綜合寫(xiě)作擴(kuò)大小范圍

1brokenintopieces2datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且在中國(guó)，日本speech說(shuō)250-millionold這么老。第二碎片只在那三個(gè)國(guó)家被發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)，如果沖擊力那么ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsThefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanysubstancewouldbetransformedcompletelyafter250millionyearsofgradualchemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowpreservedinthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.ThesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsinChina,Indiaand[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexplainsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternalforcessuchasvolcanicactivities.3閱讀：GM 有好【1】可以導(dǎo)入抗蟲(chóng)基因，少用殺蟲(chóng)劑，有利于保護(hù)環(huán)境【2】可以耐干旱，在非洲種可以提高農(nóng)民收入【3】可以讓大米里含更aagm的好處被夸大了，【2gm種子的話就得年年買(mǎi)新種子，多花的錢(qián)【3agm大米高，為什么不建議人們吃Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatiftheseresistancegenesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMplantcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1沒(méi)化石。沒(méi)花沒(méi)食物?；Y(jié)構(gòu)可能不是beespeaker反駁1，沒(méi)有化石是因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候沒(méi)樹(shù)，無(wú)法preserve化石。beefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexplainsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringplantsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringplantssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringplants.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.5Harappancivilizationdecline不至于導(dǎo)致他decline。ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexplainthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit’sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,suspectingthatawater-bornediseasehadforcedtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.TheprofessorexplainsthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedcanalsystemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.6閱讀：講要meetthedemandofenergy.—個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該采用核能發(fā)電，但是有些批評(píng)(1).Safety,說(shuō)如果coreoverheat的話會(huì)輻射外泄造成對(duì)環(huán)境生態(tài)及人類的危害；coal;(3).othertechnology，比如風(fēng)力發(fā)電；持normaltemperature，不會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)；backup，所以還不如用nuclear呢。Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbetackled.Inthesecondplace,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongtermperspective.However,theauthorclaimsthatthecostofbuildingtheunclearplantiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalplantisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearplantisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalplant.Forthelongrun,unclearplantsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationissue.Thirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowerplant,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningare7閱讀：naturalgasThisarticletalksaboutwhetherornottheextractionofnaturalgascanbereducedsinceitiscontroversialforeitherbringingmorebenefitstohumanbeingsorleadingtomoredisasters,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentperspectivetowardthisissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingsaysthatthenaturalgasisnotacleanenergybecauseitreleasesgreenhousegasesandweshoulddevelopcleanerenergyinstead.Yet,fromthespeaker,duetotheutilizationofenergyinourmodemsociety,thosecleanerenergies,suchaswindpowerorsolarpowerhasdifficultysatisfyingtheneeds;additionally,thegreenhousegasesemittedfromthenaturalgasisonlyhalfasmuchasthatreleasedbyburningcoal.Secondly,thespeaker,modemtechnologycantransportedwastewaterintoamuchdeepergroundthatisseparatedfromtheaquifer.Inotherwords,theprotectionofthecleanwatersourceissolid.However,thewriterindicates,theprocessofexploitingnaturalgascanreleasetoxicwastewaterthatcancontaminatecleanwatersource.Fromthelistening,itisindeedtrue,yetthetechnologyisrevolutionizedandthedistancebetweenthewastewaterandthecleanwatersourceissetafar.Soitisperfectlyfine.Thirdly,thewritingsaysthatduringtheextractionofthenaturalgas,itcausesnegativeimpacts,suchasnoiseandlight,totheneighboringcommunities,whichisindeedanarefarmorethanthedisadvantages,forthedevelopmentofthenaturalgasbringsgovernmentrevenuesfromthenaturalgasconstructingsite,increasesjobopportunities.Inaddition,itpromotestheimprovementofthelocalcommunitiessincethecompaniesalwayscontributetothelocalcommunityforbetterenvironment.Thus,thelocalpeoplewillnotbeunpleasantandsupportthedevelopmentinstead.Fromthepointsabove,thelisteningcontentisopposingtothereadingmaterialonthedevelopmentofthenaturalgas.8lecturewrittenbookPearlPoet真正作者到底是誰(shuí)，因?yàn)橹挥幸粋€(gè)署名兒在這書(shū)中的一個(gè)poemtitle下面叫什么P.文章就開(kāi)猜了,有三種可能性。1JohnMassey，因?yàn)榱鱾飨聛?lái)的他們的作品的handwriting是2HughHpoemregion看到的可能只是同一個(gè)人手抄copyoriginal的書(shū)，不能表明作者相同；會(huì)有不同口音dialect，所以那種修辭在不同口音的情況下是不同的；不可能有很多人collection都有這些unique的特性。（3）recyclewater使養(yǎng)蝦時(shí)使用的被污染的清水可以使Thistopicisaboutwhetherornotthefishfarmingplacescanbedamagingtothefishspecie,waterandthewholenearbyenvironment.Clearly,thecontentsinthereadingandlisteningaredifferent.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatfishfromthefishfarmsproducehigherconcentrationofwastetothenearbywaterresource,whichcausesseriousdamages.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatfishfarmerscankeepacertainkindofmarineanimals,suchasMollusksthatfeedonthewasteofthefarmfishandthiswilllargelyreducethedegreeofwaterpollutionfishfarmsmake.Inthesecondplace,fromthespeaker,scientistscannowgeneticallyalteredthefarmfish;inotherwords,thosefarmfishcannotreproduceagainwithlocalfishgroups.Thisyetisdifferentformthereadingcontentthatindicatestheinteractionofthefarmfishandlocalfishwillgeneratephysicallypooreroffspring.Thirdly,thelecturerthinksthatthoseusedwaterfromfishfarmscanbere-usedtogrowakindofplantthatisagreatsourceofproteinforbothhumanbeingsandthelivestock;forinstance,theshrimpfarmwaterwasdumpedintotheopenwater,butnowitisusedtocultivatesuchsalt-tolerateplant.Thereadingcontentlikewisesaysthatfishfarmswasteagreatdealoffreshwaterandthewatercannotbeusedforotherintentionsanylonger.constructwallsinGreatelectricalchargeddevicetoeliminateAsian再引進(jìn)nativespecies.教授說(shuō)這種做法總來(lái)試過(guò)，unpredictableanddangerous.而且利用toxicchemical之后可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致wholeThereadingsaysthatthethreemethodsusedcanpreventAsiancarpsfromenteringtheGreatLakes;however,thelisteningpassagerefutestheideaandthinkstheycannotworkwell.Tobeginwith,inthelisteningcontent,itsaysthatitwillcostanextraexpenseforshippingandcargomovementstotheshipssincethosewallsdonotjustconstrainfishbutalsofactoriesthatarebuiltnearthelake.However,thereadingcontentindicatesthatconstructingthewallincertainpartofthelakebuildanareaoflimitationforthefishanditalsoignorestheeconomicbenefitsofthecommercialactivitiesnearby.Secondly,theelectricitychargeddevice,formthelisteningcontent,cannoteffectivelydiscourageAsiancarpsenteringthelake.Itistruethattheelectronicfieldcandeterfishmovingintothelake,yetthelakeishugeandthefishcanstill“swim”totheothersideofthelakewherethereisnosuchdeviceemployed.However,thereadingindicatestheelectronicdevicewillcreateapowerelectronicfieldthateliminatesallthecarptryingtomoveintothelake.Thirdly,theauthorthinksthatatwo-stepmeasurementcanworkasthetoxicchemicalscanbecarriedouttokillAsiancarpsinthefirststep;oncethenumberofthefishdecreases,thesecondstep—introducingthenativespeciescanincreasethechancesofsurvivalforthem.However,thelisteningcontentcompletelycontradictstheargumentandindicatesthatsuchtoxicsubstancemethodhasneverbeenusedinthesimilarsituation,sothisistoodangerousandunpredictable.Maybeitwillleadtoanenvironmentaldisasterthatwillmakethesituationevenworse.Inconclusion,fromthelisteningcontent,thethreemethodstryingtostopAsiancarpsenteringtheGreatLakearenotvaluabletothisissue.Thus,thecontentbothinthereadingandlisteningiscontradictory.11命中指數(shù)：五星級(jí))T-Rex恐龍能跑嗎？（3）MMT恐龍是親戚，如果M恐龍能跑，那么T恐龍自然也能跑；TherehasbeensomecontroversyoverwhetherornotT.rexcouldrunfast.ThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetoprovethatT.rexwasafastrunner.However,thelecturerarguesthatnoneoftheevidenceisconvincing.First,thereadingsuggeststhatT.rexmusthavebeenacapablerunnerbecauseitfedonherbivorousanimalwhichcouldrunveryfast.However,thelecturerarguesthatthismaynotserveasvalidproof,becauseT.rexhadveryacutesenseofsmellsotheycoulddetectandscavengeonthedeadbodiesofsmallanimalsinsteadofhavingtochasethem.Secondly,thereadingdrawscomparisonbetweenthelegbonesofT.rexandafastrunningtiger.Yetthelecturerrejectssuchcomparison.Hearguesthatinspiteofthesimilarity,thebonesofT.rexweretoofragiletosustainthehighpressurecausedbyhigh-speedrunning.Finally,fossilevidenceshowsthatT.rexhadtwopowerfullegsandlargetoes.RelativesoftheT.rexthatsharedthesefeatures,likethe[M-],werefastrunners.Againthisisdisprovedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhaveneededtocarry86%ofitshugebodymassassupportivemusclesinitslegs,whichcouldnothavebeenpossible.在Rhoneriver發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)bust閱讀：passage里面認(rèn)為是羅馬的一個(gè)leader－西澤大帝，原 styleofhair；發(fā)現(xiàn)雕塑的地點(diǎn)在一條河，以前人們想銷毀它，因?yàn)橛行碌膌eader上任，留著它是不respect。聽(tīng)力：lecture完全反駁這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，原因有三。 Slimnoseandlongleg有用的雕塑都往河里扔，舉了一個(gè)叫Neptune的雕塑，是古羅馬的一個(gè)神。Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar’stime,thisstylecontinuedtobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar’s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameplaceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyhavebecomeuselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereadingsuggests.閱讀ToBuildCrossingsforwildlifecrossings;theyarenottrainedtomakeuseofcrossings很浪費(fèi)錢(qián)啊Financial而且theareasaffectedbyroadorbyotherhumandevelopmentthathavealreadybeendamagedtoomuch.Notalongtermstrategy.因棲息地都?jí)牡?，不?無(wú)法)crossings,這樣可以保護(hù)動(dòng)物待在同一個(gè)區(qū)，雖然這樣也許會(huì)讓population下降。聽(tīng)力:反對(duì)閱讀crossings，但是他們是可以學(xué)習(xí)的嘛，比如十年后，他們就會(huì)用collisions不僅對(duì)動(dòng)物，對(duì)人類也造成了很大傷害，很多人都受傷了還是怎么的，說(shuō)考慮到這些因素，建crossings能保護(hù)人類啊。教授說(shuō)動(dòng)物們待在一個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)里不能去別的地方，數(shù)量當(dāng)然下降了，crossingsCastingdoubtsontheissuewhetherornotwildlifecrossingsshouldbemadeforthegreatestbenefitsofhumanbeingsandwildlifecreatures,thespeakerholdsaperspectivecontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutwhethertheanimalscanusethecrossingsanditmeansthatifanimalsdonotknowhowtomakeuseofthecrossings,itisnotadvantageoustothebuildingplan;however,fromthelisteningpassage,itsaysthatanimalscanbetrainedtousetheman-madecrossings.Forexample,thebearandwolvescasesinthelisteningthattheycanmakeuseofthecrossingsaftercertaintime,suchasadecadeco-existingwiththecrossings.(weixin:laoxikou)Thereadingpassageneverthelessholdsthatthosewildlifeanimalscannotusethecrossingsandthebuildingplanwillbeinvalid.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,itisnotafinancialwasteforbuildingwildlifecrossings.Iftherearenocrossingsbuilt,thedamagecanbemadenotjusttoanimals,buttovehiclesandtohumans.Buildingwildlifecrossingsisconducivetomutualbenefits;thusitisnotwastingmoney.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthatbuildingwildlifecrossingsisatotalwasteofmoney;itwillnothelphumanstosavemoneyontheaccidents.Thirdly,thespeakerthinksthatbuildingwildlifecrossingscanactuallyhelpanimalsolvethefragmentationproblembycreatinglinksandbridgesthatovercomethemainbarrierssuchroadsandotherhumandevelopmentsothatanimalcanhavefullaccesstoalltheirterritories.Thiscanprovidethemmoreopportunitiestosurvive,thriveandgrowastheyhavemorechancestofindfoodandreproduce.Yet,thereadingindicatesitisbettertokeepwildlifeanimalsinreservedareaswheretheycanbetterbeprotected.Inshort,thepointsputforthaboutthewildlifecrossingsinthereadingandlisteningarecontradictory.hydroelectricdamReading:hydroelectricpowerplantsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeLecture:accountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricplantsisnotlowhydroelectricplantsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelplantwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmondo.Besuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsaperspectivecontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreinexpensive.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchplantdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricplantscratefloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofplantmaterialtodecomposeanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalplants.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricplantsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.ThisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinEngland.Thefishcannotmoveverticallyuptobypassthedam.Tobemoreconcise,hydroelectricplantsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.stones第一種理論是風(fēng)吹動(dòng)的，因?yàn)榇嬖陉P(guān)于山谷里有大風(fēng)的紀(jì)錄，且天下雨的時(shí)候，muddy很變得很平，適合讓風(fēng)吹動(dòng)石頭。第二個(gè)理論是地下水晚上結(jié)冰，石頭就能動(dòng)了。第三個(gè)理論是人類惡搞的，比如麥田圈就是。聽(tīng)力：沒(méi)有風(fēng)強(qiáng)到能吹到石頭，并且給了張照片，石頭陷在muddywriter的理論，石頭不應(yīng)該陷下去的。這里沙漠，水根本不夠，并且沙漠里溫度太高，就算晚上能結(jié)冰，白天就化了，沒(méi)法搬動(dòng)石頭。（3）如果是人干的，那一定會(huì)留下痕跡，這種muddy里，沒(méi)有人能做到不留痕跡。Thereadingpassagetriestoexplainwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbytheforcesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there’sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeentheforcesatplay.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalforcesmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyplaces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.講congestionpricing。說(shuō)為了緩解交通擁堵，想要在city中的某個(gè)區(qū)域收費(fèi)，這樣就能緩解一下。閱讀文章支持，三個(gè)理由：這樣做可以improvetime(主要就是說(shuō)節(jié)省時(shí)間)可以改善環(huán)境improvethatarea'senvironment收的fee可以用于revenuethecity可以再修路，修橋等等lecture中，professor否定了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。 路，更浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。舉了個(gè)例子：送快遞的，他們要省錢(qián)，所以送快遞的時(shí)候會(huì)變長(zhǎng)。在收費(fèi)區(qū)里面環(huán)境可能會(huì)好點(diǎn)，但是周?chē)能?chē)相對(duì)就會(huì)增多，noiseandairpollution就會(huì)多。所以不是整個(gè)city都能環(huán)境變好有的人不能afford這個(gè)費(fèi)用了，就會(huì)去坐subway，政府就得出更多的錢(qián)維護(hù)Thepolicyofcongestionpricingisenforcedinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexplainsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthispolicyhasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisThesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemaybecomeworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseareas.Finally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbythegovernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthispolicywillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethepolicywillnothelpimproveroadsand這個(gè)magicalpower在不同的文化中有不同的含義啊，insomecase，這是一種儀式，actuallythemagicalpowertheirancestorsbelieveinisthattheycancommunicatewiththeanimalslivingThereadingpassageexplainsthepurposeofprehistoricpaintingsfoundinLascauxCaveinFrance.Accordingtothereading,thesepaintingswerecreatedbythepainterswiththehopeoffindinggoodlucktoensuresuccessfulhunting.However,thelecturerdisagreeswiththisFirst,thereadingstatesthattherearelargeanimalsinsomepaintingsdepictedasbeingwoundedbyspearsandarrows,suggestingthattheseanimalswerehuntedbythepainters.（關(guān)聯(lián)視頻里對(duì)動(dòng)物圖案有一定介紹）However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthereareotherpaintingsthatdepictsmallanimalssuchascatsandreindeers,whichprehistoricpeopledidnothunt.Moreover,someanimalsinthepaintingsdonotappeartohavebeenwounded.Sothesepaintingsmaynotberelatedwithhunting.Second,humanfigureswithanimalheadsmaynotbeproofthatthepaintingswererelatedwithhunting.Accordingtothelecturer,somehumanfiguresdonotappearinthepaintingtobestanding;someareevensleeping.Theywereclearlynothuntinginsuchahorizontalposition,soitisprobablynottruethatthehumansinthepaintingsarewearinganimalheadsasacamouflagewhilehunting.Thethirdtheoryinthereadingproposesthatthepainterscreatedthesepaintingsbecausetheybelievedthatthesepaintingsmighthavemagicalpowers.Butthelecturerarguesthatthismagicalpowermighthavenothingtodowithhunting.Thepaintersmighthavebelievedthattheycouldcommunicatewiththeirancestors’spiritsthroughthesepaintedanimals.閱讀：北美有段時(shí)間大型動(dòng)物滅絕，是因?yàn)槿祟惢顒?dòng)的關(guān)系。原因有三：人類出現(xiàn)和大動(dòng)物同死吧。聽(tīng)力：候的人類沒(méi)有保存肉的方法，所以不太可能去hunt大動(dòng)物；同時(shí)期小動(dòng)物也死了不少。BeingskepticalaboutthetheoryoftherelationbetweenhumanhuntingandtheextinctionoflargemammalsinNorthAmerica,thelisteningpassageputsforthaperspectivetotallycontrarytothereasonsstatedinthereadingcontent.Tobeginwith,itisaboutthetiminghumanbeingscametotheplacewherelargemammalswerewipedout.Thelisteningpassagesaysthatthereisnoexactlythecauseandeffectrelationfortheextinctionofthoselargemammalswiththearrivalofhumanbeings.Thatistosay,theextinctionandthetimeofhumanarrivalarejustacoincidenceandsuchlargeextinctionmustbecausedbysomethingelse,suchasweatherabnormality.However,thereadingindicates,itishumanbeingsappearingtocertainareasthatlargeanimalswereextinctandtheywerehappenedatthesameperiodoftime.mammalsdidnothavepredatorsatthattime,sohumanhuntingwasnotadifficultjob.Fromthelisteninghowever,itsaysthathumanbeingsdidnotknowfoodpreservationskillstokeepmeatforalongtimeandtheyhuntedonlywhattheyneeded.So,thedecliningnumberoflargeanimalsshouldnotbesodrasticduetothisreason.Additionally,humanbeingsweremovingalotanditisnotconvincingatallwhatsoeverthatallthelargemammalswereextinct.Lastly,thelecturersuggeststhatnotjustlargemammalswereextinctatthattime,butweremanysmallerones,suchascertainkindsofbirds.Thereadingcontenthowevershowsthathumanbeingsonlyhuntedforlargemammals.Whatshallbetheexplanationwhysmalleranimalswerealsoextinctatthattime?Thus,thelisteningsupportsothertheoriesforsuchextinction,suchasextremeweatherconditionandtheforth.Toconclude,thelisteningcontentistotallyopposingtowhatthereadingsaysinthearticle.閱讀：小額貸款（microcredit）給poor沒(méi)用因?yàn)閠hepoor沒(méi)有business的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，即使借錢(qián)給他們，也不會(huì)成功；增加銀行administrativecostpoor的會(huì)減少。聽(tīng)力：反可以educatethem并舉了例子India,teachthemhowtofinancehowtobudget可以給asmallofgroup,insteadofeachperson，這樣的話cost也不會(huì)增加窮人從international機(jī)構(gòu)中獲得貸款之后，governmentsavemoney可以用于bridgesandroad。Inthelecture,thespeakermakesseveralpointsabouttheadvantagesofmicrocredit,awayusedtohelpthepoorforasuccessfulfuture;thismethodhoweverissupportedbythereadingpassage.Thefirstpo