專題六動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

專題六動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1.[2017·北京卷]Inthe1950sintheUSA,mostfamilieshadjustonephoneathome,andwirelessphones________yet.A.haven'tinvented B.haven'tbeeninvented C.hadn'tinvented D.hadn'tbeeninvented2.[2017·北京卷]People________betteraccesstohealthcarethantheyusedto,andthey'relivinglongerasaresult.A.willhave B.have C.had D.hadhad3.[2018·北京卷]—Hi,I'mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven'tseenyouaround.—Hello,Peter.I'mBob.Ijust________onMonday.A.start B.havestarted C.started D.hadstarted4.[2017·江蘇卷]ThepublicationofGreatExpectations,which________bothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised,strengthenedDickens'statusasaleadingnovelist.A.is B.are C.was D.were5.[2018·北京卷]Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband________asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.A.isworking B.wasworking C.hasworked D.hadworked6.[2016·江蘇卷]Dashan,who________crosstalk,theChinesecomedictradition,fordecades,wantstomixitupwiththeWesternstand-uptradition.A.willbelearning B.islearning C.hadbeenlearningD.hasbeenlearning7.[2016·浙江卷]Silk________oneoftheprimarygoodstradedalongtheSilkRoadbyabout100BC.A.hadbecome B.wasbecoming C.hasbecome D.isbecoming8.[2016·天津卷]Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,whomI___foryears.A.didn'tsee B.haven'tseen C.hadn'tseen D.wouldn'tsee9.[2017·江蘇卷]Hehurriedhome,neveroncelookingbacktoseeifhe________．A.wasbeingfollowedB.wasfollowing C.hadbeenfollowedD.followed10.[2017·江蘇卷]He'sbeeninformedthathe________forthescholarshipbecauseofhisacademicbackground.A.hasn'tqualified B.hadn'tqualified C.doesn'tqualify D.wasn'tqualifying11.[2018·北京卷]Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho________inthemountainsfortwodays.A.aretrapping B.havebeentrappedC.weretrapping D.hadbeentrapped12.[2018·天津卷]Mywashingmachine________thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.A.wasrepaired B.isrepaired C.isbeingrepaired D.hasbeenrepaired13.[2018·北京卷]China'shigh-speedrailways________from9，000to25，000kilometersinthepastfewyears.A.aregrowing B.havegrown C.willgrow D.hadgrown14.[2017·天津卷]I________downtoLondonwhenIsuddenlyfoundthatIwasonthewrongroad.A.wasdriving B.havedriven C.woulddrive D.drove15.[2018·江蘇卷]Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplan________inthepasttwoyears.A.hadbeencarriedout B.wouldbecarriedoutC.isbeingcarriedout D.hasbeencarriedout16.[2018·江蘇卷]Hopefullyin2025wewillnolongerbee-mailingeachother,forwe________moreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtoolsbythen.A.havedeveloped B.haddeveloped C.willhavedeveloped D.developed17.[2016·江蘇卷]Moreefforts,asreported,________intheyearsaheadtoacceleratethesupply-sidestructuralreform.A.aremade B.willbemade C.arebeingmade D.havebeenmade18.[2019·江蘇卷]AfewmonthsafterhehadarrivedinChina,MrSmith________inlovewiththepeopleandculturethere.A.wouldfall B.hadfallen C.hasfallen D.fell19.[2019·江蘇卷]Theyaretryingtomakesurethat5Gterminals________by2022fortheBeijingWinterOlympics.A.willinstall B.willhavebeeninstalledC.areinstalled D.havebeeninstalled20.[2019·天津卷]I________tosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage，butIcouldn'tmanageit.A.hadhoped B.amhoping C.havehoped D.wouldhope動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)以及語氣是高考的重中之重，也是句子結(jié)構(gòu)的核心。英語句子的靈動(dòng)性很大程度上體現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞的各種變化上，因此謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)及語氣的三位一體是考查的熱點(diǎn)。從近三年的高考來看，謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的命題角度主要有：直接給出時(shí)間狀語，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)其基礎(chǔ)知識直接作出相應(yīng)的解答；所給的時(shí)間狀語有著較強(qiáng)的干擾性和迷惑性，學(xué)生需通過分析語境作出正確選擇；句中沒有時(shí)間狀語，學(xué)生需通過相關(guān)動(dòng)詞并結(jié)合語境分析才能作出正確判斷；時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中的“主將從現(xiàn)”轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)木洮F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的考核。從19年的高考真題來看，時(shí)態(tài)題的難度在降低。對幾組時(shí)態(tài)比較的考核是熱點(diǎn)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)；一般將來時(shí)與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；以及將來時(shí)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的比較。要點(diǎn)儲備一：各熱點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)的基本概念與高頻考點(diǎn)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理或格言(不受主句時(shí)態(tài)限制)Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.2表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用，如always,seldom,often,frequently,everyday等Icefeelscold.Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.Heoftenstaysuptillmidnighttocatchupwithothers.3表示知覺、認(rèn)知、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,agree,predict,expect,believe,like,hate,want,think,belong,seem等Iknowwhatyoumean.MrSmithownsacarandahouse.AllthestudentsherebelongtoNo.1MiddleSchool.4在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)(主將從現(xiàn))。但要注意由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall(第一人稱)或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon'tgothere.Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased.5少數(shù)表示起止的動(dòng)詞，如come,go,leave,arrive,fly,return,start,begin,open,close,end,stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如課程表、航班表、火車列次表或演出表等，并常與一定的時(shí)間狀語連用。另外，當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)時(shí)，也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Theshopopensat8a．m.andclosesat11p．m.everyday.Myplanetakesoffat10a．m.Thefilmstartsatseveno'clockthisevening.TomorrowisWednesday.6表方位、地點(diǎn)或范圍的副詞或介詞短語位于句首，主語是名詞時(shí)，句子全部倒裝，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Look!Therecomesthebus.＝Look！Thebusiscoming.Infrontofthehousesitsalittleboy.2.一般過去時(shí)1用于表示過去的習(xí)慣或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Theyneverdrankwine.2表示過去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的具體的時(shí)間狀語連用(justnow,lastyear,inthepast,last,after＋一段時(shí)間，since引導(dǎo)的從句中，theotherday)，或有上下文語境暗示Imetherinthestreetyesterday.Ioncesawthefamousstarhere.3表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語連接：but,and,when,assoonas,immediately/instantly/directly,themoment/minute/secondThemomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.HegotdowntoworkimmediatelyhearrivedinShanghai.4“剛才”“在過去”，暗示“現(xiàn)在已不再這樣”，或表示原來沒有想到或預(yù)料到的事，常用一般過去時(shí)Whydidn'tyou/Ithinkofthat？Ididn'tnoticeit.Ididn'tcatchit.IforgottotellyouIhadbeentherewithmybrotherbefore.5表示現(xiàn)在，用于使說話者的語氣委婉，有時(shí)帶有“試探性”的語氣Iwondered/waswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.Ithoughtyoumightlikethesebooks.6It's(high/good/about)time(that)．..從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式(或用should＋動(dòng)詞原形，should不可省略)，表虛擬Itistimethatwegotup.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響1除了可以和for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語及副詞連用：during/for/in/overthelast/pastfewyears/months/weeks,inrecentyears/recently/lately,bynow,bythistime,uptonow＝tillnow＝sofar＝todate,severaltimes,yet,already,just等2下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：Itis(hasbeen)＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句This/That/Itisthefirst/second/...timethat＋主語＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)This/That/Itistheonly...＋that＋主語＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)This/That/Itisthemostinteresting...＋that＋主語＋現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Itisthethirdtimethatyouhavevisitedourschool.Thisistheonlymistakethathehasevermade.HeisthemostdiligentstudentthatIhaveevertaught.3在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作完成后才發(fā)生主句動(dòng)作IshallposttheletterassoonasIhavewrittenit.Don'tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.4短暫性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間動(dòng)詞，如join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，但否定式則可以注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，英譯漢時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2.一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，英譯漢時(shí)可加“過”“了”等詞。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān))4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在說話時(shí)剛結(jié)束或該動(dòng)作還將進(jìn)行下去1未完成性和暫時(shí)性區(qū)別：Theyhavebuiltafactory.Theyhavebeenbuildingafactory.2含有一定的感情色彩，有時(shí)表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)得出的結(jié)論—Youlookverytired.—Ihavebeenplayingfootballthewholeafternoon.3有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如work,study,live,teach,stay等，在表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間時(shí)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性)Ihavelived/havebeenlivingheresince1980.Ihavetaught/beenteachingEnglishsinceIgraduatedfromuniversity.注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”。在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過那本書了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在讀那本書。5.過去完成時(shí)：表示過去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，如果一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作之前，那么發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)作就用過去完成時(shí)，即“過去的過去”，常用于復(fù)合句中，或某些含有虛擬語氣的句子中1在by,bythen,bythattime,bytheendof,bythetime,until,before,since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語，或從句中后接謂語動(dòng)詞表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。注意下列句型的比較：Bythetime＋主語＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語＋willhave(been)done...Bythetime＋主語＋一般過去時(shí)，主語＋had(been)done...Itwillbe＋一段時(shí)間＋before＋主語＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Itwas＋一段時(shí)間＋before＋主語＋一般過去時(shí)Bytheendoflastyear,wehadproduced20，000cars.Thetrainhadleftbeforewereachedthestation.Hehadrushedoutoftheroombeforeshecouldsayaword.Bythetimehecomesback,I'llhavefinishedmyhomework.Bythetimehecameback,Ihadfinishedmyhomework.Itwillbethreeyearsbeforehecomesbackfromabroad.Itwasthreeyearsbeforehecamebackfromabroad.Shesaidshehadmadegreatprogresssincesheenteredtheuniversity.2表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等，常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/wanted/expected后接不定式的一般式或從句，或用上述動(dòng)詞的過去式接不定式的完成式，表示虛擬Ihadmeanttoseemyuncle,but＋主語＋過去(進(jìn)行)時(shí)＝Imeanttohaveseenmyuncle,but＋主語＋過去(進(jìn)行)時(shí)＝Iwouldliketohaveseenmyuncle,but＋主語＋過去(進(jìn)行)時(shí)＝Iwouldhaveseenmyuncle,but＋主語＋過去(進(jìn)行)時(shí)＝Iwastohaveseenmyuncle,but＋主語＋過去(進(jìn)行)時(shí)3“時(shí)間名詞＋before”在句中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞＋ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)Hesaidhisfirstteacherhaddiedatleast10yearsbefore.XiaoHualeftschoolthreeyearsago.4表示“一……就……”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly/Scarcely＋had＋主語＋過去分詞＋when/before＋主語＋一般過去時(shí)＝Nosooner＋had＋主語＋過去分詞＋than＋主語＋一般過去時(shí)Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.＝Nosoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.＝Hardly/Scarcelyhadwebeenseatedwhen/beforethebusstarted.＝Wehadhardly/scarcelybeenseatedwhenthebusstarted.5在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)Afterhe(had)lefttheroom,thebosscamein.注意：過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”，若出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作(“連謂”)的形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。如：Thelittlegirlcriedherheartoutbecauseshehadlosthertoybearandbelievedshewasn'tevergoingtofindit.6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)；表示近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go,come,work,start,leave,stay等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)HeisteachingEnglishandlearningChinese.IammeetingMrWangtonight.Heisgraduating.AtsixIambathingthebaby.2與always,often,constantly,continuously等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或某種感情色彩Thegirlisalwaystalkingloudinpublic.Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.3瞬間動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表即將發(fā)生或動(dòng)作的反復(fù)Someoneisknowingatthedoor.Ladiesandgentlemenfastenyourbelt.Theplaneistakingoff.4下面四類動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：①表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)詞：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need;②表示存在狀態(tài)、所屬關(guān)系等的動(dòng)詞：appear,exist,remain,seem,belongto,dependon;③表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete;④表示感官、認(rèn)知等的動(dòng)詞：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look7.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。除有上下文暗示外，一般與特定的時(shí)間狀語連用Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.ThefirsttimeIsawhim,hewasstudyinginhisstudy.2某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)動(dòng)作在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中Hebrokehislegswhilehewasplayingfootball.3表示說話人過去對主語行為的贊嘆、厭惡等，與always,often,constantly,continuously等頻度副詞連用Hewasalwaysblowinghisowntrumpet.Thenaughtyboywasalwaysmakingtrouble.4表示過去將來的動(dòng)作，常用在復(fù)合句中Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.注意：一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：Marywroteanovellastyear.(表完成)Marywaswritinganovellastyear.(表過去進(jìn)行，不一定完成)8.一般將來時(shí)構(gòu)成用法例句1will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(近、遠(yuǎn)期)；表示一種客觀趨向或自然趨勢；表示未事先考慮過，即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定Mysisterwillbetennextyear.Thedoorbellisringing;Iwillanswerit.2begoingto＋動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事(往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備)的意思；表示有跡象表明很有可能要發(fā)生某事；可用于條件句It'sgoingtoclearup.We'regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be＋doinggo,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto＋動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語Themeetingisabouttoend.5beto＋動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見；表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等；表示“注定會成為”；可用于條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中，表示“想要”We'retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.Youaretocomebackbefore9p．m.Ifyouaretosucceed,youshoulddoubleyourefforts.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)刻表、航班表、火車列次表或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(常與時(shí)間狀語連用)Themeetingstartsatfiveo'clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.7介詞短語表示將來beonthewaytodoingsth.onthepointofHeisonthewaytobecomingadoctor.Iwasonthepointofgoingtobedwhenyourang.9.過去將來時(shí)：參照一般將來時(shí)，一般不獨(dú)立使用。常用在復(fù)合句中，表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)1woulddoHesaidhewoulddropinonusbeforelong.2was/weregoingtodosth.Heaskedmeiftherewasgoingtobeaconcertthatnight.3was/weredoingHetoldmehewasleavingforShanghaithenextday.4was/weretodosth.Shesaidshewastoworkinthenewdepartment.5was/wereabouttodosth.Iwasabouttoopenthedoorwhenthetelephonerang.6was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.Shewasonthepointofcallingyouwhenyoucame.7was/weretodo(過去要做……)was/weretohavedone(過去打算做……，而事實(shí)上沒能做成)Hesaidhewastoholdaparty.Hewastohaveheldaparty,butitrainedheavily.8was/weregoingtodosth.(過去打算做某事，而事實(shí)上沒能做成)—Whydidn'tyoucometomyparty？—Iwasgoingto,butmywifewasill.要點(diǎn)儲備二：動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/areasked2一般過去時(shí)was/wereasked3一般將來時(shí)shall/willbeasked4過去將來時(shí)should/wouldbeasked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/arebeingasked6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingasked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeenasked8過去完成時(shí)hadbeenasked9將來完成時(shí)willhavebeenasked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/must/maybeasked注意事項(xiàng)有時(shí)我們用feel,get,become,go,stay,remain等來代替被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的be，形式上接近系表結(jié)構(gòu)，但含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Wefeltgreatlyencouragedbyhisspeech.Hiscoatgotcaughtbetweenthedoors.三種常見異形被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：getchanged/dressed/seated/started/paid/burnt/hurt/injured/wounded/punished/trapped/stuck/married/runover/involved;gounpunished/unnoticed/unchallenged;remainunchanged/undone/unfinished/untouched漢語中有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：Itisbelievedthat...,Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...,Itissaidthat...,Itiswellknownthat...,Itmustbepointedoutthat...,Itissupposedthat...,Itisreportedthat...,Itmustbeadmittedthat...,Itishopedthat...上述句型還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為“主語＋be＋過去分詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Theforestfireisreportedtohavebeenputout.Thesunwasbelievedtomovearoundtheearth.“in/under/on/...＋n.”也可表被動(dòng)含義。如：undercontrol/treatment/discussion/construction/repair,beyondbelief/recognition/imagination/one'sreach/one'scontrol/ourhope,forsale/rent,inprint/sight,onsale/show/display/exhibition/trial,outofsight/control/one'sreach/fashion主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)系動(dòng)詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,remain,keep,become,get,fall,grow等＋adj./n.為主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：Hisplanprovestobepractical.Silkfeelssmooth.表主語性質(zhì)特征的動(dòng)詞：read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink與well,easily,smoothly,badly等修飾語連用。如：Thismaterialhaswornthin.Theplanworkedoutwonderfully.(非人為地)表開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞：begin,start,finish,end,conclude,open,close,stop,shut,run,move等。如：Theshopopensat8：00a．m.andclosesat6：00p．m.everyday.不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語：resultin,arisefrom,enter,reach,become,benefit(from),suffer(from),cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,belongto,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,datebackto/datefrom等。如：Thekeyjustfitsthelock.非謂語動(dòng)詞中的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)need/want/require/deserve＋doing＝need/want/require/deserve＋tobedoneThewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.beworthdoingTheproblemisworthconsideringcarefully.sb.istoblame;sth.istolet(某物有待出租)某些“形容詞[nice,easy,(un)fit,hard,difficult,important,(im)possible,(un)pleasant,interesting,(un)comfortable,safe,dangerous,exciting,cheap,expensive,tiresome,etc.]＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式與句子主語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用不定式的主動(dòng)形式：Thepictureispleasanttolookat.Thesentenceiseasytounderstand.makesth.＋adj.＋todoTheteachermadetheproblemeasiertounderstand.feel/consider/find/believesth.＋adj.＋todoThefarmerfindsthewaterintheriverunfittodrink.重點(diǎn)突破掌握時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的固定結(jié)構(gòu)，研讀題干并參透語境暗示，靈活應(yīng)用基本知識，關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，洞悉命題“陷阱”。如for,recently未必只跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，“平行結(jié)構(gòu)”不一定用相同的時(shí)態(tài)，語境才是關(guān)鍵。時(shí)態(tài)題常與虛擬綜合考查，考生要學(xué)會鑒別事實(shí)與虛擬。解題時(shí)判斷以下內(nèi)容：典型句型、主被動(dòng)、時(shí)間狀語、相關(guān)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、主謂一致、主從句時(shí)態(tài)一致、整句語境。1.Ladiesandgentlemen,we________atChangzhouStation;pleasegetreadytogetoffthestation.A.aretoarrive B.arearriving C.aregoingtoarrive D.willarrive2.Iwouldhaveattendedyourweddinganniversary,butoneofmyformerclassmates________tovisitme,whichwasoutofmyexpectation.A.hadcome B.came C.wascoming D.hascome3.—Jennyisbecomingslimmerandslimmer.—Itissaidthatshehiredafitnessinstructorlastyearand________since.A.isworkingout B.workedout C.hasbeenworkingout D.hadworkedout4.ThediscoveryofgoldinAustralialedthousandstobelievethatafortune________．A.ismade B.wouldmake C.wastobemade D.hadmade5.Throughoutthehistoryofmovie-making,Shakespeare'splays________forfilmsmorethantheworksofanyotherwriter.A.werebeingadapted B.wouldbeadaptedC.havebeenadapted D.areadapted6.Theymayhavelostthegame,butIstillthinkthey________therighttoholdtheirheadshightoday.A.earn B.willearn C.haveearned D.havebeenearning7.AfternineyearsworkingtoprotectSiberiantigers,YangJun________hiseffortsrecognizedattheannualawardceremonyinBeijingwherehewasnameda“wildlifeprotector”．A.had B.hadhad C.hashad D.has8.—Johnsonhaspromisedusthathewillhelpusouttohisbestability.—Idon'tbuyit.Inmyopinion,he________sokind.A.hasbeen B.is C.was D.isbeing9.—Haveyouheardofyesterday'sgasexplosion?—Yes.Onlytwoofthe35minersatthescene________tohavemadeitoutsafely.A.havethought B.arethought C.hadthought D.werethought10.Thestudentshavedecidedonafinaldatebywhicheveryone________readingthebooksassignedbytheirprofessor.A.finishes B.finished C.havefinished D.willhavefinished11.—TheChinesemen'sbasketballteamwonthechampioninthefinaloftheAsianchampionshipinChangshaonOct.3rd,2015.—Fantastic!Itisthe16thtimeinhistorythatChina________thehonourableaward.A.got B.hadgot C.havegot D.hasgot12.Nowtheworld'sattention________thestockingmarkets,astheyhavegreatinfluenceontheworld'seconomy.A.isfixingon B.isbeingfixedon C.hasfixedon D.hadbeenfixedon13.—Gotyourdrivinglicense?—No.I_______toobusytohaveenoughpractice,soIdidn'ttakethedrivingtestlastweek.A.was B.am C.havebeen D.hadbeen14.—Hi,Lucy!What'stheschedulefortomorrow?—Letmecheck.You________anappointmentwithThomasatthreeo'clock.A.werehaving B.have C.had D.havehad15.Shedidnotfeelabitnervousthoughitwasthefirsttimeshe________inpublic.A.spoke B.havespoken C.hadspoken D.werespeaking課后訓(xùn)練語法專項(xiàng)突破六動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1.—Howareyougettingalongwithyourpresentation?—Almostready,andI________allIamsupposedto.A.did B.haddone C.havedone D.shallhavedone2.—Didn'tyougofishingwithyourfriendslastSunday?—No.I________tothenursinghomeasusual.A.went B.go C.havegone D.hadgone3.WolfWarriorⅡ，which________the“AwardforBestVisualEffects”attheBeijingFilmFestival,indicatesChina'sfilmindustryhascomeofage.A.wins B.won C.haswon D.hadwon4.—ProfessorLiiswantedonthephone.Whereishe?—Isawhimcoming,butinaminute,he________．A.willdisappear B.hasdisappeared C.disappears D.disappeared5.ItisreportedthatChinawillnotbuytheEurodebtuntilsomethoroughresearch________．A.hasbeendone B.willhavebeendone C.willbedone D.hadbeendone6.—HasJamesfinishedhisreportonhisEnquiryLearningyet?—I'mnotsure.He________onitlastweek.A.wasworking B.hasworked C.worked D.hadworked7.—Don'tmakeaspecialjourneytopickupthelaundryforme.—It'sOK.I________totheshopanyway.A.wasgoing B.willhavegone C.havegone D.willbegoing8.Ifmydoctorrequiredaboutmyphysicalconditionatthepresentmoment,theonlypossiblereplywouldbethatI________greatlyinneedofrelaxation.A.wouldbe B.wouldhavebeen C.was D.am9.StanfordUniversity________akungfuclassthatstartedlastwintertermandistaughtbymonksfromtheShaolinTemple.A.opened B.wouldopen C.wasopening D.hadopened10.—I________sobusilyrecentlythatI________notimetohelpyouwithyourmaths.—That'sOK.Icanmanageitbymyself.A.havebeenworking;have B.haveworked;hadC.amworking;willhave D.hadbeenworking;hadhad11.It'sthattimeofyearagain,whenAlipay________usjusthowmuchwe'vebeenspending,andonwhat.A.reminds B.reminded C.hasreminded D.isreminding12.Thedebatehasonlyafewmomentsthatmightbeinspiringtothosewho_____thisissue.A.followed B.hadfollowed C.havebeenfollowingD.werefollowing13.I________tabletennissowell;however,evensoIlostthematchwithfriendsyesterday.A.play B.haveplayed C.played D.wouldplay14.Ifwedon'ttakeanymeasuresatonce,allthecrops________bytomorrowmorning.A.willhavebeenflooded B.havebeenfloodedC.aretoflood D.willhaveflooded15.Whileoverallratesofsuddeninfantdeathsyndromes(綜合征)havedecreasedinrecentyears,deathsfromsleepsuffocation(窒息)________overthesametimeperiod.A.double B.havebeendoubling C.havedoubled D.doubled16.—Iwillhavetwomidtermstomorrow.—Metoo.Soyou________anysympathyfrommehere.A.aren'tgetting B.didn'tget C.haven'tgot D.aren'tgoingtoget17.—Howlong________inourschool?—Forjusttheweekend.IamdueforaforuminHainannextMondaymorning.A.haveyoustayed B.areyoustaying C.didyoustay D.doyoustay18.Bythetimewe________fromourschool,wewillhavebeenclosefriendsformorethantenyears.A.graduated B.willgraduate C.aregraduating D.graduate19.Thefellowwespoke________nocommentatfirst.A.tomake B.tomade C.made D.tomaking20.—IwasafraidIwouldmisstheimportantlecture.—Oh,wasthatwhyyou________askingmetospeedup?A.hadkept B.arekeeping C.wouldkeep D.kept21.—IheardMrMorganwouldbehereat4：00p．m.nextThursday.—No,he________atthattime.A.wasboarding B.wouldbeboarding C.willbeboarding D.isboarding22.—I________inthesamepositiontoolong.Mylegshavefallenasleep.—Shakethemalittlebeforeyougetup.A.willsit B.havesat C.amsitting D.havebeensitting23.I________younottotouchmyink—nowit'sspiltandmypaperworkhasbeenspoiled.A.tell B.havetold C.told D.wastelling24.Commercialandrecreationalfishing________populationsizesandalsomadeindividualssmaller,sincebigfish________andsmalleronesthrownback.A.decreased;kept B.haddecreased;arekeptC.hasdecreased;keep D.hasdecreased;arekept25.Whenyouareabsorbedinabookorsimplytryingtorest,itseemsthatthephone________continuously,destroyingyourmomentarypeace.A.rings B.hasbeenringing C.rang D.isringing26.Whentheyfirstcametothecity,myparentsoftenwenttoneighborsforatalk,justasthey________inthecountryside.A.willdo B.haddone