國(guó)際商務(wù)International-Business-(Charles-WL-Hill-第七版)課件

InternationalBusiness7e

byCharlesW.L.HillMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright?2009byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.InternationalBusiness7e

McGrChapter1

GlobalizationChapter1WhatIsGlobalization?Theworldismovingawayfromself-containednationaleconomiestowardaninterdependent,integratedglobaleconomicsystemGlobalizationreferstotheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomyGlobalizationhastwofacets:1)theglobalizationofmarkets2)theglobalizationofproductionWhatIsGlobalization?TheworlTheGlobalizationOfMarketsTheglobalizationofmarketsreferstothemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplaceInmanyindustries,itisnolongermeaningfultotalkaboutthe“Germanmarket”orthe“Americanmarket”Instead,thereisonlytheglobalmarketTheGlobalizationOfMarketsThTheGlobalizationOfMarketsFallingtradebarriersmakeiteasiertosellinternationallyThetastesandpreferencesofconsumersareconvergingonsomeglobalnormFirmshelpcreatetheglobalmarketbyofferingthesamebasicproductsworldwideTheGlobalizationOfMarketsFaClassroomPerformanceSystemTheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomyisreferredtoasa)economicintegrationb)economicinterdependencyc)globalizationd)internationalizationClassroomPerformanceSystemThTheGlobalizationOfProductionTheglobalizationofproductionreferstothesourcingofgoodsandservicesfromlocationsaroundtheglobetotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproductionlikeland,labor,andcapitalCompaniescompetemoreeffectivelybyloweringtheiroverallcoststructureorimprovingthequalityorfunctionalityoftheirproductofferingTheGlobalizationOfProductioClassroomPerformanceSystemThemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplaceisknownasa)globalmarketfacilitationb)cross-bordertradec)supranationalmarketintegrationd)theglobalizationofmarketsClassroomPerformanceSystemThClassroomPerformanceSystemFirmsthatareinvolvedininternationalbusinesstendtobea)largeb)smallc)medium-sizedd)large,small,andmedium-sizedClassroomPerformanceSystemFiTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsInstitutionsareneededto:helpmanage,regulate,andpolicetheglobalmarketplacepromotetheestablishmentofmultinationaltreatiestogoverntheglobalbusinesssystemTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsInstitutionscreatedoverthepasthalfcenturyinclude:theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)theWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)theWorldBanktheUnitedNations(UN)TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsTheWorldTradeOrganization(likeitspredecessorGATT)isprimarilyresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystemandmakingsurethatnation-statesadheretotheruleslaiddownintradetreatiessignedbyWTOmembersIn2007,the150nationsthataccountedfor97%ofworldtradewereWTOmembersTheWTOpromoteslowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsTheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBankwerecreatedin1944TheIMFwasestablishedtomaintainorderintheinternationalmonetarysystemTheWorldBankwasestablishedtopromoteeconomicdevelopmentTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsTheUnitedNationswasestablishedin1945to:maintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritydevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationscooperateinsolvinginternationalproblemsandinpromotingrespectforhumanrightsbeacenterforharmonizingtheactionsofnationsTheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichisnotafactorofproduction?a)tradeb)landc)capitald)energyClassroomPerformanceSystemWhDriversOfGlobalizationTwomacrofactorsunderliethetrendtowardgreaterglobalization:thedeclineinbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalthathasoccurredsincetheendofWorldWarIItechnologicalchangeDriversOfGlobalizationTwomDecliningTradeAnd

InvestmentBarriersInternationaltradeoccurswhenafirmexportsgoodsorservicestoconsumersinanothercountryForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)occurswhenafirminvestsresourcesinbusinessactivitiesoutsideitshomecountryAfterWorldWarII,advancedcountriesmadeacommitmenttolowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentSince1950,averagetariffshavefallensignificantlyandarenowatabout4%CountrieshavealsobeenopeningmarketstoFDIDecliningTradeAnd

InvestmenClassroomPerformanceSystemThesourcingofgoodandservicesfromaroundtheworldtotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproductioniscalleda)economiesofscaleb)theglobalizationofproductionc)globalintegrationd)globalsourcingClassroomPerformanceSystemThDecliningTradeAnd

InvestmentBarriersTable1.1:AverageTariffRatesonManufacturedProductsasPercentofValueDecliningTradeAnd

InvestmenDecliningTradeAnd

InvestmentBarriersLowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentmean:thatfirmscanviewtheworld,ratherthanasinglecountry,astheirmarketthatfirmscanbaseproductionintheoptimallocationforthatactivityDecliningTradeAnd

InvestmenClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichorganizationisresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystem?a)theInternationalMonetaryFundb)theUnitedNationsc)theWorldTradeOrganizationd)theWorldBankClassroomPerformanceSystemWhTheRoleOfTechnologicalChangeTechnologicalchangehasmadetheglobalizationofmarketsarealityImportantadvanceshaveoccurredin:microprocessorsandtelecommunicationstheInternetandWorldWideWebtransportationtechnologyTheRoleOfTechnologicalChanTheRoleOfTechnologicalChangeImplicationsoftechnologicalchangefortheglobalizationofproductioninclude:lowertransportationcoststhatenablefirmstodisperseproductiontoeconomical,geographicallyseparatelocationslowerinformationprocessingandcommunicationcoststhatenablefirmstocreateandmanagegloballydispersedproductionsystemsTheRoleOfTechnologicalChanTheRoleOfTechnologicalChangeImplicationsoftechnologicalchangefortheglobalizationofmarketsinclude:lowcostglobalcommunicationsnetworkshelpcreateelectronicglobalmarketplacelow-costtransportationhelpcreateglobalmarketsglobalcommunicationnetworksandglobalmediaarecreatingaworldwideculture,andaglobalmarketforconsumerproductsTheRoleOfTechnologicalChanTheChangingDemographics

OfTheGlobalEconomyTherehasbeenadrasticchangeinthedemographicsoftheworldeconomyinthelast30yearsFourtrendsareimportant:theChangingWorldOutputandWorldTradePicturetheChangingForeignDirectInvestmentPicturetheChangingNatureoftheMultinationalEnterprisetheChangingWorldOrderTheChangingDemographics

OfTheChangingWorldOutput

AndWorldTradePictureIn1960,theUnitedStatesaccountedforover40%ofworldeconomicactivityBy2006,theUnitedStatesaccountedforlessthan20%ofworldeconomicactivityAsimilartrendoccurredinotherdevelopedcountriesTheshareofworldoutputaccountedforbydevelopingnationsisrisingandisexpectedtoaccountformorethan60%ofworldeconomicactivityby2020TheChangingWorldOutput

AndTheChangingWorldOutput

AndWorldTradePictureTable1.2:TheChangingDemographicsofWorldGDPandTradeTheChangingWorldOutput

AndTheChangingForeignDirect

InvestmentPictureInthe1960s,U.S.firmsaccountedforabouttwo-thirdsofworldwideFDIflowsToday,theUnitedStatesaccountsforlessthanone-fifthofworldwideFDIflowsOtherdevelopedcountrieshavefollowedasimilarpatternIncontrast,theshareofFDIaccountedforbydevelopingcountrieshasrisenfromlessthan2%in1980toalmost12%in2005Developingcountries,especiallyChina,havealsobecomepopulardestinationsforFDITheChangingForeignDirect

ITheChangingForeignDirect

InvestmentPictureFigure1.2:PercentageShareofTotalFDIStock1980-2005

TheChangingForeignDirect

ITheChangingForeignDirect

InvestmentPictureFigure1.3:FDIInflows1988-2006TheChangingForeignDirect

IClassroomPerformanceSystemWhatisthesinglemostimportantinnovationtotheglobalizationofmarketsandproduction?a)advancesintransportationtechnologyb)thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorc)advancesincommunicationd)theInternetClassroomPerformanceSystemWhTheChangingNatureOf

TheMultinationalEnterpriseAmultinationalenterprise(MNE)isanybusinessthathasproductiveactivitiesintwoormorecountriesSincethe1960s,therehasbeenariseinnon-U.S.multinationals,andagrowthofmini-multinationalsTheChangingNatureOf

TheMuTheChangingWorldOrderManyformerCommunistnationsinEuropeandAsiaarenowcommittedtodemocraticpoliticsandfreemarketeconomiesandso,createnewopportunitiesforinternationalbusinessesChinaandLatinAmericaarealsomovingtowardgreaterfreemarketreformsTheChangingWorldOrderManyfTheGlobalEconomyOf

TheTwenty-firstCenturyTheworldismovingtowardamoreglobaleconomicsystem,butglobalizationisnotinevitableGlobalizationalsobringsriskslikethefinancialcrisisthatsweptthroughSouthEastAsiainthelate1990sTheGlobalEconomyOf

TheTweClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichofthefollowingtrendsistrue?a)theUnitedStatesisaccountingforagreaterpercentageofworldtradethaneverbeforeb)theUnitedStatesisaccountingforagreaterpercentageofforeigndirectinvestmentthaneverbeforec)theshareofworldtradeaccountedforbydevelopingcountriesisrisingd)theshareofforeigndirectinvestmentbydevelopingcountriesisdecliningClassroomPerformanceSystemWhTheGlobalizationDebateIstheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentglobaleconomyagoodthing?Supportersbelievethatincreasedtradeandcross-borderinvestmentmeanlowerpricesforgoodsandservices,greatereconomicgrowth,higherconsumerincome,andmorejobsCriticsworrythatglobalizationwillcausejoblosses,environmentaldegradation,andtheculturalimperialismofglobalmediaandMNEsTheGlobalizationDebateIsthAnti-GlobalizationProtestsMorethan40,000anti-globalizationprotesterstooktothestreetattheWTOmeetinginSeattlein1999ProtestersnowregularlyshowupatmostmajormeetingsofglobalinstitutionsAnti-GlobalizationProtestsMorGlobalization,Jobs,AndIncomeGlobalizationcriticsarguethatfallingbarrierstotradearedestroyingmanufacturingjobsinadvancedcountriesSupportersofglobalizationcontendthatthebenefitsofthistrendoutweighthecosts—thatcountrieswillspecializeinwhattheydomostefficientlyandtradeforothergoods—andallcountrieswillbenefitGlobalization,Jobs,AndIncomGlobalization,LaborPolicies,

AndTheEnvironmentGlobalizationcriticsarguethatfirmsavoidcostlyeffortstoadheretolaborandenvironmentalregulationsbymovingproductiontocountrieswheresuchregulationsdonotexist,orarenotenforcedGlobalizationsupportersclaimthattougherenvironmentalandlaborstandardsareassociatedwitheconomicprogress,soascountriesgetricherfromfreetrade,theygettougherenvironmentalandlaborregulationsGlobalization,LaborPolicies,GlobalizationAnd

NationalSovereigntyCriticsofglobalizationworrythattoday’sinterdependentglobaleconomyisshiftingeconomicpowerawayfromnationalgovernmentstowardsupranationalorganizationsliketheWTO,theEU,andtheUNSupportersofglobalizationcontendthatthepoweroftheseorganizationsislimitedtowhatnation-statesagreetogrant,andthatthepoweroftheorganizationsliesintheirabilitytogetcountriestoagreetofollowcertainactionsGlobalizationAnd

NationalSoGlobalizationAndTheWorld’sPoorCriticsofglobalizationarguethatthegapbetweenrichnationsandpoor