ITDP+從Transmilenio到自行車網(wǎng)絡(luò)：從波哥大吸取的教訓(xùn)

obilize

FromTransmileniotoCycleNetworks-LessonsLearned

fromBogotá’s

ComprehensiveUrban

MobilityPlanning

TimelineofBogotá’sMajorMilestones:

1974

FirstCiclovía,car-free

Sunday,islaunched

-firstforSouth

Americaandoneof

thefirstintheworld

2020

Signingofthe

Bogotá’sClimate

Emergency

Declarationrequiring

creationofzero

emissionpolicy

2000

TransMilenioopenswithinnovations

inBRTdesign,

integrationofbicyclesandbikelanes

2016

LaunchofthePlazoletas

project

(rebrandedtoBarriosVitalesin2020)

2005

Thefirstever

Sustainable

TransportAwardisgiventoBogotá

2011

Introduction

offirstelectricbusesinapilot

2020

Introductionof120kmofpopupcyclelanes

2017

EstablishmentoftheVision

ZeroProgram

2020

Publiccampaignfocusingon

redesignofAvenidaSéptimaintoa

greencorridor

2021

BogotáCapital

Districtstops

contractingpublictransportfleet

vehiclesthatusefossilfuels

2021

2021

Draftofthe

Zeroand

LowEmission

Launchofthe

PublicPolicyof

theBicycle

.〕

Mobility2023-

2040Policy

2022

2022

Launchofthe

bikesharesystemwithTemBici

2022

Launchofthe

LaRolitapublictransportservice

2022

172electric

busesbegin

operationunderanewmodel

Launchofthe

BlocksofCare

project

2022

BogotáwinstheSTA

forasecondtime

2

1.Background

TheColombian

Bogotáhaslongo

beenaleader

ininnovation

insustainable0

transportation.

Source:Carlos

FelipePardo.

capitalof

Bogotá,Colombia,hasbeenaleaderin

sustainablemobilityfordecades.Itwonthe

firstSustainableTransportAwardin2005andthenagainin2022.Butitseffortstowards

sustainablemobilitybeganlongbeforethat.

Bogotáhasconsistentlybeenattheforefrontofsustainableandequitableinnovationthat

continuesuptotoday,includingciclovía,bikeintegration,busrapidtransit,publicspace

reclamation,parkingreform,andlanduse

planning.Ithasalsobeenaleaderininclusion,

fromprioritizingchildrenandparksdevelopmenttonowwithitsexplicitfocusongenderand

centeringthecareeconomyinitsplans.

Likemanymajormetropolitanareas,Bogotá

hasgrowntremendouslyoverthelastcentury;

fromapopulationofjust325,000in1938,ithasincreasedtwentyfold,toover7.5millionresidentstoday.Toaccommodatetheinflux,theurbanareahasexpanded,withthegreaterBogotáregion

sprawlingto30timesitsoriginalsizeby2010.

Suchrapiddevelopmenthasledtosocio-spatialsegregationwithunequalurbandevelopment,

andenhancedtherisksposedbyclimatechangetothecity’smostvulnerablepopulation.

Butbyrethinkingboththeurbanlanduseandthemodesoftransportationavailabletocityresidents,thecityofBogotáhasundergoneaseriesofsuccessivestructuralandbehavioral

changesthathavemadeitincreasingly

sustainable.WhilethelegacyofBogotáislong,thiscasestudywilltouchonsomeofthehistorybutfocusmoreonhowthecityrespondedtothepandemicandleveragedthatforanewvisionofcitiescommittedtocombatingclimatechange

andcenteringcareandinclusion.

Throughoutthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,landuseplansweredevelopedtoaddresstheseurbanplanningissues.Thesewereupdatedin

2004and2019toincludestepsforpreparingthecitytomitigateclimatechangeimpacts,becomemoreinclusiveandintegrated,andtoutilizethebenefitsofdensepopulationstocreateamore

compact,liveablecity.Atthesametime,planstoexpanduponthesuccessfulBRTsystem

andincorporatefurthercyclinginfrastructurewereunderwayasasuccessiveseriesoflocalgovernmentsworkedtomakethecitymore

bicycleandpedestrianfriendlyandtomitigategreenhousegasemissions.

3

Thestartofthepandemicin2020rushedthe

implementationandadaptationofpublicsquaresforcommunityusethatwasalreadyintheworksandsawtheincorporationof“pop-up”bikelanestoaccommodatethepandemic-relatedsocial

distancingmeasures.Restrictionsonworkledtofewercarsontheroadwhilemorecitizenstookto

bicyclingonpop-upbikelanesinordertoabide

bypublichealthmeasures.Officialsstudiedthis

temporaryinfrastructurecarefullyanddecidedtomaintainsomeofthecyclingroutespermanentlywhilealsorespondingtothedilemmasposedbyareturntovehiculartrafficandenhancedcycleusage.

Throughtheintegrationofpublictransportation,landuseplanningandcyclingoptions,officials

hopetoclosethedistancegap,addressingthe

highincomedisparitiesinthecitybyoffering

affordableoptionsforworkandcare-related

trips.Theimpactsofclimatechangewilllikewisecontinuetobeconsideredinplanningandpublictransportimplementation,aspartsofthecitywillbepronetolandslideswhilethemostpopulous

regionswillbesubjecttoflooding.

Bogotá’srecentkeyachievements:

84kmofemergencycyclelanesimplementedduringthepandemic,ofwhich34kmbecamepermanent

About900,000dailybiketrips

17,000squaremilesofroadwayrepurposedforpedestrianuse

Afleetof1,485e-buses,with1,292incirculation,thesecondlargestafterChina

94,300tonsofCO2reducedannuallyduetoadditionofelectricbuses

2millionvehicle-kilometerstraveledreducedeachweekduetotheHOVexemptiondecreepromotingcarpooling

4

2.Ciclovíasto

Ciclorutas

Temporarycyclelanes

during2020.Source:Carlos

FelipePardo.

Throughacombinationofinfrastructure

implementation,supportivepolicies,andpublic

programmingandactivities,Bogotáhascreated

oneofthemostextensivecyclelanenetworksintheworld,593kilometersintotal,andachievedoneofthehighestratesofcyclinginLatinAmerica.Bike

ridership

increasedby40%

inthefouryearsbeforethepandemicto6.6%andthenduringtheheightofthepandemic,itreachedabout14%.Currently,itisestimatedtobeat8%.

Bicycleridershipwasalreadygrowingformany

yearsbeforethepandemic,withpro-bikepolicies

introducedbyaseriesofsuccessivemayorsover

thelast40years,includingMayorPenalosa’stwo

administrations.Thesocialdistancingrestrictions

broughtonbytheCOVID-19pandemicin2020

catapultedtheeffortstomakethecitymorebicycle-friendlyandwasanimpetustofast-trackchangestobicycleinfrastructureandtoexperimentwith

routes.Thenewlyintegratedcyclinginfrastructureledmanyresidentstorethinktheirdailycommutesandsparkedanewwillingnesstoadoptthebikeasapreferredmeansoftransportation.

Thecity’sexperimentationwithcyclingbeganmanydecadesbefore.In1974,thecitybecamethefirst

cityinSouthAmericaandoneofthefirstinthe

5

worldtointroduceCiclovía,aneventwhichsees

majorthoroughfaresclosedtovehicletrafficinordertomakewayforpedestriansandcyclists.Officiallyadoptedin1976,theseSundaytrafficclosures

allowingforsafercycling,skating,andstrollinghavegrownovertheyearsto120kilometersofopen

streetsforpeopleandcyclists,withover1.5milliontakingparteachweekin2022.Ciclovíashave

allowedpeopletoexperiencewhattheirstreets

wouldbelikeiftheydidn’thavetocompetewith

carsandmotorizedtraffic,andshowinghowgoodwalkingandcyclingcanbewhenitissafe.

Bogotá’sciclovíasallowedmanyusers,includingthesmallestones,toenjoytheroadspace.Source:CarlosFelipePardo.

Walking23.9%

PrivateCar14.9%

Motorcycle5.5%

Other1.0%

PedalBike6.6%

Bus

43.2%

In1998,constructionbeganonacyclingnetworkknownastheReddeCiclorrutasthatcreatedsafe

bicyclingroutes.Initiallyintegratedintopedestriansidewalks,theprojectgrewfrom8kilometersof

bikelanesin1998to240kilometers

twoyears

later

.Thecityalsoinvestedinintegratingcycling

withthepublictransportsystem,includingcreatingsecureandprotectedbikeparkingatterminals

andstationsofthenewlyopenedbusrapidtransitsystem,TransMilenio.

Today,thecyclingnetworkincludesmorethan593kilometersofpermanentcyclepaths,162kilometersintheroadway,299integratedwithinsidewalks,

124asshared,low-speedspaces,and5kilometersofcyclebridgesandtunnels.Bicycleridershiphas

steadilyincreasedinthecityasaresultofthose

initiatives.Asridershiprose,policiesevolvedtokeepupwithbothpopulationincreasesandshiftsin

transportmethods.

ModalsplitinBogotáin2019.Cyclingtripsarenowestimatedat8%,orabout900,000dailytrips.Source:SecretaríaDistritaldeMovilidaddeBogotá(2019),

EncuestadeMovilidad2019.

Taxi/Ridehail

4.9%

In2016,achangeintheColombiantrafficcode

expandedtherightstothestreetspace

forcyclists,whocouldnowrideonawholetrafficlane,notjustthekerb,andcouldlegallyrideingroups.Oneof

thepoliticiansspearheadingthelegislativeinitiativewasClaudiaLopez,whowaselectedasmayor

ofBogotáandbeganherterminJanuary2020.

Shortlyafterherinauguration,thepandemichit,andheradministrationquicklypivotedtoemergency

response,aseveryonestruggledtounderstandtransportationinthefaceofapandemic.

Theyquicklydecidedtofocusonenhancingcyclesafetyandbetterintegratingcycliststhrough

dedicatedinfrastructure.Thecitycreated84

kilometersofcyclelaneswithinafewmonths,beingoneofthefirstcitiestoadoptcyclingassuchaquickandextensivesolutiontothepandemic,servingasabeacontoothercitieswhofollowedsuit.

6

TheselanesoftenparalleledBogotá’sbusrapidtransport(BRT)systemroutestoserveasa

saferoptionduringthepandemictobuses,

whilealsoconnectingcycliststoboththepublictransportnetworkandtoothercyclelanes.

Indoingso,plannersworkedonassessing

themostsuitableroutesconsideringtraffic

volumes,networkconnectivityandpopulationdensity.Theyalsounderstoodtheneedfor

morevulnerablepopulations,suchasolder

peopleorimmunocompromisedpeople,aswellasessentialworkerswhoweretypicallylowerincomeresidents,tobeabletotravelwithout

endangeringtheirhealth.

Theresponsewasanoverwhelmingsuccess

almostimmediately,withaten-totwenty-fold

increaseseeninthenumberofbicyclistsincertainareasacrossthecity.Tocompare,thecycling

modesharegrewexponentiallyovertheyears.Between2011-2015by44%,thenbetween

2015-2019by38%.During2020-2022alone,

thecyclingmodesharegrewby6%,then8%asreportedbytheMobilitySecretariatofBogotá.

Alongtheheavily-traffickedCalle13corridor,forexample,oneinthreevehiclesisnowabicycle.

Thecity’smostbelovedthoroughfare,Avenida

Séptima,wastraditionallyusedonlybycars;theadditionof17.7kilometersofprotectedbikelaneshasledtoover1,800cyclistsusingtheroute

duringrushhour(upfromjust35).Overall,the

cityestimatesthatthenumberofdailyuserswentfrom335,000inMarch2020,to665,000cyclistsinFebruary2021.Theexpansionofthecycling

networkhasatremendousimpactonlowincomepopulationswhobikemorefrequentlytoreach

employmentandservices.

Changesinthenumberofcyclistsafteremergencybikelaneswereconstructed.Source:CityofBogotá.

#ofcyclistsduringpeakhours

before2020

#ofcyclistsduring

peakhours

in2020

1696

35

525

7400

1800

3500

%changeinanumberofcyclists

336%

5043%

567%

Calle13

Calle7

Carrera9

3.617.7

6.95

kilometersof

emergencycycle

lanesimplemented

duringthepandemic

Throughout2021,34kmofpop-upbikelanes

wereconvertedintopermanentlanesinthe

roadwayandabsorbedintothecyclingnetwork,with18kmremainingastemporaryandthe

restundergoingassessmentforapermanent

implementation.Theprocessofconvertingthetemporarycyclelanesintopermanentones

includedconstantreadjustmentandmonitoringofthechangingmobilitypatterns,frequencies

andtotalusagebycyclistsinthecorridorswhileconsideringmaximumimpactparticularlyfor

vulnerablegroups.

NicolásEstupi?án,theformerSecretaryof

MobilityofBogotásaidinapresentationforthe2022SustainableTransportAward,“Wewere

convincedwewerenotgoingtogetit[placementofthecycleroutes]rightthefirsttimeandthat

itwouldneedtoberectifiedinlateriterations.”

Thatopen-mindedapproachtoimplementationallowedcityplannerstoremainflexibleas

theyexperimentedwithoptimizingthenewly

integratedmeansoftransportation.

7

8

Av.Suba

Calle72

Calle68

Carrera7

Calle13

Av.Americas

Av.

Av.1deMayo

Carrera8

Carrera68

Av.Caracas

Inadditiontothepandemiccyclelanes,thecitywasalsokeentoensurethatthispivotwouldbemadesustainableandequitablethroughpolicy.InFebruaryof2021,theyadoptedAcuerdo804,orAgreement804,whichmadebikingapriorityasameansoftransportinthecityandwhich

authorizedthecitytoredistributeroadspacetocreatetemporaryemergencybicyclelanes.

TheSecretariatofMobilityalsocreatedthePolitica

PublicadelaBicicleta,orthePublicPolicyof

theBicycle.FormalizedinFebruary2021after

atwoyearprocess,thepolicyaimstoimprove

thephysicalandculturalconditionsofBogotátomakethecitymorehospitabletocyclists,witha

focusongenderinclusionandmakingitsaferforwomentocycle.Oneoftheaimsofthecurrent

administrationistoensurethatgenderisfactoredintoallpoliciesasatransversalissuethatcuts

acrossalldepartments,programs,andprojects.

Thepolicyalsoallocates2.2billionColombian

Pesos(approximately485,000USD)torealizethispolicyby2039.

Supportiveinfrastructureincludingwayfindingand

bikeparkinghasalsobeendeployedthroughoutthecity.Thecityhasbegunpilotingsignage

oncyclepathsthatserveasmilemarkersand

providedistancestodestinationsinordertohelpcyclistsbetterunderstandandplantheirtrips.

Wayfindingisonebarrierfornewercyclistsas

theymaybeunfamiliarwiththestreetsandthedestinationstheyaregoingto.Thecityhasalsoexpandedbicycleparking,whichwillhelpcyclistsintegratewithotherformsoftransport(e.g.

biketotrain)andgainasenseoftrustthattheirbikescanbeparkedsafely.Tohelpincreasethattrust,aswellasencouragetheprivatesectortoimplementbikeparking,thecityhasdevelopedaspecialrecognitionsystemforbikeparkingcalled

QualitySeals.Parkingfacilitiesthathavesafeandcomfortableconditionsforcyclistscanbeawardedthissealofquality,andcyclistsknowthattheir

bikeswillbesafeandsecurethere.Theseefforts

haveensured50,293parkingspacesinthecurrentbicyclenetwork-24,650ofwhicharecertifiedbythequalityseals.

MapofBogotá’scyclelanesincludingdistributionofthe84kmofemergencybikelanesasof2022.

Source:CityofBogotá.

Carrera9

Bogotá’sCycleLanes

Existingpermanentcyclelanes(593km)

Activepop-upcyclelanes(18km)

Consolidatedwiththecyclingnetwork(30km)

Discontinued/inanalysis(36km)

Bike

Motorcycle

Personalvehicle

Transmilenio

Walking

InSeptember2022,thefirsteverbikeshare

systemforthecountrywaslaunched.Itcurrently

has3,300bicyclesand300stations,contracting

Tembiciastheoperator.Thesystemoffersamix

ofregularbicyclesandelectricbikes,aswellas

150handbikes,150cargobikes,and150bicyclesthathavechildseats,inanaimtobeoneofthe

mostdiverseandinclusivebikesharesystemsin

theworld.Manybikesharestationsareco-locatednearpublictransportstations,andthesystemusesthesamefarecardasforTransmilenio,makingit

easiertotransferfromonetotheother.Thecityisalsoofferinga20%discountforlowincomeriders.Thecyclesaredesignedtohavelowhorizontal

barstomakethemmoreaccessibleforpeople

regardlessofgender,age,orbodytype,withlowcenterofgravitytoensurestability,andfront

basketstohelpaccommodatedifferentpeople’scarryingneeds.

Theseaforementionedpoliciesandprojectsarethebeginningforimprovingcyclingconditionsforall,

butasmentioned,theadministrationisintegrating

genderissuesthroughoutallprojectsand

programsofthecity.Womenridersaccountfor

about24%ofallcyclists.

Forwomeninparticular

,increasingcyclingmeanscreatingsafe,protectedcyclelanes,addressingproblemsofpersonal

securityandharassment,addingsafeparking

facilitiesandcreatingeducationalprogramstoteachthemhowtorideandmaintaintheirbikes.

Theinclusionofbasketsandchildseatsonbikes

andcargobikesinthepublicbikesystemisdirectlyaimedatwomenwhoneedbikestomeettheir

caregivingresponsibilities.Thecityhasbegun

someofthesemeasuresandhopestogetmore

womencyclingtoaddresssomeoftheaccessthey,specificallyworkersandcaregivers,face.

Bogotá’smodalsplitbygenderforselectedmodesoftransportillustratesgenderdisparityinaccess

tocycling.Source:Bogotá’sHouseholdSurvey,SDM(2019).

75.8%

24.2%

75.6%

24.4%

55.5%

44.5%

47.6%

52.4%

38.5%

61.5%

0%

50%

100%

9

Bogotá’sdevelopmentofpopupcyclelanesandintegratingthemintothenetworkhashelpedin-

creaseaccesstosafemobilityoptionsforwomen.Source:CityofBogotá

Inparallel,inDecember2020,Bogotálaunched

anupdatedPublic

PolicyforWomenandGender

Equity

tohelpaddressgenderissuesincluding

safety,accesstoopportunitiesandmobilityneeds.TheadministrationcreatedaGenderAction

Plan,partofwhichincludesobjectivesspecificto

urbanmobility.TodeveloptheGenderPlan,usagepatternswereanalyzedinthelocalitieswithlowestuseofbikesamongwomen(particularlyinthe

neighborhoodsofCiudadBolívar,LaCandelariaandSanCristóbalandUsme).

Thesepoliciesinformedtheplanning,evaluation

anddesignofcycleinfrastructure.Forexample,

thelocationsofbikesharedockingstationsare

nearwell-lit,publicandregularly-visitedareas

around-the-clockwithconsiderationsofsecurity,

accessibilityandsafetyforwomen.The10-year

spanofthepolicyandadesignatedbudgetofUSD$638millionallowsforthecontinuityoftheactionsbeyondthecurrentadministration.

10

3.Advancements

withPublic

Transport

Systems

ElectricvehicleoftheTransmilenioBRT

system.Source:CityofBogotá.

matter,oftensurpasshealthylimitsaslaid

outinpublichealthguidelines;poorairqualitycontributestoatleast2,000deathsinthecityeveryyear.Todate,thecityhasacquired1,485electricbusesforitspublicbusingsystem,

which,uponfullimplementation,makesitsfleet

thelargeste-busfleetinLatinAmerica,with

the

greatestnumberofe-busesinusebya

municipalityoutsideofChina.

AsofSeptember

2022,1,061electricbuseshavebeeninoperation.

Afterconductingsomepilotsonelectricbuses(e-buses)andhybridsoverthepastdecade,in2019,Bogotámadeacommitmenttoelectrifyitsbusfleetmoreintentionallyandbegan

expandingitsbuselectrificationpilotandsawagradualincreaseoftheelectricbusfleet

includingthezonalandfeederroutes.The

integrationofe-busesintothefleetcameaspartofthecity’soverallplantodecarbonizepublic

andprivatetransport,aswellasaresultofthenationalgovernment’s2019Law#1964,whichincludedthegoalforallmasstransporttobe

100%electricby2035.Since2020,increasingnumbersofe-buseshavebeendeployed

incrementally,withover1,000inoperationnow.

Bogotáwasrecognizedwitha

Sustainable

TransportAward

in2005foritsinnovative

TransMileniobusrapidtransit(BRT)system,

whichbecameanexampletotheworldofa

highquality,highcapacitymodernbussystem.

TransMileniotransformedourunderstanding

ofBRTwithinnovationsincontracting,service

delivery,andinfrastructuredesign.Ithelped

createafasterandbetterorganizedsystemfor

existingusersandencouragedpeopletoget

outoftheircars.By2010,thebussystemhad

transportedmorethan3billionpassengersand

reducedcarbonemissionsosignificantlyitwas

recognizedbytheUNasa

CleanDevelopment

Mechanism

(CDM).Thecityhassincethen

continuedtoinnovateandworktotransform

itspublictransportsystemtoimproveservice

deliveryforitsresidents.Thisincludedexpansion

ofTransMilenio,creationoftheIntegratedPublic

TransportSystem(SITP)whichbroughtall

informaloperationsintoanintegrated,formal

systemmanagedbyTransMilenio,theopeningof

thecablecarsystemaspartofthatSITP,andthe

constructionofametro.

Bogotáwasonceagainafirstmoverwith

electrificationofitsbusfleets.Airpollutionlevels

inBogotá,especiallythelevelsofparticulate

11

12

Thenewelectricfleetconsistsofstandard

12-meterbuseswithcapacityof60-80

passengers,andsmaller,9-meterbuseswithcapacityof30-50passengers.Thebuses,

besidesbeingequippedwithelectricmotorsproducingzerolocalemissionsandlittlenoisepollution,

alsofeature

elementsthatimprove

travelexperiencesuchWi-Fiaccess,USBports,andaudiovisualpromptswithtravelinformation,aswellasspacesforwheelchairsandforusers

whorequireaguidedog.

Duringtheexpansionofthebuselectrification

pilot,Bogotásawanopportunitytoadjustthe

biddingandcontractingmodel.Thiswasmainly

duetothefactthatthefinancialmodelforelectricbusesistheinverseofdieselbuses,wherethe

upfrontcostsofelectricbusesarehigherthan

dieselbuses,buttheongoingoperatingcostsarelower.Thecitydecidedtochangethecontractingstructure,inspiredbytheexperienceofSantiagodeChile.Inthismodel,theprocurementand

provisionofbusesistenderedseparatelyfromthecontractforoperatingtheservices,asopposedtothepreviousmodelwherethecompanyreceivingaconcessionwasrequiredtobetheownerof

thefleetandofthedepotaswellasprovidetheservices.Separatingthetwo,operationsand

provisionofthevehicles,hasseveraladvantages:

itintroducesdifferentstakeholdersintothe

process(atvariousstages);anditallowsfor

thediversificationofriskandlowerinterestrate)betweenactors.

Transmileniohasalsoincludedinitsmodela

mechanismtogiveoperatorstheopportunityto

decidewhichfleetprovidertheywanttoworkwith.Thus,thetendersforthesupplyandoperationof

thefleetareheldatthesametime.Ineachofthe

tenders,theoperatorswererequiredtoindicate

whichsuppliertheywantedtoworkwith.After

studyingtheproposalssubmittedjointlybythe

operatorandmanufacturer,thebest“couple”

wasassignedaconcessiontoeachparty.This

mechanismallowscompaniestonegotiatethe

termsoftheirrelationshipinadvance,withminimalinterventionfromTransmilenio.Furthermore,

specificationsregardingvehiclemaintenance

andtraininghavetobeincludedinthetender

submittedbybothparties.Intheseterms,oftenthesupplierassumestheresponsibilityofmaintainingthefleetatthebeginningoftheconcession.This

allowstheoperatortolearnaboutthenewbustechnologybeforeittakesoverthemaintenanceofthefleet.

Throughaprogressivetrainingprocess,

maintenancebecomestheresponsibilityofthe

operator,whilethemanufacturerassumesthe

supervisingresponsibility.Iftheservicedelivery

changesduetopoormaintenance,bothparties

areheldresponsible.Additionally,theoperators

typicallyareresponsibleforpurchasingsparepartsdirectly.

Todate,noincidentshavebeenreportedin

supplier-operatorrelationsthathaveaffectedtheregularoperationofthesystem.However,ifthissituationweretooccur,boththeoperatorandtheproviderwouldbeaffected.Indeed,Transmileniodesignedremunerationcriteriathatalign

incentiveswithrequirementsoftheoperating

plan,sothatbothpartiesareresponsiblefor

servicedelivery.Thus,thefleetprovidermust

supervisethemaintenancecarriedoutbythe

operator.Ifanyunitweretofailoriftherewasashortageofthevehiclestocomplywiththe

operatingplan,theremunerationtobothpartieswouldbeaffected.

Toincentivisetheoperatorstoconsiderelectric

bustechnologyinsteadofrunningtheEUROVI

vehicles,Transmilenioofferedlongerconcessionstooperateelectricbusfleets,15yearsinstead

of10.Inthelastbiddingprocess,theoperators

hadanoptiontosubmitatenderfortheEuroVI

orelectricbuses.Inthisprocess,596electrical

unitswereassignedand4ofthe5companies

thatappliedtosupplythefleetwereassociated

withanoperatingcompany,showingprivate

sectorinterestinelectricbuses,thuseconomicallyviable,andthatprivateactorshaveaninterest

increatingthesupplier-operatorrelationships

beforeapplyingfortenders.

Overall,thenewbuseswillbenefitanestimated570,000userseachday.Thecityhasestimated

thattheswitchtoe-buseswillreduceCO

2

emissionsby155,000tonsandparticulatematterby37tonseachyearwhenthefullfleetof1,485busesisinoperation.Thisfleetisequivalentto

planting148,000treesinBogotátocaptureCO2.Thatwillbeespeciallybeneficialforthosewho

resideinthesouthwestquadrantofthecity,

wheremostofthebuslinesrunandwhichhas

thehighestpollutionlevelsandlargestnumberoflow-incomeresidentsinthecity.

Thesegainsaretheresultofforward-thinking

planningaswellassuccessfulmanagement,

especiallyonthecommunicationsside.Throughouttheplanning,procurement,andimplementation

processes,thecityremainedincontinuous

contactwithstructuringagents,legislators,

manufacturers,suppliers,operators,financiers,

insurers,andenergydistributors.Thecoordinationamongamultitudeofactorsprovedintegraltothesuccessfulimplementationoftheplan.

Additionally,asthecityseekstoelectrifyits

busfleets,italsolaunchedLaRolita,anewly

inauguratedpublicly-ownedbuscompany.La

Rolitagivesthecitysomemoreoptionswhenin

negotiationsorwhenproblemsoccurwithprivateoperators.LaRolitaispartoftheIntegratedPublicTransportSystem(SITP),usingthesamefare

media,whichhelpswiththecontinuityoftripsandhelpspeopleaccessTransMilenio,themaintrunk

routes,fromtheperipheralareas.

Thecityestimatesthatthee-buseswillreducetheCO2emissionsby155,000tonsannuallywhenthefullfleetisoperation.Source:CityofBogotá.

ThetransfersbetweenLaRolitaandTransmilenioarefreeforupto200Colombianpeso