會計專業(yè)英語（第2版）課件 第8章

會計專業(yè)英語Chapter8RevenueandExpense8.1.1DefinitionofRevenueTheincreaseineconomicresourceseitherthroughincreasestoassetsorreductionstoliabilities.8.1RevenueVarioustermscanusedtodescribedifferenttypesofrevenueSaleCommissionsEarnedCommissionRevenueFeesEarnedinterestearnedAfirmearnsrevenuesasitengagesinactivitiesthatincreasethevalueorutilityofanitemorservice.Formostofthecompanies,theearningprocessofrevenueisverylong8.1.2TheEarningProcessofRevenueRecognitionWhenGoodsorServicesAreDeliveredRecognitionPriortoDeliveryRecognitionAfterDeliveryRecognitionbyPercentage-of-Completion8.1.3RecognitionofRevenue8.2.1DefinitionofExpenseGenerallyspeaking,expenseistheexpenditurethatischargedagainstrevenue.Specifically,expenseisthedecreaseineconomicresourcesresultingfromreductionsofassetsoroccurrenceofliabilities.ExamplesofexpensesCostofemployees’salaries,advertising,rent,utilities,anddepreciation.Alltheseexpensesareessentialtoattractandservicecustomersandtherebyearnrevenue8.2ExpenseCostandexpenseusuallyoccuratthesametime,oratleastinthesameaccountingperiod.However,therearestillmanycoststhatcannotberecognizedimmediatelyasanexpense.Acompanymustbeverycarefultousethesetwowordsandtrynottomisuse.

CostVSExpenseAccordingtothematchingprinciple,oncerevenueshavebeenrecognizedinconformitywiththerevenuerecognitioncriteriaforanyreportingperiod,expensesoccurredingeneratingtheserevenuesshouldalsoberecognizedinthesameperiod.8.2.2RecognitionofExpense（1）CostofGoodsSoldThedeterminationofcostofgoodssoldinvolvesallocatingthetotalcostofgoodsavailableforsalebetweenthecostofgoodssoldandthecostoftheendinginventory.8.2.3MainExpenseItems（2）SellingExpensesDefinitionExpensesoccurredintheprocessofsellingproducts,semi-finishedgoodsandservices.Examplespackagingexpensesbornebythecompany,transportationexpensesadvertisingexpensesinsuranceexpensescommissionexpenses……8.2.3MainExpenseItems（3）AdministrativeExpensesExpensesusedtoorganizeandmanageproductionandotherbusinessactivities.Administrativeexpensesshouldberecordedinthecurrentprofitsandlossesduringtheoccurrenceperiod.Bothsellingexpensesandadministrativeexpensesareperiod8.2.3MainExpenseItems（4）DepreciationExpensesDepreciationisthetermforallocatinganyfixedasset’scosttotheperiodsofitsuseorbenefits,regardlessofthetypeofassets.Depreciationexpensesshouldberecognizedinarationalandsystematicmannerappropriatetothenatureofthefixedasset.Themostcommondepreciationmethodsincludethestraight-linemethod,theunitsofproductionmethod,thedecliningbalancemethodandthesum-of-years-digitsmethod.8.2.3MainExpenseItems（5）ResearchandDevelopmentCostsResearchanddevelopment(R&D)areactivitiesundertakenbyafirmtocreatenewproducts,designnewprocesses,improveoldproducts,ortodiscovervaluablenewknowledge.TheInternationalAccountingStandards(IAS)distinguishesresearchfromdevelopmentandprovidesguidanceindealingwiththeminfinancialreporting.Researchisplannedinvestigationundertakenwiththehopegainingnewscientificortechnicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Developmentisthetranslationofresearchfindingsorotherknowledgeintothedesignofnewmaterials,devices,products,processes,systems,orservicesbeforeproducethemcommercially.Researchcostsshouldbechargedtoexpenseswhenoccurredanddevelopmentcostsmaybecapitalized.Ifdevelopmentcostsarecapitalized,theymustalsobeamortizedovertheperiodofcommercialproduction.8.2.3MainExpenseItemssalescommissionearned銷售傭金收入feesearned服務費收入recognitionpriortodelivery交貨前確認收入recognitionafterdelivery交貨后確認收入InstallmentSalesM