmittedaclaimtotheinsurer.

他向保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)提出索賠。2.Thefullcostofstormdamagewillbepaidbytheinsurer.

暴風(fēng)雨所造成損失將由保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)全額理賠。Words&Phrases第78頁Wordfamily:

insurev.e.g.1.

Itiswisetoinsureyourpropertyagainststormdamage.為防風(fēng)暴損毀而給財(cái)產(chǎn)保險(xiǎn)是明智。2.Histalentanddedicationwillinsurehissuccess.他才氣和執(zhí)著將確保他成功。Words&Phrases第79頁reminder

n.[C](usu.sing)1)sth.thatremindsyouofsth.thathappenedinthepast提醒記憶之物e.g.Theseruinsareaneloquentreminderofthehorrorsofwar.這些廢墟形象地提醒人們不要忘記戰(zhàn)爭恐怖。2)aletterornotethatremindsyouofsth.thatyouneedtodoorneedtoremember

（提醒人記住某事）提醒信件；提醒便條e.g.Ifthecustomerdoesn'tpay,wesendareminderwitharedstickeronit.

假如客戶不付款，我們寄去一份上面貼有紅條催繳單。Wordfamily:

remind

v.Words&Phrases第80頁subsequent

a.(fml.)happeningorcomingaftersth.else

隨即；繼……之后e.g.1.TheeventsI'mspeakingofweresubsequenttothewar.我說事情都是戰(zhàn)后發(fā)生。2.

Theproblemwillbediscussedatlengthinsubsequentchapters.這個(gè)問題將在后面幾章詳細(xì)討論。Wordfamily:

subsequence

n.Words&Phrases第81頁timescale

n.[C]

theperiodoftimewhensth.happensorisdone

（某事發(fā)生或完成）時(shí)間段，時(shí)標(biāo)e.g.1.Wehopethenegotiationswillbecompletedwithinasix-monthtimescale.我們希望談判在六個(gè)月期間之內(nèi)完成。2.

Thetimescaleforcompletingtheworkwouldbefairlytight.完成這項(xiàng)工作時(shí)間很緊。Words&Phrases第82頁prophecy

n.1)[C]

astatementaboutafutureeventmadebysomeonewithreligiousormagicpowers

（某人認(rèn)定會(huì)發(fā)生事情）預(yù)言e.g.Thisprophecyhasnowbeenamplyfulfilled.

這個(gè)預(yù)言今天已完全成為現(xiàn)實(shí)了。2)[U]

theabilitytoseewhatwillhappeninthefuture預(yù)知未來能力e.g.Heseemedtohavethegiftofprophecy.他似乎有預(yù)言天賦。Wordfamily:

prophetn.[C]預(yù)言者，先知Words&Phrases第83頁disprove

vt.provethatsth.isnotcorrectortrue

證實(shí)……不正確；證實(shí)……虛假；反駁e.g.1.Someoftheinformationistrue,someisfalse,andsomeisimpossibletoproveordisprove.這些消息有些是真，有些是假，有些則完全無法證實(shí)真假。2.Ouropponentstriedtomakeagreatdealofasmallmistakeinourcalculationsinordertodisproveourwholeargument.我們對手們想利用我們計(jì)算中一個(gè)小小失誤來反駁我們整個(gè)論點(diǎn)。Antonym:

proveWords&Phrases第84頁cluster

v.&n.

1)v.formasmallclosegroup

群集；聚集e.g.Themenclusteredtogetherroundthefireandsangsongs.人們聚集在篝火周圍唱歌。2)n.[C]agroupofthingsofthesamekindthatareveryclosetogether

串，束，簇；群，組e.g.Hefoundaclusterofmushroomsintheforest.他在樹林里發(fā)覺一簇蘑菇。3)n.[C]agroupofpeopleallinthesameplace

（聚集在同一地方）一群人e.g.Therewasalittleclusterofadmirersaroundtheactress.女演員周圍擁著一小群崇敬者。Words&Phrases第85頁probability

n.1)[C,U]acalculationofhowlikelysth.is

概率；幾率e.g.Everyeventhasaparticularprobabilityofoccurring.每個(gè)事件都有其特定發(fā)生率。2)[sing,U]ameasureofhowlikelysth.istohappen

可能性e.g.1.Theprobabilityofmakingamistakeincreaseswhenyouaretired.

2.Inallprobabilityshewouldn’tcomeevenifweinvitedher.

即使我們邀請她，她十有八九也不會(huì)來。Wordfamily:probable

a.Words&Phrases你累時(shí)候犯錯(cuò)誤可能性就會(huì)增加。第86頁redundant

a.1)(BrE)ifsomeoneisredundant,theyhavebeentoldtheymustleavetheirjobbecausetheyarenolongerneeded

被辭退；被裁員e.g.Thecompanyhaspaidoffsomeredundantemployees.企業(yè)在付清工資后辭退了一些雇員。2)

notneeded

多出；無須要e.g.Changesintechnologymaymeanthatonce-valuedskillsarenowredundant.技術(shù)革新意味著曾經(jīng)寶貴手工技藝已經(jīng)變得多出。Words&Phrases第87頁vulnerablea.1)

easilydamagedbysth.negativeorharmful

易遭毀壞；易損壞；脆弱e.g.Thevirusattackstheimmunesystem,leavingyourbodyvulnerabletoinfections.

這種病毒攻擊人免疫系統(tǒng)，使身體輕易受到各種感染。2)someonewhoisvulnerableisweakoreasytohurtphysicallyormentally

（身體或精神）脆弱，易受傷e.g.Theirconstantargumentsleftherfeelingincreasinglyvulnerableandinsecure.

他們不停爭吵讓她日益脆弱、越來越?jīng)]有安全感。Wordfamily:vulnerability

n.

[U]Words&Phrases第88頁responsivea.quicktoreactinthewaythatisneeded,suitable,orrightforaparticularsituation

反應(yīng)快；靈敏；敏感e.g.1.

PresidentRooseveltwasresponsivetotheneedsofthemillionsindistress.羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)對于數(shù)百萬貧困人士需求做出了快速回應(yīng)。2.Thiscar'ssteeringisn'tveryresponsive.這輛汽車方向盤不太靈活。Wordfamily:respond

v. responsen.Words&Phrases第89頁vasen.[C]

(AmE)acontainerforcutflowers花瓶e.g.1.Hesmashedthevaseintopieces.他把花瓶砸成碎片。2.Thevaseisofmatchlessworkmanship.這只花瓶做工精美無比。Words&Phrases第90頁product

n.[C]

(technical)

anumberthatistheresultofmultiplyingtwoothernumbers

（乘）積e.g.1.

Theproductof4and10is40.

4與10乘積是40。2.48istheproductof6and8.48是6和8乘積。Words&Phrases第91頁atlas

n.[C]

abookofmaps

地圖冊e.g.1.Theatlaswaspublishedbyourcompany.這個(gè)地圖冊是由我們企業(yè)出版。2. Pleasereachmetheworldatlasdownfromthebookshelf.請把那本世界地圖冊從書架上取下來遞給我。Words&Phrases第92頁route

n.[C]1)

awaythatbuses,trains,ships,orplanestravelregularly

（公共汽車、火車、船或飛機(jī)所經(jīng)過）路線，航線e.g.1.IsthereabusroutethroughtheRockies?有公共汽車穿過落基山脈嗎？2.Theytookacircuitousroutetoavoidreporters.他們繞道避開了記者。3.ItwasthequickestroutefromRometoNaples.那是從羅馬到那不勒斯最快路線。Words&Phrases第93頁2)

awayofdoingsomethingthatproducesaparticularresult方法；路徑；渠道e.g.1.

Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.(CET4--09)假如你明確了解自己意向，找到工作最正確方法就是接收專業(yè)培訓(xùn)。2.Therewasnoalternativerouteopentoher.她別無選擇。Words&Phrases第94頁chore

n.[C]

anunpleasant,boring,ordifficultthingthatmustbedone

（煩人）雜務(wù)，麻煩事e.g.1.Peelingbagsofpotatoesisreallyachore.給一袋袋馬鈴薯削皮真是件苦差事。2.Hisheadachehasaffec