2023 年版《世界貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計報告》

World

T

radeStatisticalRev

iew2023AbouttheWTOTheWorldTrade

Organizationdealswiththeglobalrulesoftradebetweennations.Itsmainfunctionisto

ensurethattrade?owsas

smoothly,predictablyandfreelyas

possible.Aboutthis

publicationWorldTrade

StatisticalReviewprovidesadetailedanalysisofthelatestdevelopmentsinworldtrade.It

istheWTO’s?agshipstatisticalpublicationandisproducedonanannualbasis.For

more

informationAlldatausedinthisreport,

as

wellas

additionalchartsandtablesnotincluded,canbedownloadedfromtheWTO

websiteat/statisticsWorldTradeStatistical

Review2023I.

Introduction4AcknowledgementsAmessagefromDirector-GeneralNgoziOkonjo-Iweala67II.

Highlights

of

world

trade

in20228World

tradeoverviewMerchandisetradeCommercialservicesLeadingtraders1012202627Least-developedcountriesIII.

World

trade

and

economic

growth,

2022-2328Trade

andGDP

growthin2022andthe?rsthalfof2023MerchandisetradevolumeCommoditypricesExchangeratesMerchandiseandcommercialservicestradevaluesOthertrade-relatedindicators303133343540IV.

Composition,

de?nitions

&

methodology42CompositionofgeographicalandeconomicgroupingsDe?nitionsandmethodologySpeci?cnotesforselectedeconomiesStatisticalsources4444515253AbbreviationsandsymbolsV.

Statistical

tables543Chapter

IIntroductionAcknowledgements67A

message

from

Director-General

Ngozi

Okonjo-Iweala45WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023AcknowledgementsThispublicationhasbeenpreparedunderthesupervisionofRalphOssa,

WTO

ChiefEconomistandDirectoroftheEconomicResearchand

Statistics

Division.

ThecoordinationofthereportwasundertakenbyChristopheDegainandFlorianEberth.Statisticalresearch,

datacompilation

and

thepreparation

of

estimateswereconductedbyBarbaraD’AndreaAdrian,ShradhaBhatia,LoriChang,ChristopheDegain,FlorianEberth,ColemanNeeandYing

Yan.andtheLanguageandDocumentationServicesDivision(LDSD)whosecollaborationisvitalintheproductionofthisreport.Inparticular,recognitionisduetoAnthonyMartin,SergeMarin-PacheandSteveCooperinIERD

andto

theFrench

and

Spanish

translators

in

LDSD.Finally,wewishtothanktheusersofWTO

statisticsfortheirconstructivesuggestionsonhowtoimproveourstatisticaloutput.Thisregularfeedbackallowsustoconstantlyre?nethedataweprovide.ContributionstothispublicationwerealsoprovidedbytheResearchGroupoftheEconomicResearchandStatisticsDivision.The

InternationalTrade

StatisticsSectionalsowishestothankcolleaguesfromtheInformationandExternalRelationsDivision(IERD)6Chapter

I:

IntroductionA

message

from

Director-GeneralNgozi

Okonjo-IwealaAsasuccessionofcrisesbuffettheglobaleconomy,withtheCOVID-19pandemicgivingwaytothewarinUkraine,in?ation,monetarytightening,andwidespreaddebtdistress,worldtradehaslostmomentum,withtradegrowthslowingin2022andremainingweakintoearly2023.Thatsaid,globaltradegrowthhasremainedpositive,underscoringhowtradehasbeenaforceforeconomicrecoveryandresilience.Nevertheless,numerousdownsiderisks,fromgeopoliticaltensionstopotential?nancialinstability,arecloudingthemedium-termoutlookforbothtradeandoveralloutput.Thisreportreviewsworldtradepatternsin2022,withinsightsintotheoutlookfortradein2023,inlightofthewiderinternationalcontext.Involumeterms,worldmerchandisetraderoseby2.7%in2022.The

volume?gurewaswellbelowthe12.4%growthinvalueterms,re?ectingtheeffectofhighglobalcommodityprices.particularlytourismwithinAsiatoAsianLDCs,

dueinparttocontinuingpandemic-relatedmeasureswithintheregion.AsianLDC

travelexportsin2022remained74%belowtheirvaluein2019.

Incontrast,travelexportsofAfricanLDCs

performedrelativelywell,cominginatonly9%belowpre-COVID-19

levelsin2022.Inthemanufacturingsector,onenotabledevelopmentwasthatChinaincreasedthevalueofitsexportsofautomotiveproductsinQ12022by30%

yearonyear,usingitsstrongpositionintheproductionoflithium-ionbatteriestobecometheworld’s

second-biggestexporterofelectricmotorvehiclesaftertheEuropeanUnion.Inturbulenttimesmarkedbygeopoliticalfrictions,rapidtechnological

change,

andever-more-frequentclimateandothershocks,

multilateraltradecooperationandtheWTOaremorenecessary

thanever.

Byworkingtogether,governmentscanupdatetheregulatoryandpolicyframeworksneededtoharnessthefullpotential-

andminimizetherisks-

ofnewdigital

technologies.

Openandpredictable

globaltrade,anchored

inthemultilateraltradingsystem,offersbusinessesandhouseholdstheoutsideoptionsneededtocopewithunexpectedsupplyshortages.

The

needtodeepen,deconcentrate,anddiversifyinternationalsupplynetworkssoastoincreasethis“?exicurity”offerssigni?cantcommercialopportunitiesfordevelopingeconomies.Servicestradefaredbetterthanmerchandisetrade,growing15%in2022.Internationaltravelcontinuedtoreboundstrongly,rising70%

year-on-yearaftermanyregionsliftedpandemic-relatedmobilityrestrictions.Lookingbackthroughtheentirepandemicperiod,computerserviceswerethemostdynamicsectorinservicestrade,withglobalexportsin2022worth44%morethantheirvaluein2019.

Digitallydeliveredservices–thatis,servicesprovidedviacomputernetworks,fromstreaminggamestoremoteconsultingservices–areanemergingsourceofgrowth,accountingfor54%

ofglobalservicesexportsin2022,and12%oftotalglobaltradeingoodsandservices.WithinEuropeandAsia,intra-regional?owsaccountedforalargeshareoftradeindigitallydeliveredservices,respectivelyaccountingfor62%and43%in2021.Incontrast,theintra-regionalsharesinSouth&CentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanaswellasinAfricawereonly8%and3%respectively,suggestingpotentialforgrowth.Policymakersneedreliablestatisticstomonitorhowtradeisevolving,assesstheimpactofmacro-economicandgeopoliticalshocks,andformulateresponsestobene?tthepeopletheyserve.Iwouldliketothankeveryonewhocontributedtothisreport.We

hopeitprovidesusefulinsightsforWTO

membersandallthoseinvolvedintradeanalysis.Exportsofgoodsandservicesfromleast-developedcountries(LDCs)

increasedby31%between2019

and2022,withgoodsexportsup41%invaluetermsoverthatperiod,onceagainre?ectinghighercommodityprices.LDCs’

exportsofcommercialservicesremaineddepressed,at14%belowtheirpre-pandemiclevels.Amajorfactorinthedeclineistheweakrecoveryoftourism,Ngozi

Okonjo-IwealaDirector-General7Chapter

IIHighlights

of

worldtrade

in

2022World

tradeoverviewMerchandisetrade1012202627CommercialservicesLeadingtradersLeast-developedcountries89WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023World

trade

overviewServicestraderecovered

in2022risingby

15%year-on-year,

slightlymorethangoodstrade.Chart2.1World

trade

in

goods

and

commercial

services,

2012-22(Annualpercentagechange)30GoodsServicestradereboundedfrom-18%in2020,

duringtheCOVID-19pandemic,

to+15%in2022.2010Commercialservices0?10?2020122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Source:WTO-UNCTAD

estimates.Note:Trade

asaverageofexportsandimports.10Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Trade

in

goods

and

services35302520151056.8TradeingoodsandservicesamountedtoUS$31.0trillionin2022,

a13%riseyear-on-year.Whiletradeingoodsexceededpre-pandemiclevelsalreadyin2021,

tradeinservicescaughtupin2022.5.95.96.124.25.021.619.018.517.0Source:WTO-UNCTAD

estimates.Note:Averageofexportsandimports.020182019202020212022GoodsCommercialservicesLeading

merchandise

traders161415.014.714.4Chinaremainedthetopmerchandiseexporterin2022butitsshareinworldexportsdeclinedto14%(from15%in2021).

TheUnitedStates(8%ofworldtrade)andGermany(7%)wererankedinsecondandthirdpositions.13.112.7121088.58.08.67.88.36.68.17.87.97.3Source:WTO-UNCTAD

estimates.620182019202020212022ChinaUnitedStatesGermanyManufactured

goods1008060402003268312971316937Theshareofmanufacturedgoodsinworldmerchandiseexportsfellto63%in2022(versus68%in2018)mainlyduetohighenergypriceslimitingdemand.6963Source:WTO

estimates.20182019202020212022ManufacturedgoodsOthergoodsTransport

servicesUS$billion1,0261,2491,0311,2402018Tradeintransportservicescontinuedtogrowin2022,

althoughataslower

pacethanin2021asshippingratesreturnedtopre-pandemiclevels.20192020202120228651,0381,1981,3931,481Source:WTO-UNCTAD

estimates.1,7130500Imports1,0001,5002,000Exports70605040302010Intra-regional

merchandise

tradeIntra-regionalmerchandisetraderepresented65%ofEurope’s

worldtradein2022,

thehighestamongstthemajorworldregions.

Thelowestwas

forAfrica(14%in2022,

down

from16%in2018).20182019202020212022Source:UNCTADStat.EuropeAsia(includingOceania)NorthAmericaLatinAmerica(includingMexico,Caribbean)Africa11WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Merchandise

tradeThevalueofmerchandisetradeexpandedatafasterpaceacrosstheglobethanvolumein2022,in?atedinpartby

highglobalcommodityprices.Chart2.2World

merchandise

trade

by

region,

2022(Annualpercentagechange)40Thehighestgrowthwasachievedby

theMiddleEast,anoil-richregion.302031.020.017.016.612.411.8109.68.45.13.83.11.22.92.70.10?9.2?10WorldMiddleEastNorthAmericaEuropeAfricaSouthandCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanAsiaCommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS),includingcertainassociateandformerMerchandisetradeinvalueMerchandisetradeinvolumememberstatesSource:WTO

Secretariat12Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Merchandise

exportsWorld

exportsoffuelsandminingproductsincreasedonaverage

by

19percentperyearbetween2019and2022,

reachingavalueofUS$5,158billionin2022.

Theirshareinworldexportsincreasedby

4percentagepointsduringthisperiod,

risingto21percentin2022.Chart2.3Merchandise

exports

by

major

product

group,

2019

and

2022(US$billionandpercentageshare)Agriculturalproducts1,783Othergoods/n.e.s8705%10%Fuelsandminingproducts3,09717%201969%ManufacturedgoodsFuelsandmining12,744productsincreasedby4percentagepointsAgriculturalproducts2,326Othergoods/n.e.s1,5416%10%Fuelsandminingproducts21%5,1582022*63%Manufacturedgoods15,288*WTO

estimates.Source:WTO

Secretariat.Note:Dataincludingintra-tradeoftheEuropeanUnion,excludingre-exportsofHongKong,China.13WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022World

exports

of

manufactured

goodsExcluding

“othermanufacturedgoods”,

chemicals(US$3,010billion)andof?ce/telecomequipment(US$2,512billion)hadthehighestshares–20percentand16percentrespectively–inworldexportsofmanufacturedgoodsin2022.

Automotiveproducts(US$1,518billion)represented10percentoftheglobaltotal.Chart2.4World

exports

of

manufactured

goods,

2022(US$billion)Chemicals3,01020%Othermanufacturedgoods*44%6,70516%Of?ceandtelecomequipment2,51210%2%4%4%Automotiveproducts1,518Textiles339Ironandsteel628Clothing576*

Othertransportequipment,othermachinery,

othermanufacturedgoodsn.e.s.Source:WTO

estimates.Note:Data

includingintra-tradeoftheEuropeanUnion,excludingre-exportsofHongKong,

China.14Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Leading

exporters

of

automotive

productsTheUnitedStatesovertookJapanasthesecond-largestexporterofautomotiveproductsin2022.Amongthetop10exporters,

Chinaincreaseditsexportsthemost,

recordinga30percentincrease.Chart2.5Top

10

exporters

of

automotive

products,

2022(US$billionandannualpercentagechange)800700699600500400300Chinarecordeda30%year-on-yearincrease.20013813512912110077504130250EuropeanUnionUnitedStatesJapanMexicoChinaKorea,RepublicofCanadaUnitedKingdomThailandTürkiyeSource:WTO

estimates.15WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023World

exports

of

intermediate

goodsWorld

exportsofintermediategoods(IGs)–inputsusedtoproducea?nalproduct–fellfroma9percentyear-on-yearincreaseinquarter1of2022toa10percentdeclineinQ4.

Invalueterms,

theyremainedstablecomparedto2021,

amountingtoUS$9.7trillion.Weaknessintheexchange

ofindustrialinputsinsupplychainswas

largely

duetoa0.3percentdecreaseinexportsofmanufacturingsupplies,partsandaccessories,

which

representmorethan85percentofIGs.

Food

supplychainsremainedthemostresilientsector,

witha15percentincreasein2022.Chart2.6World

exports

of

intermediate

goods,

total

and

by

main

category,

2022Q1-Q4(Year-on-yearpercentagechange)30Anoverall

increase

at15%inworld

exports

offoodIGsin2022.222018151310997655410?1?1?10?2?2?3?6?10?10?11?13?14?20Quarter1234Year2022Totalintermediategoods(IG)IGfood&beveragesIGparts&accessories(excl.transportequipment)IGpartsandaccessories(transportequipment)IGores;preciousstones;rareearthsIGotherindustrialsuppliesSource:Trade

DataMonitor.16Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022World

exports

of

intermediate

goods

by

regionExportsofintermediategoodsdeclinedinEuropeandAsiain2022,

by

1.8percentand1.2percentrespectively.

NorthandSouthAmerica,

however,

saw

anincreaseof5.7percent.

AnincreaseinSouthandCentralAmerica’s

exportsofindustrialinputsin2022(8.5percent)was

mostlyduetoBrazil’ssuppliesofraw

andprocessedsoybeanproducts,

which

grew

by

27percent(representing28percentofitsIGexports).Chart2.7World

exports

of

intermediate

goods,

by

region,

2019Q1-2022Q4(US$billion)1200Asia1000Europe8008.5%600annualincreaseofexportsinIGgoodsforSouthandCentralAmericain2022.400NorthAmerica200SouthandCentralAmericaAfrica0QuarterYear12341234123412342019202020212022Source:Trade

DataMonitor(100

reportingeconomies,includingestimatesforAfrica).17WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Africa’s

trade

in

intermediate

goodsAfrica’s

tradede?citinintermediategoodsshranktoUS$4.4billionin2022.

Thisispartlyduetogrowthinitsexportsofintermediategoods,

which

totalledUS$292billionin2022,

anincreaseof47percentcomparedwithitspre-COVID-19

level

in2019.

A

riseinvaluetermsislargelyduetohighcommodityprices.Chart2.8African

trade

in

intermediate

goods,

2010-22(US$billion)300Imports250200Exports15010050Africa’s

IGtradede?citshranktoUS$4billionin2022.Trade

balance0?4?19?37?47?53?50?100?57?58?61?60?65?77?80?822010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Source:WTO

estimates.18Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Major

African

traders

in

intermediate

goodsThetopAfricanexportersofintermediategoodsin2022were

SouthAfrica,

theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,

MoroccoandEgypt.

Themaindestinationsfortheirexportswere

China,

India,

theUnitedStatesandSpain.

Exportswere

essentiallyprimaryproducts,

suchaspreciousmaterials(goldanddiamonds),

palladiumgroupmetals,

copper,

ironoresandinputsforthefertilizerindustry.Chart2.9African

trade

in

intermediate

goods:

top

exporters

by

main

partner

and

product,

2022(US$billion,percentage)Top

African

IGExporters2021-22growth(%)2022Share

inAfrica

IGexports(%)Main

destinationsUnited

StatesExported

productsvalue(US$billion)South

Africa-4%46%13%16%108.722.421.217.938%Rhodium,palladium,diamonds,iridiumChinaIndiaGold,iron/tinores,diamonds,copper,cobalt,rhodium,palladium,iridiumCongo,DemocraticRepublic

of8%Diammoniumphosphate,urea,phosphoricacidMorocco7%SpainCopper,wiring,phosphoricacidEgypt6%Saudi

Arabia,Kingdom

ofCopper,ironSource:WTO

estimates.TheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongorecordeda46%increaseinIGexportsin2022.19WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Commercial

servicesIn2022,

travel

continuedtobouncebackstronglyfollowingtheliftingofmobilityrestrictionsworldwide.Itisnow

oncourseforafullrecovery

andareturntoitspre-COVID-19levels,

when

itaccountedforalmostone-quarterofservicestrade.Chart2.10World

trade

in

commercial

services

by

sector,

2012-22(Annualpercentagechange)80Travelhasincreasedby

91%comparedwith2020.Travel60Transport40Othercommercial20services0?20?40?60?8020122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Source:WTO-UNCTAD

estimates.Note:Trade

asaverageofexportsandimports.20Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Other

commercial

servicesComputerserviceshasbeenthemostdynamicservicessectorover

thelastdecade.

In2022,

worldexportswere

44%above

pre-pandemiclevels.

Growth

was

boostedby

remoteworkingaswell

asonlinelearningandhomeentertainment.

Globally,

demandforsoftware,

cloudservices,

machinelearningandenhancedcybersecuritycontinuestorise.

Subduedgrowth

in2022,

at6percentcomparedwith22percentthepreviousyear,

isentirelyduetoexchange

ratevolatility.Chart2.11Other

commercial

services

by

selected

sector,

2022(Year-on-yearpercentagechange)Year-on-yearpercentagechange(%)?3Financialservices1316?2Intellectualpropertyrelatedservices15112InsuranceandpensionservicesConstruction18261195Telecommunicationsservices486Personal,cultural,andrecreationalservices202012InformationservicesOtherbusinessservicesComputerservices14276614212244?102022vs.20190102030405020222021Source:WTO-UNCTAD

estimates.21WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Trade

in

transport

services/travelDespiterecovery

inmanyregionsin2022,

airtransporthasonlymarginallyincreasedcomparedtopre-pandemiclevels.

Exportsofseatransportexpandedduetohighshippingratesin2021.However,

in2022,

growth

slowed

asshippingratesstartedtodeclinesteadilysincethespring.Chart2.12Breakdown

of

trade

in

transport

services

2019-22(Percentageshare)1001.72.22.22.822.921.025.022.98060402035.222.425.822.452.450.348.442.102019202020212022SeatransportAirtransportOthertransportservicesPostalandcourierservicesSource:WTO-UNCTAD

estimatesNote:Trade

asaverageofexportsandimports.Theshareofairtransport

intransport

servicesoverallcontractedfrom35.2percentin2019to25.8percentin2022.22Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Global

exports

of

digitally

delivered

servicesEuropeaccountsformorethanhalfofglobalexportsofdigitallydelivered

services.

Itsgrowth

levelledoffin2022,

largely

duetothedepreciationoftheeuroandtheBritishpoundagainsttheUSdollar.

Asia’sexportshave

beenrisingmost,

coveringalmostaquarteroftheworld’s

digitallydelivered

services.Growth

inAfricaandLDCscontinuedtolagbehind,

withAfricaholdinglessthan1%shareofworldexportsin2022.Chart2.13Growth

in

digitally

delivered

services

exports

by

region

and

selected

group,

2015-22(Index2015=100)2202001801601401201008022020018016014012010080RestoftheworldRestoftheworldEuropeAfrica2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222202001801601401201008022020018016014012010080RestoftheworldRestoftheworldSouthandCentralAmerica&theCaribbeanNorthAmerica2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222202001801601401201008022020018016014012010080AsiaMiddleEastRestoftheworldRestoftheworld2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222202001801601401201008022020018016014012010080RestoftheworldRestoftheworldCommonwealthofIndependantStates*LDCs2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20222015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022Note:Inthechart,digitallydeliveredservicescovercross-bordersupply(mode1oftheGeneralAgreementonTrade

inServices)ofinsuranceandpensionservices,?nancialservices,chargesfortheuseofintellectualpropertyn.i.e.,telecommunications,computerandinformationservices,mostotherbusinessservices,andpersonal,cultural,andrecreationalservices.SeeTechnical

Notesformoreinformation.Sources:WTO

estimates.*TheCommonwealthofIndependentStatesincludescertainassociateandformermemberstates.23WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Intra-regional

trade

in

digitally

delivered

servicesDigitallydelivered

servicestradedwithinAsiareached43.2%oftheregion’s

totaltradeintheseservicesin2021,

upfrom39.2%in2019.

Telecommunications,

computerandinformationservicesaswell

asbusiness,

professionalandtechnicalservicesdrove

thisrapidgrowth.

InNorthAmerica,

theshareofintra-regionaltradeindigitallydelivered

servicesroseto18.2%,

upfrom15.8%in2019.

Incontrast,intra-regionaltraderemainedstableinSouthandCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeanandcontractedslightlyinEurope.

Intra-Africatradeindigitallydelivered

servicesdeclinedto3.3%in2021.Chart2.14Intra-regional

trade

in

digitally

delivered

services,

2019-21(Percentageshare)70%63

636260%DigitallydeliveredservicestradedwithinAsiareached43.2%oftheregion’s

totaltradeintheseservicesin2021.50%40%30%20%10%43413918171610999988884430%Europe2020AsiaNorthAmericaMiddleEastCIS*SouthandCentralAmerica**Africa20192021Note:Thedataispresentedasapercentageoftotaltradeindigitallydeliveredservices.Source:WTO-OECDBalancedTrade

inServicesdataset.*CIS

referstotheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,includingcertainassociateandformermemberstates.**IncludestheCaribbean.24Chapter

II:

Highlights

ofworldtrade

in

2022Inter-regional

trade

in

digitally

delivered

servicesTheshareofAfrica’s

exportsofdigitallydelivered

servicestoAsiarosefrom20.3percentin2019to22.0percentin2021.

FlowsfromSouthandCentralAmericaandtheCaribbeantoNorthAmericaandtoAsiawere

alsoontherise.

In2021,

37.5percentoftheregion’s

exportsofdigitallydeliveredserviceswent

toNorthAmericancountries,

upfrom34.5percentbeforethepandemic.Chart2.15Regional

exports

of

digitally

delivered

services

by

destination,

2019-21(Percentageshareinpartnerworld)DestinationSouth

&CentralAmerica**NorthAmericaEuropeAsiaCIS*Middle

EastAfricaExporterEurope2019202120192021201920212019202120192021201920212019202163.5%

62.3%

13.1%

13.8%

14.3%

15.4%

1.9%30.8%

29.0%

39.2%

43.2%

19.7%

18.4%

1.1%54.3%

50.0%

20.1%

22.4%

15.8%

18.2%

0.9%56.8%

55.0%

15.2%

15.4%

11.5%

13.0%

8.4%43.3%

42.9%

22.0%

22.8%

18.8%

18.7%

1.7%35.5%

31.0%

15.0%

17.4%

34.5%

37.5%

1.7%52.4%

52.4%

20.3%

22.0%

14.8%

14.0%

1.0%1.8%1.0%0.8%8.8%1.7%1.3%0.9%3.1%3.2%2.3%2.6%5.4%2.5%2.4%8.2%2.4%1.8%2.2%5.1%2.0%2.1%8.0%2.1%1.9%2.4%1.5%1.5%2.6%1.9%3.9%1.7%Asia4.3%2.0%4.0%9.2%3.2%5.2%4.1%2.1%4.3%9.6%3.2%5.3%2.1%1.4%1.4%2.3%1.5%3.3%NorthAmericaCIS*Middle

EastSouth

&CentralAmerica**AfricaSource:WTO-OECDBalancedTrade

inServicesdataset.*CIS

referstotheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,includingcertainassociateandformermemberstates.**IncludestheCaribbean.25WorldTradeStatistical

Review2023Leading

tradersWhileChinaremainedthelargestmerchandisetraderin2022,

signi?cantincreasesintheworldrankingswere

achievedby

GuatemalaandCostaRica,

which

moved

upeightplacesto76thand77thplacerespectively.

Thiswas

mostlyduetoanincreaseinCostaRica’s

exportsofmedicalinstrumentsandappliancesandinitsimportsofelectricalmachineryandequipment.

Guatemala’s

risewaspromptedby

anincreaseinimportsofpetroleumproducts.

Indiaroseto7thpositionintherankingofservicestradersin2022thankstoadouble-digitgrowth

of32percent,

boostedby

exportsofcomputerservices.Chart2.15Chart2.16Changes

in

rankings

for

merchandise

traders

inthe

world’s

top

100,

2019-22Changes

in

rankings

for

commercial

servicestraders

among

the

world’s

top

100,

2020-21(Rank)(Rank)2019202220192022247India1028

Thailand19

Sweden21232434

Norway26

Australia27

SaudiArabia,Kingdomof3746303130

Thailand32

Greece34

Malaysia3642484949

Bangladesh50

Slovenia5350

Colombia58

Panama55

Iran575957

Nigeria59

Bulgaria61

Ukraine5562Dominican65

Republic67

Bengladesh636464

NewZealand68

Macao,China68

Ecuador70

Belarus72737172

Azerbaijan73

Latvia78

Kenya76

Guatemala77