城市再生水利用調(diào)查及研究

The

World

BankNorth

China

Water

Quality

Study

Program世界銀行中國北方水行業(yè)研究項(xiàng)目Dr.

Zheng

XingcanCDM

InternationalNational

Engineering

Research

Center

for

Water

&Wastewater國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心Urban

Water

Reuse

Study城市再生水利用調(diào)查研究國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心城市再生水利用調(diào)查研究Urban

Water

Reuse

Study引言

Introduction研究方法Study

Methodology調(diào)研案例概要數(shù)據(jù)Summary

Data

of

Case

Study

WRPs調(diào)研結(jié)果與主要問題Findings

&

Key

Issues改進(jìn)建議Recommendations

for

Improvements績(jī)效指標(biāo)Performance

Indicators最佳實(shí)踐與技術(shù)方案Best

Practices

&

Technical

Option結(jié)論Conclusions附錄Annexes任務(wù)大綱及分解Term

of

Reference

and

Tasks

Breakdown調(diào)研案例數(shù)據(jù)總結(jié)與討論Case

Study

Data

Summary

&Discussion再生水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較Comparison

of

Reclaimed

Water

QualityStandards國際最佳實(shí)踐International

Best

Practices國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心引言

Introduction中國北方地區(qū)的人均年水資源量?jī)H為36～363

m3North

China,

water

resources

per

capita

only

36~363m3各級(jí)政府部門積極推動(dòng)城市再生水的利用Governments

actively

promote

water

reuse

practice實(shí)施國家科技攻關(guān)與示范工程項(xiàng)目（1986-2005）Several

research

&

demonstrationprograms,1986-2005實(shí)踐證明，再生水利用技術(shù)可行、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理，可以成為緩解城市缺水問題的途徑之一Urban

water

reuse:

one

of

practical

andeconomic

solutions

to

the

serious

water

shortage世行北方水行業(yè)研究項(xiàng)目：城市再生水利用調(diào)查研究國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心研究方法

Study

Methodology調(diào)查研究的數(shù)據(jù)來源Data

sources：相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)Statistics

and

records城市規(guī)劃資料Urban

planning

information現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研-再生水廠、污水廠、用水點(diǎn)Site

visits

to

WRP,

WWTP

&

applicationsites項(xiàng)目調(diào)查問卷Comprehensive

questionnaire相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)查詢Literature

review互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢Internet

search案例數(shù)據(jù)整理與分析Data

processing

&

analysis調(diào)研結(jié)果比較與討論Comparison

and

discussion主要調(diào)研結(jié)論與建議Findings

&recommendations國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水工程案例調(diào)研城市Case

Study

Cities國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水工程案例調(diào)研項(xiàng)目Case

Study

WRPs國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian

WRP北京酒仙橋Beijing

Jiuxianqiao

WRP北京六水廠Beijing

No.6

Water

Plant天津紀(jì)莊子Tianjin

Jizhuangzi

WRP天津泰達(dá)Tianjin

TEDA

No.1

WRP西安白石橋Xi’an

Beishiqiao

WRP青島海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe

WRP石家莊橋西Shijiazhuang

Qiaoxi

WRP泰安污水廠Tai’an

WWTP合肥王小郢Hefei

Wangxiaoying

WRP北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian市政Municipal

50000m3/d水源六廠No.6

WP工業(yè)Industrial

50000m3/d華能熱電廠Power

Plant

40000m3/d店污水廠二級(jí)出水高碑店湖Lake：第一熱電廠200000m3/d廠內(nèi)回用In-WWTP

10000m3/d農(nóng)田灌溉Agricultural

Irrigation國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian廠內(nèi)再生水利用In-WWTP

WRP國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心廠內(nèi)再生水生產(chǎn)In-WWTP

WRP石灰法中試Lime

Treatment

Testing草地灌溉Lawn

irrigation北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian高碑店湖國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心排入河道Receiving

river高碑店污水廠北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian北京六水廠國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心高碑店近鄰熱電廠Nearby

Power

Plant景觀綠化Landscaping河道補(bǔ)水River

supplement天津紀(jì)莊子Tianjin

Jizhuangzi混凝沉淀+微濾膜+臭氧，20,000

m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Microfiltration

+

O3混凝沉淀+過濾，30,000

m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration再生水廠WRP國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心混凝沉淀 膜濾Coagulation/SedimentatiMoicrofiltration

n天津紀(jì)莊子

Tianjin

Jizhuangzi居住區(qū)景觀水體與水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)Residential

waterscapes，impoundment

&

monitoring國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心天津泰達(dá)新水源

Tianjin

TEDA微濾（30000m3/d

）+反

透（1

0000m3/d） Microfilitration＋Reverse

Osmosis國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心青島海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe絮凝沉淀過濾，40000m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration市政雜用（河道補(bǔ)充與綠化）

Municipal

andLandscape低壓鍋爐給水中試Boiler

（pilot

test）中央空調(diào)循環(huán)冷卻用水Industrial

cooling牛仔布水洗磨砂用水Industrial

processing廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻與脫水機(jī)沖洗In-WWTP再生水中試系統(tǒng)Pilot

Plant

再生水廠濾池WRP

Filtration國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心青島海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe再生處理流程Recalamation

process國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心工業(yè)企業(yè)內(nèi)部處理Further

treatment

for

industrial

use工業(yè)生產(chǎn)用水

Industrial

processing景觀綠化用水

Landscaping青島海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe海泊河公園與河道補(bǔ)水Reclaimed

water

supply

for

park

and

river

supplement國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心石家莊橋西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi混凝沉淀過濾

Coagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration補(bǔ)充民心河及沿河公園River

supplement

&parks設(shè)計(jì)Design

100,000

m3/d生產(chǎn)Production

30,000

m3/d再生水廠Reclaimed

water

plant國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心石家莊橋西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi河道補(bǔ)水River

supplement國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心石家莊橋西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi民心河水體景觀Minxin

River

&

Parks國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心西安北石橋Xi’an

Beishiqiao混凝沉淀過濾，50,000

m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心西安北石橋Xi’an

Beishiqiao熱電廠冷卻Cooling，Power

&

Heat

Plant國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心工業(yè)生產(chǎn)（冶煉）Industrial

processing熱電廠鍋爐補(bǔ)水再處理（未運(yùn)行）Boiler

supplement，not

in

operation公園補(bǔ)水（計(jì)劃）Parks

water

supplement（in

plan）合肥王小郢

Hefei

Wangxiaoying國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心合肥環(huán)城公園水系Heifei

Urban

Ring

River

&

Parks合肥王小郢

Hefei

Wangxiaoying合肥環(huán)城公園水系Heifei

Urban

Ring

River

&

Parks再生水補(bǔ)充量Reclaimed

water

supplement

60,000

m3/d國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心結(jié)論與建議Findings

&

Recommendations國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心設(shè)計(jì)能力利用率低Low

Utilization

of

Design

Capacity多數(shù)再生水廠生產(chǎn)銷售量明顯低于設(shè)計(jì)能力Actual

production/sales

much

lower

than

designcapacity普遍缺乏足夠用戶Commonly

shortage

of

users

管網(wǎng)不足Distribution

pipelines

shortage 不合理水價(jià)Unreasonable

water

tariff水質(zhì)問題Water

quality

problem水資源管理問題Improper

water

resourcemanagement成本回收問題Cost

recovery

difficulty用戶發(fā)展成為主要任務(wù)User

development

becomes

a

major

task需要生產(chǎn)者及政府的共同努力Needs

joint

efforts

of

suppli國er家s城a市n給水gd

o排v水er工n程me技n術(shù)t研究中心設(shè)計(jì)能力利用率低Low

Utilization

of

Design

Capacity再生水大致生產(chǎn)情況Production

of

WRPs國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水系統(tǒng)：采用集中型還是就地就近型？Centralized

system

or

onsite/point-of-sale

system

？集中型系統(tǒng)的限制因素Constraints

of

Centralizedsystem管網(wǎng)投資高（北京）High

pipelines

costs，Beijing難以同時(shí)滿足不同用戶的水質(zhì)和水量需求Difficult

to

simultaneously

meet

the

varioususer’s

requirements

in

quality

and

flow-rate適合污水廠周圍Better

for

applications

near

WWTP適合水質(zhì)要求相同的批量用戶或大水量用戶Better

for

similar

quality

requirement

&

largerdemand就地就近型系統(tǒng)Onsite/point-of-sale

system集中與就地/就近相結(jié)合Com國b家i城na市t給i水o排n水o工f程b技o(jì)術(shù)t研h究中心

systems再生水系統(tǒng)：采用集中型還是就地就近型？Centralized

system

or

onsite/point-of-sale

system

？再生水工程投資Investment

of

WRPs國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水水質(zhì)問題Reclaimed

water

quality

Issue所有再生水廠以污水廠出水為水源All

WRP

using

WWTP

effluent

as

water

source所有污水廠設(shè)計(jì)未專門考慮再生水生產(chǎn)WWTP

design

without

consideration

to

waterreuse所有污水廠設(shè)計(jì)基于當(dāng)時(shí)的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Discharge

standard

compliance

WWTP

design部分污水廠和再生水廠需要更新改造Some

WWTP

&

WRP

need

to

be

upgraded除磷脫氮Nutrient

removal高級(jí)再生處理工藝Advanced

reclamationprocess滿足用戶特定水質(zhì)要求Meet

user’srequirements天津、青島、北京等Tianjin，Qingdao，國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水收費(fèi)與定價(jià)機(jī)制國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心Reclaimed

water

charge

&

pricing

mechanism主要不利因素，包括水價(jià)低、地下水不合理開采或非法開采、對(duì)公共用水的不合理補(bǔ)貼等方面Limiting

factors

include

low

water

tariff

&

reclaimedwater

charge,

unreasonable/illegal

exploitation

of

groundwand

unreasonable

subsidy

to

the

public

water

uses,

etc.基于完全成本回收的市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作與管理Market

operation

&

management

with

full

cost

recovery促進(jìn)水價(jià)、污水費(fèi)和再生水費(fèi)的改革與改進(jìn)Promote

the

tariff

reform

for

the

water

supply,wastewater

treatment

and

reclaimed

water

services再生水收費(fèi)與定價(jià)機(jī)制Reclaimed

water

charge

&

pricing水價(jià)與再生水費(fèi)Water

tariff

&

reclaimed

watercharge國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水收費(fèi)與定價(jià)機(jī)制Reclaimed

water

charge

&

pricing單位投資與運(yùn)行成本Capital

and

operation

costs國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心通過激勵(lì)性經(jīng)濟(jì)政策推動(dòng)市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作Promote

market

operation

by

incentive

economic

policy國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心低水價(jià)和低收費(fèi)問題Main

obstacles：low

water

tariff

and

charge建立再生水價(jià)格政策Reclaimed

water

pricing

policy

with

multipleobjectives不同類型供水之間保持一定的價(jià)格差Keeps

reasonable

price

gap

among

different

waterservices成本回收與合理利潤、控制壟斷Costs

recovery

&

reasonable

profit,

control

marketmonopoly通過合同（協(xié)議）確保用戶利益Guarantee

the

rights

and

interests

of

users

by

agreement誰支付再生水費(fèi)?Who

pay

reclaimed

water

charge？需要建立收費(fèi)安排確保成本回收Need

to

setup

a

charge

collection

arrangement

toensure

the

supplier’s

full

cost

recovery用水者獲益用水Private

beneficiary

uses再生水費(fèi)Reclaimed

water

charge

(based

onsales)公眾或社會(huì)獲益Public

beneficiary

uses 作為公共用品或公共資源As

public

goods

or

as

public

resource通過政府采購Government

as

buyer??fee石家莊、青島、泰達(dá)、合肥等

Shijiazhuang,Qindao,TEDA,Hefei,etc.納入污水處理費(fèi)Incorporate

into

wastewater國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心優(yōu)先考慮的再生水用途Preferential

use？residential,

environment

or

indus需要考慮目前情況、經(jīng)濟(jì)效率和綜合效益Need

to

consider

actual

situation,

economicefficiency

and

maximum

social

benefit，etc.優(yōu)先用水途徑Prior

uses

of

reclaimed

water水質(zhì)要求合理Reasonable

water

quality

requirement總體費(fèi)用低Lower

production

&

distribution

costs景觀水體、工業(yè)冷卻、城市灌溉、環(huán)境用水Landscaping

and

scenic

water

body，industrial

cooling,

urban

irrigation

andenvironmental

use國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心優(yōu)先考慮的再生水用途Preferential

use？residential,

environment

or

indust優(yōu)先用水途徑

Prior

uses

of

reclaimed

water 反 透－高等級(jí)水：2.5-3.0

RMB/m3RO

for

high

quality

water微濾膜－居住區(qū)用水及其他：1.0-1.5RMB/m3MF

for

residential

and

other

uses混凝沉淀過濾－工業(yè)與市政雜用：0.4-0.7RMB/m3Tertiary

for

municipal

&

industrial

（multi

uses混凝沉淀過濾－景觀環(huán)境與河道：0.15-0.3RMB/m3Tertiary

for

waterscape

and

river

supplement直接利用或間接利用Direct

or

indirect

use管道或河道Pipeline

or

River

Transport國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心再生水法規(guī)支持體系與綜合管理機(jī)制Legal

supporting

system

&

management

mechanism國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心建立相關(guān)法規(guī)、政策與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)與督查

Establish

relevant

regulations,policies

andcriteria/standard

for

guidance

and

enforcement再生水規(guī)劃納入城市總體規(guī)劃和水資源規(guī)劃

Water

reuse

plan

being

part

of

city

masterplan

&

water

resource

utilization

plan污水處理目標(biāo)由達(dá)標(biāo)排放轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵偕h(huán)

Strategic

objective

shift

from“discharge-standard”

to

the

“water

reclamation

and

recycling”再生水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Reclaimed

water

standards國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心經(jīng)歷多次修訂Modified

several

times存在需要修訂之處Some

irrationality

still

exist.再生水基本分類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議Proposal

for

basic

classification

of

Reclaimedwater再生處理工藝Reclamation

process病原體控制指標(biāo)Pathogens

removal典型水質(zhì)指標(biāo)Typical

water

quality

index性能控制與監(jiān)測(cè)Performance

control

&monitoring主要用途Main

applications5個(gè)等級(jí)Shown

in

Table

5.1.編制城市再生水利用指南國家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心National

guidelines

for

urban

water

reuse再生水利用的實(shí)用信息