鑄鐵及其古代社會(huì)背景

CastironanditssocialcontextinancientChina QIANWeiInstituteofHistoricalMetallurgyandMaterialsUniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing2009-07-20StoneAgeBronzeAgeIronAgeSiliconAge?Modernprocessofironandsteelmaking927milliontonspigironproducts,2008(WorldSteel)Twodifferentiron-makingprocessDirectreductivereaction:C+FeO=CO+Fe2CO+O2=2CO2Solid-solidreaction,lowproductivity,lowtemperaturebloomeryiron;spongeiron;wroughtiron;hammering;blacksmithIndirectreductivereaction:2C+O2=2COCO+FeO=CO2+FeSolid-gasreaction,highproductivity,hightemperaturecastiron;blastfurnace,cupola;foundry;pigironCastironisoneofthemostimportantinventionssinceironsmeltingwasfirstusedin18thc.BC.CastironisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantinventionsinancientChina,sotheresearchonitislistonthetestingprojectofCompassPlan,whichisfinancialsupportedbyChineseMinistryofCulturalHeritageAdministration.LiteraturesArchaeologyArtifactsTech-nologyBefore3c.BC3c.BC—AD3c.AfterAD3c.SocialInflu-enceinChinaagriculturesocializationmanufacturemilitaryExchangeWestwardEastwardPublicationsExhibitionInternationalactivitiesCastironinventionresearchachievementsprojectofcastironsupportedbyCompassPlanReference中國(guó)冶金史編寫(xiě)組《中國(guó)冶金簡(jiǎn)史》（1978）、《中國(guó)古代冶金》（1978）北京科技大學(xué)冶金與材料史研究所編《中國(guó)冶金史論文集》系列（1985－2006）楊寬《中國(guó)古代冶鐵技術(shù)發(fā)展史》（1982）李京華《中原古代冶金技術(shù)研究》（1994，2003）王巍《東亞地區(qū)古代鐵器及冶鐵術(shù)的傳播交流》（1999）華覺(jué)明等《銅和鐵造就的文明——中國(guó)古代金屬技術(shù)》（1999）白云翔《先秦兩漢鐵器的考古學(xué)研究》（2005）華覺(jué)明等《中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)工藝全集·金屬工藝卷》（2007）韓汝玢、柯俊《中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)史·礦冶卷》（2007）陳建立、韓汝玢《漢晉中原及北方地區(qū)鋼鐵技術(shù)研究》（2007）華道安(D.Wagner)ScienceandCivilizationinChina,Vol.v(11),FerrousMetallurgy（2008）BeginninguseofironinChinaBeginninguseofironBloomeryironCastironCastironanditssteelproductsBronzeYueunearthedfromGaocheng(藁城)inHebeiProvince,ChinaDatedto14thc.BCNickeldistributioninthebronzeshowsthisartifactismadeofmeteoriciron.(LiZhung,1976)Bronze-Ironweaponsandtoolsunearthedfrom14thc.BCto9thc.BCChinaMeteoricironobjectsfoundinChinaNameUnearthedsiteDateNicontent1BronzeYuewithironbladeGaocheng,Hebeiprovince(河北藁城)theMiddleShangperiod,14thc.BC0.8-2.8%Ni2BronzeYuewithironbladePinggu,Beijing(北京平谷)theMiddleShangperiod,14thc.BC1.9-18.4%Ni3BronzeYuewithironbladeXunxian,Henanprovince(河南?？h)theLateShang-EarlyZhouperiod,10thc.BC6.7-6.8%Ni22.6-29.3%Ni4BronzedaggerwithironbladeJunxian,Henanprovince(河南?？h)theWestZhouperiod,9thc.BC5.2%Ni5IronBenwithBronzehiltSanmenxia,Henanprovince(河南三門峽)theWestZhouperiod,9thc.BC5.8-47.7%Ni12.5-14.8%Ni6IrondaggerSanmenxia,Henanprovince(河南三門峽)theWestZhouperiod,9thc.BC6.0-27.4%Ni7IronknifewithBronzehiltSanmenxia,Henanprovince(河南三門峽)theWestZhouperiod,9thc.BC5.8-13.4%Ni31.4-35.6%NiBloomeryironsmeltingtechnologyappearstohavespreadintoeasternEuropeandwesternIranbyabout1400BCandcontinuestodiffuseoutwardsreachingwesternEuropeandwesternChinabyabout1000BCEarliestIronArtifactsinChinaTheearliestironinChina(Yanbulake,Hami（哈密焉不拉克）,Xinjiang,13thc.BC)weremanufacturedbybloomeryprocess.Man-madeIronshort-swordwithjadehilt,bloomeryFromtombofGuoJi(虢季)inShanmenxia,HenanDatedto8thc.BCIronshort-swordwithinlaidgoldhilt,bloomeryFromYimen,Baoji(寶雞益門),ShaanxiDatedto7thc.BCEarlycastironWhen?Where?How?Why?ThemicrostructureofearliestwhitecastironfragmentunearthedfromTianma-Quncun,Shanxi（山西天馬-曲村）,8thc.BCThemicrostructureofearliestdecarburizedironunearthedfromLuoyang,Henan（河南洛陽(yáng)），5thc.BC

ThemicrostructureofearliestmalleablecastironunearthedfromLuoyang,Henan（河南洛陽(yáng)），5thc.BCThemicrostructureofgraycastironunearthedfromWangchenggangsiteatLushan,Henan（河南魯山望城崗）,2ndc.BCThemicrostructureofspearunearthedfromShizishan,Xuzhou（徐州獅子山）,Jiangsu,2ndc.BC,puddlingsteelSystemof

ironandsteeltechniquesofancientChinaTenadvancedtechniquesofancient

Chineseironandsteelmaking

InventionsDate1Castiron8th

c.BC2Malleablizingprocess5th

c.BC3Steelmakingbydacarburizationfromsolidcastiron5thc.BC4Permanentmoulds4th

-3rdc.BC5PuddlingSteel2nd

c.BC6Grayironcasting2nd

c.BC7Steelofhundredrefinings1st

-2ndc.AD8Steelmakingbyinfusioncarburization3rd

-4th

c.AD9Waterpowerbellows

Doubleactingboxpistonbellows1st

c.AD17thc.AD10Coalusedasfuel

Cokeusedasfuel10thc.AD16th

c.AD1Shanxi2Henan3Hunan4Shaanxi5Hubei6InnerMogolia7Hebei8Ningxia9Heilongjiang10Shandong11Gansu12Jiangsu13Sichuan14YunnanNumbersofearlyironartifactsunearthedfromdifferentprovincesdatedbefore5thc.BC(Xinjiangarenotinclueded)1InnerMogolia2Shanxi3Liaoning4Henan5Hebei6Guangxi7Hunan8Shandong9Shaanxi10Tianjin11Gansu12Guizhou13Hubei14Jilin15Sichuan16Guangdong17Ningxia18Heilongjiang19Jiangsu20YunnanNumbersofearlyironartifactsunearthedfromdifferentprovincesdatedto5-3rdc.BC(Xinjiangarenotinclueded)1－LateWesternZhouDynasty，2－EarlyandMiddleSpringandAutumnPeriod3－LateSpringandAutumnPeriod，4－EarlyWarringStatePeriod，5－MiddleandLateWarringPeriod，6－WarringPeriod（noexacttime）Numbersofearlyironartifactsunearthedfromdifferentperiodsbefore3rdc.BC(Xinjiangarenotinclueded)Ratiosoftheagriculturalimplementsandtoolsamongtheironartifactsunearthedfromsitesdatedto3rdc.BCCastirontoolsunearthedfromtombsatQiaocun,Homa(侯馬喬村),Shanxi5-3rdc.BCIronmoldsforimplementsunearthedfromBaiyangcheng,Cixian,Hebei,datedto3thc.BC.Ironmoldsledtheproductshigherqualityandlowercost,risingproductivityandimprovingthetechnologicaltransmission.Ironofficialsandsmeltingsites

inHandynasty(206BC-AD220)Ironofficial(鐵官):thegovernmentwhichisinchargeoftheironsmeltingandcastingaffairsinQinandHandynasties.Shiji《史記》andHanshu《漢書(shū)》：TheHanemperorironstartedsetup49ironofficialsallaroundthecountry,governingtheironsmelting,castingandtrades.Inthecountieswheretheironproductisabundant,theywillnametheofficialfoundrieswithnumberfrom1tomore.Theironsmeltingsiteswitharchaeologicalsurveyandexcavationaremorethan50sites.IronsmeltingsitesfromarchaeologicalsurveyandexcavationandironofficialsfromtextualevidencesinHandynasty(206BC-AD220)AgriculturalimplementsandtheirinscriptionsinHandynasty(206BC-AD220)EarliestblastfurnaceremainintheworldIronsmeltingsiteatJiudian,Xiping,(西平酒店冶鐵遺址)Henan,datedto5-3rdc.BCIronsmeltingsiteinGuxing,Zhengzhou,Henan,datedto3rd-1stc.BCWhycastironwasinventedinChina?TransmissionTechnologyPhilosophySocialdemandEarlybloomeryirontransmissionInthehistoryofironinancientChina,themaininfluencefromoutsideistheinitialintroductionofbloomerytechniquefromthewest,althoughitseemsthatitisdevelopedindependentlyinthefuturetime.Chineseinventedthecastironsoonaftertheylearnedtheironsmeltingtechniquefromthewest.Itisdifficulttounderstandthattheinnovationofcastironwillbesuccessfulifthereisnotearlybloomerytechnologicaltransmission.XINJIANGHENANEarlyironbefore3rdc.BCinnorthwestChinashowsthetransmissionrouteofbloomeryirontechnologyfromwesttoeast,whilecastirontechnologytransmittedfromeasttowest.Baiqier拜契爾Subeixi蘇貝希Heigouliang黑溝梁Keliya克里雅Yabulake焉不拉克ArchaeologicalExcavationatKeliyaValleyin1996CastironcauldronexcavatedatYuanshaSite(400-200BC),KeliyaValleyCastironshovelunearthedfromYuanshaSite,KeliyaValleyMicrostructureofanironfragment(XJ121)fromYuanshaSite,KeliyaValley(C-14dating:370±20BC),castironPotteryTechnology

Before2000BC,Chinesehasrespectivekilnroomandfireroomwithindependentflue,whilethetemperaturecanberiseto1100℃.Thecontrolofreductiveatomospherewaseasilytaken,inordertoproducethegreyandblackpottery.CoppersmeltingExcavatedcoppersmeltingfurnacesarealmostinner-firefurnaceswithblowingholes.Coppersmeltingcrucible(furnace?)unearthedonNiuheliang,Lingyuan,(凌源牛河梁)Liaoning,early2ndMillenniumBCCoppersmeltingshaftfurnaceunearthedatTonglushan,Daye(大冶銅綠山),Hubei,7-5thc.BCDiameter0.5mHeight1.5mVolume0.3m3TheFurnaceconsistofbase,hearthandbody,withblowingholesandtappingandslagholes.CastbronzetechnologyHighlevelbronzecastingtechniquehelpChinesegrasptheknow-howtomanufacturebronzeartifactssince15thc.BC.

AnnealingtechnologyAnnealingtechnologywasgraspedbyChineseatlatestto5thc.BC.Amongexamined115ironartifactsbefore3thc.BC,thereare89whitecastiron,including42annealingones,in47%.Annealingtechniquemakecastironmoreuseful,whichletChinesedevelopedcastingtechnologicalpathmoreeasilytomanufactureagriculturalimplementsandtools,ratherthenbloomeryinothercivilizations.BloomeryironimplementsfromPompeiisite,RomanEmpire,Italy.PhilosophySystemicmethodology(系統(tǒng)論):Confucius(孔子),Mencius(孟子),etc.Harmoniousthought(和諧思想):YiJing(易經(jīng)),ZhouYan(鄒衍),etc.AdvancedphilosophyinEastZhoudynasty(7th-3thc.BC)suppliedmoreinnovationalpower.BlastfurnaceinChinesemetallurgyandhumanbodyinChinesetraditionalmedicineHarmoniousthoughtChinesegraspedhighcarbonsteeltechnologybeforeAD3rdcentury.Ruanshimanufacturedexcellentswords,withwaterandfireuniform,goodpotteryandrefractory,inreductiveoroxidizedatmosphere,usingsoftandhardirontogether.

（晉）楊泉《物理論》：

古有阮師之刀，以水火之齊、五精之陶，用陰陽(yáng)之候，取剛軟之和。Merv:survivingegg-shapedcruciblesteelingot

(AD9-10thc.)DamascusswordfromPersia,AD17thc.SocialdemandAgriculture:implement;hardploughMilitary:newmaterialusedfirstlyPolitics:stateownedminesandsmeltersEconomics:bronzeisusedout,tinisalmostemptyTrades:newmaterialasrichassilkSocialdemandMenciusasked:“DoesMasterXucookwithapotandansteamer?Doeshetillwithironimplement?”ChenXiang:“Yes.”“Doeshemakethemhimself?”“No,theytradesgrainonthem.”“Tradinggrainfroimplementsdosenotinflicthardshiponthepottersandfounders.Whenthepottersandfounderstradeimplements,doesthisinflicthardshiponthepeasants?Howcanitbethat,MasterSudoesontestablishhisownpoterryandfoundry?Wheydoeshegoabouttradingwiththehundredcraftsmen?Whydoeshebother?”“Theworkofthehundredcraftsmencertainlycannotbedonewhiletilling.”ThestoryinMengZi《孟子滕文公上》showsthesmeltingandcastingofironhaseaprofessionaljobin4thc.BC.SocialinfluenceofcastironAgricultureHydraulicconstructionBuildingandgardeningMiningandsmeltingTransportationmanufactureMilitarytechnologySocialorganizationAgricultural