非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法詳解

.一.主語(yǔ).1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，都可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成句型：it+be+表語(yǔ)+todo/doingsth.當(dāng)用作表語(yǔ)的是important,essential,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,easy,difficult等表示客觀情況的形容詞時(shí)，常用不定式作主語(yǔ)；當(dāng)用作表語(yǔ)的是nouse,nogood,useful,useless,worth,worthwhile,awasteoftime等表主觀短語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。Eg:itisimportantforusstudentstolearnenglishwell.Itisimpossibleforthemtofinishtheworkwithintwohours.Itisnousearguingwithhimaboutthematter.Idon’tthinkit’smuchgoodwritingtohim.It’sawasteoftimetryingtopersuadehertoagree.2．動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)表示抽象動(dòng)作，通常不與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作，往往與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。Eg:lyingiswrong.(泛指)Toliesiswrong.(特指)It’snousecryingoversplitmilk.Herealizedthatitwasnousetogoonlikethis.二．.非謂語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)1．1）WouldyoumindlendingmeyourEnglishdictionaryforawhile?2)Shecan’thelpcryingaftershelistenedtothesadstory.3)Isuggestedtryingitinadifferentway.4)I‘vebeenlookingforwardtohearingfromyouforalongtime.5)Heinsistedonfinishingtheworkbeforegoinghome.6)UponreturningfromBeijing,hewenttovisithisfriends.7)Hetookagreatdelightinhelpingothers.8)hedidn’tmetionhavingmetme.9)Istillrememberhavingeverworkedwithhim.10)IenjoyedwatchingTVprogramintheevening.11)thecarneedsreparing.12)theproblemdeservesexplaining.13)Thisphonomenonrequiresstudyingcarefully.14)ThebookisworthreadingWedon’tallowsmokingintheclassroom.Hedislikesseeingheragain.Maryisconsideringgoingabroad.Haveyoufinishedcheckingthesemachines?Workingconditionskeepimproving,andproductionkeepsgoingup,aswell.Hereallyappreciateshavingtimetorelax.HeisfondoflearningEnglish.Sheleftwithouttellingme.1)Ineedtofetchatapefromafriend2)doyouwantmetofindonestampforyou?3)Ihavearrangedtomeethereat10:00.I’dprefertowalktherethismorning.I’dhatetoleaveyoulikethat.She’dliketochatwithuniversitystudents.擴(kuò)：1)agree,afford,aim,apply,arrange,ask,choose,claim,decide,demand,determine,fail,hope,learn,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,want等后只用todo.admit,allow,appreciate,avoid,consider,deny,dislike,encourage,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,forbid,imagine,keep,mind,permit,practice等詞后只用doingstopdoingsth/todosth停止做某事/停下來(lái)去做某事rememberdoingsth/todosth.記得做過(guò)某事/記住要去做某事forgetdoingsth/todosth記了做過(guò)某事/忘了做某事regretdoingsth/todosth后悔做過(guò)某事/遺憾地。。。trydoingsth/todosth試著做某事/試圖努力高潮做某事meandoingsth/todosth意味著/打算做某事goondoingsth/todosth繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事/接著做另一件事can’thelpdoingsth/(to)dosth禁不住做某事/不能幫助做某事beusedtodo/doing被用于/習(xí)慣于eg:1)Sincenobodyansweringthebell,let’stryingknockingatthebackdoor.2)Ididn’tmeantohurtherfeeling.3)Hewentonspeakingalthoughhewasconstantlyinterruptedbysomenoises.4)Sorry,Ican’thelp(to)repairyourhousebecauseI’mtoobusy.Iforgotlockingthedoor.Pleaseremembertoposttheletterthisafternoon.Irememberhavingpostedtheletter.Hestoppedtosmoke.Hestoppedsmokinglastweek.Imeanttohelpyou.Thismeanshelpingyou.4)Ican’tbearlivingalone.Ican’tbeartoseethegirltreatedlikethat.Theyprefertogotherebytrainthisevening.She’dhatetodisppointyou.Being/start,can’tbear,continue,like,love,omit,prefer等三．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)1）位置：a.健忘作定語(yǔ)時(shí)如果是單詞，一般放在名詞前面；如果是分詞短語(yǔ)，則放在名詞后面。功能相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。Eg:Heisapromisingman.(=heisamanwhoispromising.)Mostoftheassistantsworkinginthisshopareyoungpeople.(=mostoftheassistantswhoworksinthisshopareyoungpeople)Manypeoplediefromthepollutedaireveryyear.Thisisabridgebuiltseveralhundredyearsago.Boiledwaterb.不定式作定語(yǔ)，位于名詞之后，與所修飾的詞具有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，主謂關(guān)系，同位關(guān)系或修飾關(guān)系的情況。但注意：不定式與被修飾的詞具有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式應(yīng)是及物動(dòng)詞，如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)該加一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上或含義上所需要的介詞。Eg:hewasthelastguesttoarrive=whoarrivedHaveyougoakeytounlockthedoor?Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou?Theymadeplans(toliveinParis.)Thisisthebestway(todothat).Hesaidhehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.Wouldyouliketoattendthelecturetobegiveninthelecturehalltomorrow.Sheisagoodgirltogetalongwith.Theyarelookingforahousetolivein.You’regivenmealotofquestionstothinkabout.Ineedsomepapertowriteron.2)時(shí)間a.現(xiàn)在分詞一般式作定語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)，變?yōu)閺木湎喈?dāng)于進(jìn)行時(shí)；表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)，變?yōu)閺木湎喈?dāng)于一般時(shí)。Wearelivinginachangingworld.(=wearelivinginaworldthatischanging.)ThelakelyinginthewestofHangzhouiscalledtheWestLake.(=whichlies….)Theladytalkingwithyourteacherisanurse.Thebuildingbeingbuiltdownthestreetwillbeahospital.b.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)：如果是及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞常表示完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或表示不受時(shí)間限制的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作；如果是不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞則只表示完成的含義，不能作后置定語(yǔ)。Eg:theobjectputintheboxismadeoffeather.Swimmingisasportlovedbymanypeople.Mr.Wangisarespectedteacher.Heisaretiredworker.Willyoupleasebringmesomeboiledwater?c.不定式的一般式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（tobedone）作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示一種未開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。另外，不定式的完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（tohavebeendone）和現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（havingbeendone）不用作定語(yǔ)，而用過(guò)去分詞表示己被完成的含義；而現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式不能表示完成的含義，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（havingdone）不用作定語(yǔ)，而todo可以表將來(lái)。WillyouattendthelecturetobegiveninthehallbyProfessorLin?注：以下情況用todo作定語(yǔ)need,courage,chance,determination,plan,order,attempt,promise,time,4.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)With+賓(n/pron)+非/adj/prep/adv作狀語(yǔ)Eg:I’tsbadmannerstotalkwithyourmouthfull.Iwentourwiththelighton.Shesaidgoodbyewithtearsinhereyes.Withsomanythingstosettle/todealwith,Ican’tgoonaholiday.Withallthingssheneededbought,shewenthomehappily.題：1)Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork____,hegladlyacceptedit.A.finishedB.finishingC.havingfinishedD.wasfinished2)Withprices(goup)sofast,wecan’taffordit.3)wefoundherhouseeasilywiththelittleboy(lead).4)IthinkthatI’lldowellintheexamwithMrs.Chen(teach)me.5)門開(kāi)著，他離開(kāi)了家6）獵人帶著槍進(jìn)入了森林7）他喜歡開(kāi)燈睡覺(jué)五．補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1．分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1）能跟隨現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有catch,feel,find,hear,listento,lookat,notice.Observe,see,smell,watch等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，以及get,have,keep,leave,send,set,start等表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞。Eg:hefoundthegoatdyingatthefootofthehill.Canyousmellanythingburning?Wecaughtthestudentcheatingintheexam.Don’tworry;I’vegotthecarwaitingbelow.Thecruelbosslefttheboystandingintherainforanhour.Herpraisesenthimfeelingveryhappy.2).能跟過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：feel,find,hear,notice,observe,see,think等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，get,havekeep,leave,make等表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞和like,order,want,wish等表示“希望”，“要求”等意義的詞。Eg:IwasabouttoleavewhenIheardmynamecalled.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.Everyonethoughtthebattlelost.Onthesequestionswehavemadeourviewsknown.Pleasedon’tleavethedoorlocked.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopment.Hewon’tlikesuequestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.2.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)1）在lookat,see,watch,notice,observe,listennto,hear,feel等表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞及使役動(dòng)詞let,have,make之后，跟不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。在變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to，成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但notice,watch,have一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，let的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式常用beallowedto代替。Eg:thepolicemannoticedthatmanopenthewindow.Weweremadetowaitfortwohours.2)在動(dòng)詞advise,allow,ask,beg,command,drive,expect,encourage,force,forbid,get,hate,invite,lead,like,love,order,persuade,permit,prefer,require,remind,teach,tell,trust,want,warn,wish等后可直接跟帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Eg:theheadmasteradvisedustoputoffthemeetingtillnextSaturday.Whatledyoutothinkso?Thenoticeswarnsusnottoplayinthegarden.3.現(xiàn)在分詞，過(guò)去分詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1）現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，分詞與賓語(yǔ)有主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Eg:ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.WhenIreturnedtomyhometown,Isawmanynewhousesbeingbuilt.Ican’thaveyoudoingnothingallday.(一直處于…狀態(tài))2）過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程或動(dòng)作完成后的狀態(tài)。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)有主謂關(guān)系。Eg:Isawaboytiedtoatreeatthepolicestation.We’llhavetogetthecarrepairedbeforeSaturday.Thepolicefoundthethiefescaped.(vi)Ifelthergreatlychanged.(vi)3)不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示可以完成的動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程或表示動(dòng)作的經(jīng)常性。Eg:ifanybodaycalls,tellthemI’mout,andaskthemtoleavehisnameandaddress.Don’tworry,we’llhavesomeoneelseshowyouhowtousethecomputer.Theemperororderedtheclothtobewovenforhimatonce.Thebossmadeusworktwelvehoursaday.4)上述各句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，原賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Eg:themissingboywaslastseenplayingneartheWestLake.Ihaveleardhimspokenofasarespectedman.Atlastshewaspersuadedtobuythefeathercoatfor300yuan.Theywerelet(to)go.5）感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,noticeEg:IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustnow.IheardhersinginganenglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.IheardanenglishsongbeingsungbyalittlegirlwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.I’dliketoseetheplancarriedout.Ilookeddownatmyneckandfoundmynecklacegone.6)leave后接非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，意為“使…處于某種狀態(tài)”。Leavesb.dointsth.讓某人一直做某事（賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）Sth.Undone留下下某事未做（賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)之間是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示被動(dòng)和完成），一般以u(píng)ndone,unfinished,unsettled,為多Sbtodosth. 留下某人做某事（將來(lái)的動(dòng)作）Sthtobedone留下某事要做(將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)Eg:it’swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork.Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.7)have,get后可以接動(dòng)詞不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞，過(guò)去分詞三種形式作賓語(yǔ)，have,get表示“使，讓，叫”之意。a.havesthdone=getsthdone使/讓某事由別人去做（叫/讓某人做某事）。Eg:I’llhave/getmybikerepariedtomorrow.此外：havesthdown還表示“使遭受…”之意。Eg:Tomhadhislegbrokenwhileplayingfootball.Mr.Smithhadhishousebrokenintowhilehewasawayonholiday.b.havesb./sthdoing使/讓某人/某物持續(xù)做某事getsb./sthdoing使某人/某物開(kāi)始做。Eg:thecaptaingotthesoldiersmovingtowardthefrontafterashortrest.注意：havesbdoing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。Eg:Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourdadlikethat.c.havesbtodosth./getsb.todosth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事。Eg:Motherhadmego/gotmetogototheshopandbuysomesalt.8)句型：sbbesaid/believed/known/reported/considered/found等+todo.Eg:heissaidtohavegoneabroad.(itissaidthathehasgoneabroad.)Heatisconsideredtobeaformofenergy.9)下列動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中要加上to：它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺(jué)”（5看（lookat,see,watch,notice,observe）;3使(make,let,have)；2聽(tīng)（listento,hear）1感覺(jué)(feel).以上動(dòng)詞還可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上動(dòng)詞除let,make(-2)外都可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此外find,catch,keep,leave(+4)也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Eg:Ihatetoseeyouleavesosoon.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.Atthattime,Ifoundhimcryinginthestreet.I’msorringtohavekeepyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Hewascaughtstealing.六．時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1．不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)不定式時(shí)態(tài)形式四種，todo,tobedoing,tohavedone,tohavebeendone.Tobedone.todo一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作所表示的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)，或之后發(fā)生，表目的用一般式。Eg:Isawhergointothehousejustnow.Theyplannedtosetupaprimaryschoolinthevillage.Heworkedveryhardtogettheworkfinishedbyfive.tobedoing表示動(dòng)作與主句謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)進(jìn)行。Eg:tobealwaysthinkingofyourselfiswrong.Ifoundhimtobeworkinghardathislessons.Theyaresaidtobecarryingoutanexperiment.WhenIsawthem,theyseemedtobetalkingaboutsomethingimportant.Whenhecalledonme,ithappenedtoberaininghard.tohavedone所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。Eg:I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Gladtohaveseenyou,goodnight.Weseemtohavemeteachotherbefore.4).tohavebeendoing在主句動(dòng)詞之前就開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，仍在進(jìn)行。]Eg:sheissaidtohavebeenstudyingabroad,butIdon’tknowwhichcountryheisstudyingin.Beforethemanagertoback,Ihappenedtohavebeenwaitingforhim.被動(dòng)：tobedone,tohavebeendone.Eg:thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Shesentherchildtothehospitaltobegivenanx-raycheck.I’mgoingtoattendthemeetingtobeheldatthestation.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Sheistoonervoustobetoldsuchbadnews.I’mgladtobegivenagoldring.Theplantobemadeisafive-yearplan.注：1）在“主+系+形+不定式”句型中，主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，另外，不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，否則應(yīng)加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，Eg:thatdifficultyiseasytoovercome.Hisboxseemstooheavytocarry.Y