國(guó)家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心

國(guó)家城市給水排水工程技術(shù)研究中心城市再生水利用調(diào)查研究

UrbanWaterReuseStudy引言Introduction研究方法StudyMethodology

調(diào)研案例概要數(shù)據(jù)SummaryDataofCaseStudyWRPs

調(diào)研結(jié)果與主要問(wèn)題Findings&KeyIssues改進(jìn)建議RecommendationsforImprovements

績(jī)效指標(biāo)

PerformanceIndicators最佳實(shí)踐與技術(shù)方案BestPractices&TechnicalOptions結(jié)論Conclusions附錄

Annexes任務(wù)大綱及分解TermofReferenceandTasksBreakdown調(diào)研案例數(shù)據(jù)總結(jié)與討論CaseStudyDataSummary&Discussion再生水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較ComparisonofReclaimedWaterQualityStandards國(guó)際最佳實(shí)踐InternationalBestPractices引言Introduction中國(guó)北方地區(qū)的人均年水資源量?jī)H為36～363m3

NorthChina,waterresourcespercapitaonly36~363m3各級(jí)政府部門積極推動(dòng)城市再生水的利用

Governmentsactivelypromotewaterreusepractice實(shí)施國(guó)家科技攻關(guān)與示范工程項(xiàng)目（1986-2005）

Severalresearch&demonstrationprograms,1986-2005實(shí)踐證明，再生水利用技術(shù)可行、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理，可以成為緩解城市缺水問(wèn)題的途徑之一

Urbanwaterreuse:oneofpracticalandeconomicsolutionstotheseriouswatershortage世行北方水行業(yè)研究項(xiàng)目：城市再生水利用調(diào)查研究

NorthChinaWaterQualityStudyProgramComponentC

研究方法

StudyMethodology調(diào)查研究的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源

Datasources：相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

Statisticsandrecords

城市規(guī)劃資料

Urbanplanninginformation現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研-再生水廠、污水廠、用水點(diǎn)

SitevisitstoWRP,WWTP&applicationsites項(xiàng)目調(diào)查問(wèn)卷

Comprehensivequestionnaire相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)查詢

Literaturereview互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢

Internetsearch案例數(shù)據(jù)整理與分析

Dataprocessing&analysis調(diào)研結(jié)果比較與討論

Comparisonanddiscussion主要調(diào)研結(jié)論與建議

Findings&recommendations再生水工程案例調(diào)研城市CaseStudyCities再生水工程案例調(diào)研項(xiàng)目CaseStudyWRPs北京高碑店

BeijingGaobeidianWRP

北京酒仙橋

BeijingJiuxianqiaoWRP北京六水廠

BeijingNo.6Water

Plant天津紀(jì)莊子

TianjinJizhuangziWRP天津泰達(dá)

TianjinTEDANo.1WRP西安白石橋

Xi’anBeishiqiaoWRP青島海泊河

QingdaoHaipoheWRP石家莊橋西

ShijiazhuangQiaoxiWRP泰安污水廠

Tai’anWWTP合肥王小郢HefeiWangxiaoyingWRP北京高碑店

BeijingGaobeidian高碑店污水廠二級(jí)出水廠內(nèi)回用In-WWTP10000m3/d農(nóng)田灌溉AgriculturalIrrigation華能熱電廠PowerPlant40000m3/d高碑店湖Lake：第一熱電廠200000m3/d市政Municipal50000m3/d水源六廠No.6WP工業(yè)Industrial50000m3/d北京高碑店

BeijingGaobeidian廠內(nèi)再生水利用In-WWTPWRP廠內(nèi)再生水生產(chǎn)In-WWTPWRP石灰法中試LimeTreatmentTesting草地灌溉Lawnirrigation北京高碑店

BeijingGaobeidian高碑店湖排入河道Receivingriver高碑店污水廠北京高碑店

BeijingGaobeidian北京六水廠高碑店近鄰熱電廠NearbyPowerPlant景觀綠化Landscaping河道補(bǔ)水Riversupplement天津紀(jì)莊子TianjinJizhuangzi混凝沉淀+微濾膜+臭氧，20,000m3/dCoagulation+Sedimentation+Microfiltration+O3混凝沉淀+過(guò)濾，30,000m3/dCoagulation+Sedimentation+Filtration再生水廠WRP膜濾Microfiltration混凝沉淀Coagulation/Sedimentation天津紀(jì)莊子TianjinJizhuangzi居住區(qū)景觀水體與水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)Residentialwaterscapes，impoundment&monitoring天津泰達(dá)新水源TianjinTEDA微濾（30000m3/d）+反滲透（10000m3/d）Microfilitration＋ReverseOsmosis青島海泊河

QingdaoHaipohe

絮凝沉淀過(guò)濾，40000m3/d

Coagulation+Sedimentation+Filtration市政雜用（河道補(bǔ)充與綠化）MunicipalandLandscape低壓鍋爐給水中試Boiler（pilottest）中央空調(diào)循環(huán)冷卻用水Industrialcooling牛仔布水洗磨砂用水Industrialprocessing廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻與脫水機(jī)沖洗In-WWTP

再生水廠濾池WRPFiltration再生水中試系統(tǒng)PilotPlant青島海泊河

QingdaoHaipohe再生處理流程Recalamationprocess工業(yè)企業(yè)內(nèi)部處理Furthertreatmentforindustrialuse工業(yè)生產(chǎn)用水Industrialprocessing景觀綠化用水Landscaping青島海泊河

QingdaoHaipohe海泊河公園與河道補(bǔ)水

Reclaimedwatersupplyforparkandriversupplement石家莊橋西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi混凝沉淀過(guò)濾Coagulation+Sedimentation+Filtration補(bǔ)充民心河及沿河公園Riversupplement&parks設(shè)計(jì)Design100,000m3/d生產(chǎn)Production30,000m3/d再生水廠Reclaimedwaterplant石家莊橋西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi河道補(bǔ)水Riversupplement石家莊橋西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi民心河水體景觀MinxinRiver&Parks西安北石橋Xi’anBeishiqiao

混凝沉淀過(guò)濾，50,000m3/dCoagulation+Sedimentation+Filtration

西安北石橋Xi’anBeishiqiao

熱電廠冷卻Cooling，Power&HeatPlant工業(yè)生產(chǎn)（冶煉）Industrialprocessing熱電廠鍋爐補(bǔ)水再處理（未運(yùn)行）Boilersupplement，notinoperation公園補(bǔ)水（計(jì)劃）Parkswatersupplement（inplan）合肥王小郢

HefeiWangxiaoying合肥環(huán)城公園水系

HeifeiUrbanRingRiver&Parks合肥王小郢HefeiWangxiaoying合肥環(huán)城公園水系HeifeiUrbanRingRiver&Parks再生水補(bǔ)充量Reclaimedwatersupplement60,000m3/d結(jié)論與建議

Findings&Recommendations設(shè)計(jì)能力利用率低

LowUtilizationofDesignCapacity多數(shù)再生水廠生產(chǎn)銷售量明顯低于設(shè)計(jì)能力

Actualproduction/salesmuchlowerthandesigncapacity普遍缺乏足夠用戶

Commonlyshortageofusers管網(wǎng)不足

Distributionpipelinesshortage

不合理水價(jià)

Unreasonablewatertariff水質(zhì)問(wèn)題

Waterqualityproblem水資源管理問(wèn)題

Improperwaterresourcemanagement成本回收問(wèn)題

Costrecoverydifficulty

用戶發(fā)展成為主要任務(wù)

Userdevelopmentbecomesamajortask需要生產(chǎn)者及政府的共同努力

Needsjointeffortsofsuppliersandgovernment設(shè)計(jì)能力利用率低

LowUtilizationofDesignCapacity再生水大致生產(chǎn)情況ProductionofWRPs再生水系統(tǒng)：采用集中型還是就地就近型？

Centralizedsystemoronsite/point-of-salesystem？集中型系統(tǒng)的限制因素ConstraintsofCentralizedsystem管網(wǎng)投資高（北京）

Highpipelinescosts，Beijing難以同時(shí)滿足不同用戶的水質(zhì)和水量需求

Difficulttosimultaneouslymeetthevarioususer’srequirementsinqualityandflow-rate適合污水廠周圍

BetterforapplicationsnearWWTP適合水質(zhì)要求相同的批量用戶或大水量用戶

Betterforsimilarqualityrequirement&largerdemand就地就近型系統(tǒng)

Onsite/point-of-salesystem

集中與就地/就近相結(jié)合Combinationofbothsystems再生水系統(tǒng)：采用集中型還是就地就近型？

Centralizedsystemoronsite/point-of-salesystem？再生水工程投資InvestmentofWRPs再生水水質(zhì)問(wèn)題

ReclaimedwaterqualityIssue所有再生水廠以污水廠出水為水源

AllWRPusingWWTPeffluentaswatersource所有污水廠設(shè)計(jì)未專門考慮再生水生產(chǎn)

WWTPdesignwithoutconsiderationtowaterreuse所有污水廠設(shè)計(jì)基于當(dāng)時(shí)的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

DischargestandardcomplianceWWTPdesign

部分污水廠和再生水廠需要更新改造

SomeWWTP&WRPneedtobeupgraded除磷脫氮

Nutrientremoval高級(jí)再生處理工藝

Advancedreclamationprocess滿足用戶特定水質(zhì)要求Meetuser’srequirements天津、青島、北京等

Tianjin，Qingdao，Beijing再生水收費(fèi)與定價(jià)機(jī)制

Reclaimedwatercharge&pricingmechanism主要不利因素，包括水價(jià)低、地下水不合理開采或非法開采、對(duì)公共用水的不合理補(bǔ)貼等方面

Limitingfactorsincludelowwatertariff&reclaimedwatercharge,unreasonable/illegalexploitationofgroundwater,andunreasonablesubsidytothepublicwateruses,etc.基于完全成本回收的市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作與管理

Marketoperation&managementwithfullcostrecovery促進(jìn)水價(jià)、污水費(fèi)和再生水費(fèi)的改革與改進(jìn)

Promotethetariffreformforthewatersupply,wastewatertreatmentandreclaimedwaterservices再生水收費(fèi)與定價(jià)機(jī)制

Reclaimedwatercharge&pricing水價(jià)與再生水費(fèi)Watertariff&reclaimedwatercharge再生水收費(fèi)與定價(jià)機(jī)制

Reclaimedwatercharge&pricing單位投資與運(yùn)行成本Capitalandoperationcosts通過(guò)激勵(lì)性經(jīng)濟(jì)政策推動(dòng)市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作

Promotemarketoperationbyincentiveeconomicpolicy低水價(jià)和低收費(fèi)問(wèn)題

Mainobstacles：lowwatertariffandcharge建立再生水價(jià)格政策

Reclaimedwaterpricingpolicywithmultipleobjectives不同類型供水之間保持一定的價(jià)格差

Keepsreasonablepricegapamongdifferentwaterservices

成本回收與合理利潤(rùn)、控制壟斷

Costsrecovery&reasonableprofit,controlmarketmonopoly通過(guò)合同（協(xié)議）確保用戶利益

Guaranteetherightsandinterestsofusersbyagreement

誰(shuí)支付再生水費(fèi)?

Whopayreclaimedwatercharge？需要建立收費(fèi)安排確保成本回收

Needtosetupachargecollectionarrangementtoensurethesupplier’sfullcostrecovery用水者獲益用水

Privatebeneficiaryuses再生水費(fèi)Reclaimedwatercharge(basedonsales)公眾或社會(huì)獲益Publicbeneficiaryuses作為公共用品或公共資源

Aspublicgoodsoraspublicresource通過(guò)政府采購(gòu)Governmentasbuyer石家莊、青島、泰達(dá)、合肥等Shijiazhuang,Qindao,TEDA,Hefei,etc.納入污水處理費(fèi)Incorporateintowastewaterfee優(yōu)先考慮的再生水用途

Preferentialuse？residential,environmentorindustrial需要考慮目前情況、經(jīng)濟(jì)效率和綜合效益

Needtoconsideractualsituation,economicefficiencyandmaximumsocialbenefit，etc.優(yōu)先用水途徑

Priorusesofreclaimedwater水質(zhì)要求合理Reasonablewaterqualityrequirement總體費(fèi)用低Lowerproduction&distributioncosts景觀水體、工業(yè)冷卻、城市灌溉、環(huán)境用水

Landscapingandscenicwaterbody，industrialcooling,urbanirrigationandenvironmentaluse優(yōu)先考慮的再生水用途

Preferentialuse？residential,environmentorindustrial優(yōu)先用水途徑Priorusesofreclaimedwater

反滲透－高等級(jí)水：2.5-3.0RMB/m3

ROforhighqualitywater微濾膜－居住區(qū)用水及其他：1.0-1.5RMB/m3

MFforresidentialandotheruses混凝沉淀過(guò)濾－工業(yè)與市政雜用：0.4-0.7RMB/m3

Tertiaryformunicipal&industrial（multiuses）

混凝沉淀過(guò)濾－景觀環(huán)境與河道：0.15-0.3RMB/m3

Tertiaryforwaterscapeandriversupplement直接利用或間接利用Directorindirectuse管道或河道Pipeline

orRiverTransport

再生水法規(guī)支持體系與綜合管理機(jī)制

Legalsupportingsystem&managementmechanism建立相關(guān)法規(guī)、政策與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)與督查

Establishrelevantregulations,policiesandcriteria/standardforguidanceandenforcement再生水規(guī)劃納入城市總體規(guī)劃和水資源規(guī)劃

Waterreuseplanbeingpartofcitymasterplan&waterresourceutilizationplan污水處理目標(biāo)由達(dá)標(biāo)排放轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵偕h(huán)

Strategicobjectiveshiftfrom“discharge-standard”tothe“waterreclamationandrecycling”再生水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Reclaimedwaterstandards經(jīng)歷多次修訂

Modifiedseveraltimes存在需要修訂之處

Someirrationalitystillexist.再生水基本分類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議

ProposalforbasicclassificationofReclaimedwater

再生處理工藝Reclamationprocess病原體控制指標(biāo)Pathogensremoval典型水質(zhì)指標(biāo)Typicalwaterqualityindex性能控制與監(jiān)測(cè)Performancecontrol&monitoring主要用途Mainapplications

5個(gè)等級(jí)ShowninTable5.1.編制城市再生水利用指南

N