學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作7

HowtoWrite

AnAbstractOutlineⅠ.Definition&functionsofanabstractⅡ.ContentsofanabstractⅢ.TypesofabstractsⅣ.FormatandlengthofanabstractⅤ.SuggestionsforabstractwritingⅥ.KeywordswritingWhatisan“Abstract”?Anabstractisacondensedstatementofthecontentsofapaper,whichisusuallyputinfrontofthepaperandregardedasthemostimportant

componentinaresearchpaper.Whatarethefunctionsofanabstract?Theidentifyingfunction

——forreaders

Thelocatingfunction

——forlibraryContentsofanabstractA.Thestatementofpurposeaboutyourresearch;B.Theapproachesormethodsofyourresearch;C.Theconclusionsorresultsofyourresearch.Theabstractshouldbeginwithaclearstatementoftheproblemorproblemsyouareresearching.Askyourselfwhatthepurposeofyourpaperis,andwhatyouaretryingtoproveordiscover.Trytoexpressthesepointsinthefewestwordspossible.Describebrieflyyourmethodsofinvestigation,andwhereandhowyouobtainedyourinformation.Relatehowyouusedthematerialsanddatayoufoundtostudyyourproblemandmakeyourpoints.Outlineyoursystemofanalysis.Finally,stateyourconclusions,andhowtheyrelatetotheoriginalproblem.

Anabstract

is“anabbreviated,accuraterepresentationofthecontentsofadocumentwithoutaddedinterpretationorcriticism”.(fromISO214—1976E)摘要是指一份文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容的縮短的精確的表達(dá)而無須補(bǔ)充解釋或評論.—國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(ISO214-1976E文獻(xiàn)工作)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(ISO)關(guān)于摘要內(nèi)容的規(guī)定1.研究的背景、目的和范圍;2.研究的對象、方法和主要內(nèi)容;3.研究的結(jié)論或建議及其價值。TypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstract(描述型摘要)usuallytellsreaderswhatinformationthepapercontains,outlinesthepurpose,methods,andscopeofthepaper,andintroducesthesubject.B.Informativeabstract(信息型摘要)containsspecificinformationfromthepaper,includesthepurpose,methods,andscopeofthepaper,andprovidestheresults(findings),conclusionsandrecommendations.FormatandlengthofanabstractAsarule,adescriptiveabstractusuallycontainsonlyoneparagraphandanabstractforajournalarticlehaslessthan100words.Athesisabstractisoftenlongerthanthislimit,butnomorethan1,000words.Rarelydoesathesisabstractexceedonepagewithinseveralparagraphs.Thelengthofanabstractvariesdependingonthelengthofthepaperandtheplacewhereitappears.SuggestionsforabstractwritingA.Usingsomeverbsandexpressions;B.Usingcorrect

tenses,voicesandpersons;C.Usingstandardterms.Usingthefollowingverbsandexpressionswhenyouintroducethepurposeofyourresearch:

discuss,aim,attempt,describe,intend,hold,analyze,specify,explore,examine,elaborate,present,dealwith,focuson,liein,…ExamplesThispaperanalyzes

variouspossiblefactorswhichaffectthedevelopmentofreadingability.Thethesisaimsatdiscussingthefeaturesthatcharacterizetheprocessof…Theemphasisofthisstudyliesinspecifyingtheproblemsandtheircausesintheprocedureof…

Usingthefollowingverbsandexpressionswhenyoumakeyourconclusionsorsuggestions:

indicate,offer,show,reveal,prove,conclude,demonstrate,recommend,suggest,contributeto,bringabout,…ExamplesThesefindingsindicatethatthenewapproachoffersremarkableadvantagesovertheconventionalone.Basedonthepracticesometechniquesforeffectivereadingarerecommended.Theseresults

suggestthatthestudentswhocanreadindependentlyarealsogoodatlisteningandwriting.UsingcorrecttensesWhenyouintroducethepurposeofyourresearchsimplepresenttenseiscommonlyusedandsometimespresent

perfecttenseisalsoaccepted.Whenyoudescribeyourmethodsofresearchortheresultsofyourexperiment,pasttenseisthebestchoice.ExamplesTheauthoraccumulated

aconsiderableamountofexperienceanddidsomeresearchintothedesignofreadingcomprehensionexercises.Enoughdatawerecollectedtowritethepaper.Theresultswereamazing:we

found

atotallackofequality.UsingmorepassivevoiceinanabstractWhenwritingabstractyoushouldtrytousemore

passivevoicetoshowthatyouropinionsorjudgmentsaremoreobjectiveandfairwithoutanydeviation.ExamplesComprehensiveresearchhasbeen

conductedontherelationshipbetweentheoriesandlearningapproaches.I