2023屆上海市靜安區(qū)高三二模英語(yǔ)試卷

2023屆上海市靜安區(qū)高三二模英語(yǔ)試卷（含聽(tīng)力）

學(xué)校:姓名：班級(jí)：考號(hào)：

一、短對(duì)話

1.

A.Themancanhaveagoodrest.

B.Thewhiteclotheswon'tgetcolored.

C.ThemanshouldgettheT-shirtout.

D.TheT-shirtneverstaysclean.

2.

A.Employeespayattentiontopaidleave.

B.Mr.Johnson'scompanyisalwaysempty.

C.Thehighsalaryandpayleavearerarelyguaranteed.

D.ThemanshouldtakethejobMr.Johnsonmentioned.

3.

A.Jackiscurrentlylivinginthesouth.

B.Jackisusedtowetclimate.

C.Jackintendstosettleproblemsthroughmovingtothesouth.

D.ShewantstotalkJackoutofmovingtothesouth.

4.

A.Ontheplane.B.Attheairport.

C.Inabusinesscenter.D.Inaboardingschool.

5.

A.TheschooFselectivecoursesystemoftengoeswrong.

B.Mr.Musk'scoursemakesmanystudentsbreakdown.

C.ToomanystudentsarechoosingMr.Musk'scourse.

D.Mr.Muskcomplainedabouttheterriblesystem.

6.

A.Themanshouldn'teatthecakewhentakingtheexam.

B.Otherstudentsagreewiththemanabouttheexam.

C.Mostofthestudentshavepassedthephysicsexam.

D.Moststudentsthinktheexamwasdifficult.

7.

A.Themancancountonherforfinancialmatters.

B.Sheisnotsuitabletobetakenbythegroup.

C.Goodcalculatingabilityisoneofherspecialties.

D.Everymemberofthegroupshouldhandlefinancialmatters.

8.

A.5dollars.B.35dollars.C.40dollars.D.75dollars.

9.

A.Peterisworriedabouthisbodycheckresults.

B.Peterisusuallyasilentperson.

C.Peterwillgethishealthcheckresulttomorrow.

D.There'ssomethingwrongwithPeter'shealth.

10.

A.SheisinterestedinvisitingscenicspotsinCanada.

B.Shewon'tvisitNiagaraFallsbecauseoftightschedule.

C.ShepreferstovisitNiagaraFallsratherthanhaveenoughsleep.

D.SheenjoysattendingbusinessconferencesinCanada.

二、短文

聽(tīng)下面一段獨(dú)白，回答以下小題。

11.A.Peopleareboredwithelectronicdevices.

B.Peoplecanpickupdrawingskillsfromcoloring-inbooks.

C.Childhoodmemoriescanbebroughttopeople.

D.Peoplecanexperienceasimplerandquieterlife.

12.A.Becausesocialmediapromotepencilsales.

B.Becausepencilsfallvictimtodigitalage.

C.Becausegoodcoloring-inworksneedgoodpencils.

D.Becausepencilsareneededbyhikers.

13.A.Byraisingpencilprices.

B.Byexpandingitsfactories.

C.Byhiringmoreworkers.

D.Byincreasingworkshifts.

試卷第2頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)

聽(tīng)下面一段獨(dú)白，回答以下小題。

14.A.Becauseshecouldn'taffordtopayforeducationatschool.

B.Becauseshehatedbeingseparatedfromherdaughter.

C.Becausehome-schoolingwasencouragedbythegovernment.

D.Becausemanyparentschosetohomeschooltheirkids.

15.A.Thatitsavesschoolingbudget.

B.Thatitenableskidstobemorepreparedforrealworldlife.

C.Thatitpreventskidsfromhavingconflictswithclassmates.

D.Thatlessonplanscanbearrangedwithmoreflexibility.

16.A.Thatshecombineslearningwithlife.

B.Thatsheforbidsmobilephoneuse.

C.Thatsheteachesherkidsbyherself.

D.Thatsheneverhastroubleswithherkids.

三、長(zhǎng)對(duì)話

聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話，回答以下小題。

17.A.Checkbillsregularly.

B.Makeaplanbeforebuying.

C.Headtocheapsupermarkets.

D.Storefoodinadvance.

18.A.Pickacheapcafe.

B.Bringleftoverfoodhome.

C.Eatwithreusablecontainers.

D.Reducechancestodineout.

19.A.Peoplecaneatthem.

B.Peopleshouldprocessthembeforeeating.

C.Peopleshouldthrowthemaway.

D.Peopleshouldwaituntiltheygetpeakquality.

20.A.Waystospendlessonliving.

B.Waystoreducefoodwaste.

C.Waystolengthenfoodshelflife.

D.Waystotreatfreshfoodandprocessedfood.

四、用單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成短文

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherent

andgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththe

properformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

Evergottogripswithaproblem?Pickedupanewskill?Graspedadifficultconcept?

Thelanguageoflearningisfullofreferencestopartsofthebodyoutsidethebrain.Perhaps

that'sbecausethesephraseshintat21deeper.Sincethebeginningofthiscentury,

researchershavebeenworkingonthemechanismoflearning.Theyarediscoveringthat

learningiseasier,quickerwiththebodymovements22(involve).Accordingto

many,theeffectcouldbehuge23it'sgesturingwiththearmsormovingarounda

room.Cantheseinsightsenhanceteachingandlearning?Andshoulditinformtheway

technology24(employ)intheclassroom?

Insomeways,theideathatthebodycanaidlearningshouldcome25no

suiprise.Considerthatmanyofusprobablybegantounderstandbasicarithmeticbycounting

onourfingers26welearnedtocountinourhead.

Atheorycalledembodiedcognitionsuggeststhatwhatgoesoninourmindscomesfrom

ouractionsandinteractionswiththeworldaroundus.Itmeansthat27(encourage)

childrentothinkandlearninapurelyabstractwaymightactuallymakelessonsharderfor

themtounderstandandremember.

Sciencebacksuptheideathatactionsreallymightspeaklouderthanwordsinthe

classroom.Evenatthesubconsciouslevel,weappreciatethecommunicativevalueofour

bodylanguage.Thereisevidencethatteachers,28invariouscasesusearmsand

handmovementsinlessons,achievebetterteachingresults.

Inlightofthis,it'stemptingtoconcludethatteachers,andtheirstudents,hadbetter

jumpupanddown,orwavetheirarmsaboutlikewindmillsduringlessons.Professor

Manches,however,advisescaution.Theconcernisthatsciencehasnotquiteworkedout

29therelationshipbetweenbodyandmindworks.44We30notjump

intotheinterventionstagetooearly,MsaysManches.

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五、選用適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或短語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全短文

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanonlybe

usedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.disadvantageB.notablyC.energeticD.insufficientE.altemateF.evolvedG.

contributionH.periodicI.withdrawalJ.coexistK.adjusted

Thedegreetowhichseasonalchangesaffectmood,energy,sleep,appetite,food

preference,orthewishtosocializewithotherpeoplehasbeencalledseasonality.Seasonal

affectivedisorder（SAD）,aconditionwheredepressionsinfallandwinter31with

non-depressionperiodsinspringandsummer,isthemostmarkedformofseasonality.The

typicalsymptomsof32winterdepressionincludeloweredmood,social

33,increasedappetiteandweightgain.Mildornosymptomsoftenoccurinspring

andsummer.Itisarguedthatsuchpatternofdepressionoccurrenceformsanadaptive

mechanismwhichenhancesthelikelihoodofreproductivesuccess,most34for

females,amongpopulationslivingattemperatelatitudes（緯度）.Womenaremorelikelyto

becomepregnantinthesummerandthustogivebirthatatimeofyearwhentheirbabies

haveahigherchanceofsurvival.Lowchanceofsummerdepressionalsoindicates

35individualsandpromoteshealthierpregnancies,whichincreasethesurvival

chancesofbothmothersandbabies.Inthemodernera,itisprobablethatrepeatedwinter

depressionisbecomingareproductive36.

Severallinesofevidencealsosuggestthatgeneticfactorsplayanimportantroleinthe

seasonalityandSAD.Millionsofyearsofevolutionhad37humanbiochemical

systemsforsurvivalunderequatorial（赤道的）environmentalconditions.Modemhumans

begantomoveoutofAfricaonlyabout150,000yearsago.Littlechangeinour

'equatorial'systemsmighthavebeenexpectedoverthisrelativelyshortevolutionaryspan.

Andageneticdefenselessnessagainstseasonalchangesinmoodandbehaviorisoutof

38adaptationtothenewlivingconditions.

Today,morestudiesofSADandseasonalityarereceivingconsiderableattention.Studies

onrelativesofpatientswithSADalsosuggestedafamilial39tothedevelopment

ofSAD.ResearchersaretryingtofindoutwhetherSADandseasonalityareacquiredatbirth

asacompositeentity（實(shí)體）orwhetherthetwoareseparateacquiredtraitsthathappento

40incertainindividuals.

六、完形填空

Inaletterhewrotein1884,MarkTwaincomplainedthat''Telephones,telegraphsand

wordsaretooslowfbrthisage;wemustgetsomethingthatisfaster.^^“Weshould

communicatebythoughtonly,andsayinacoupleofminuteswhatshouldhaveballooned

into41inanhourandahal￡"saidhim.

Despitetheprogressthepreviouscenturybroughtforourunderstandingofboth

languageandthebrain,wearenoclosertotelepathy（心靈感應(yīng)）,communicationfromone

mindtoanotherby42means,thanwewereinTwain'stime.Thereasonisthatthe

telepathywe'vebeenpromised,thesortimaginedbyTwain,and43incountless

moviesandTVshows,is,forthetimebeing,groundless.

“Goodold-fashionedtelepathy,,（GOFT）involvesadirecttransferof44from

onemindtoanother.Ithasfascinatedpeopleforgoodreasons.Itremovesthe45of

language.WithGOFT,wenolongerneedtoputeachconceptintowordsorto46

someone'slanguage.Youknowinstantlywhatonemeansastheformerchannelof

communication,language,isnotatallnecessary.The47oflanguageisthecentral

featureofGOFT.Itiswhatenablesscience-fictionwriterstoimaginehumansandaliensfrom

otherplanetscommunicatingtelepathicallydespitenotsharingalanguage.Butcanitreally

cometruewithcunentscienceandtechnology?

Besides,GOFTpromisesgenuinecommunication.However,48isuniversal.

Weallhaveexperiencesofsayingonething,onlytobeunderstoodassayingsomethingelse.

Becauselanguageissoflexible,itisalsoeasytolieor49oneself.Wearen'teven

certainifBob'sexpressioncouldbeinlinewithwhathebelievesinayear'stime.

Theseweaknesseshavedrivenpeopletolookfbralternativesandfinallyinspired

inventionsofartificiallanguagestryingtoremovemisunderstanding.Ofcourse,oneday

whentechnologyallows,adirectthought-to-thoughttransferseemsthe50solution.

Manyofushavetheconfidencethatwecanthinkfasterthanwecanspeakorwrite.

Havingtorely51onlanguagetocommunicate,however,isdepressing.Therefore,

the52ofaddingnewdirectbrain-to-braincommunicationchannelsisexciting.By

試卷第6頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)

channelsofthiskind,ourbrainscanbe"53"andallowedtobecommittedtoother

54practicesinsteadofconveyingmessages.Newbrain-to-brainchannelshavethe

potentialtoincrease55.tumingusintosuper-actors,handlingsomanytasksina

shortperiodoftimeaswecannotyetimagine.

41.A.wordsB.gesturesC.actionsD.costs

42.A.extra-geneticB.extra-familialC.extra-sensoryD.extra-legal

43.A.sacrificedB.popularizedC.enclosedD.balanced

44.A.strengthB.intelligenceC.thoughtsD.structures

45.A.limitationsB.expensesC.commandD.evolution

46.A.replaceB.updateC.decodeD.imitate

47.A.avoidanceB.discriminationC.employmentD.expansion

48.A.reluctanceB.privacyC.fear

D.misinterpretation

49.A.contradictB.indicateC.delayD.justify

50.A.multipleB.invisibleC.ultimateD.equivalent

51.A.roughlyB.casuallyC.entirelyD.willingly

52.A.distractionB.prospectC.originD.regulation

53.A.fedupB.setupC.cutoffD.letloose

54.A.profitableB.meaningfulC.steadyD.typical

55.A.charmB.recognitionC.efficiencyD.endurance

七、閱讀理解

IwasinChicagoforajobtrainingwhenIknewanearbytheatrewasreleasingafilm

aboutsavingdogs.Iloveanimalsandthisfundraisingeventsoundedrightupmyalley.

However,noneofmyco-workerscouldsqueezetimeforme.Igotcoldfeetforanxietyabout

navigatingthestreetsbymyselfatnightalone.

ButinmyhotelroomIfeltrestlessandbored.Thetheatrewasonlyaboutfiveblocks

awayfromthehotel.HowcouldIstray?Hence,Idecidedtobraveit.Igatheredmyroomkey

andsetoff.

ImanagedtofindthestreetofthetheatrebutwhenIturnedthecornerIstoppedinshock.

Thestreetinfrontofthetheatrewasfullofbikers-lotsofverybig,tough-lookingbikers.

NowIwasawomanallaloneatnight.Thereweremanylargemen,allwearinginsignia

suggestingtheywereinsomesortofcluborgang.Warningbellsbegantosoundandmy

heartjumpedinmythroat.WasIattherighttheatre?HadImisreadthedateoftheevent?

IfinallydecidedthatIwouldbesaferinsidethetheatrewheretherewas,presumably,a

crowdofpeople.Iscurriedintothetheatre.AsIsatthere,heartracing,waitingforthefilmto

start,Imutteredaprayertocontainmyanxieties.Alocalblues-rockbandwastheopeningact

andtheirpcrfbnnancedrewmyattention.Enthusiasmfortheband'sperformancesoontook

awayallmyworriesfrommymindandIbegantorelax.

Aftertheband,thefilmbeganandIunderstoodthepresenceofthebikersaftera

conversationwiththestaff.Beingpartofananimalrescuegroup,theyhadescorteddogs

fromNewJerseytoChicago.Atthatmoment.Iwasstruckbythebondthathaddrawnso

manydisparatefolkstothetheatre.Singers,sportsmen,ordinaryworkers-hadallbeen

broughttogetherbyoursharedloveofanimals.Imadenewfriends.Idiscoveredanewband

andsupportedanimportantcause.Istayedtilltheveryendandmadeittomyhotelwithout

anyincident,oveijoyedthatIbrokeoutoftheboundaryIusedtosetformyselfandventured

intotheunknown.Tomyamazement,therewardwasoneofthebestnightsofmylife.

56.Theauthordidn'tgotothetheatreatfirstbecause.

A.thetheatrewasfarrightupthealley

B.shecouldn'tsparetimefromthetraining

C.shewasafraidofgettinglostontheway

D.shewasconcernedthatshewouldcatchcoldatnight

57.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheauthorisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Thegroupofbikersaccompaniedherintothetheatre.

B.Peopleinsidethetheatrerescuedherfromtheharmofbikers.

C.Sherangbellstowarnpeopleofpossibledangers.

D.Theopeningactwassuccessfulincalmingherdown.

58.Theunderlinedworddisparateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto.

A.respectableB.diverseC.restlessD.common

59.Thewomanreturnedbacktothehotelveryhappybecause.

A.shediscoveredabandsheloved

B.shesuccessfullywentbacktothehotelsafe

C.sheknewthereasonforthepresenceofallthebikers

試卷第8頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)

D.shesteppedoutofcomfortzoneandgotgoodresults

TheMysteriesoftheUniverse:Discoverthebest-keptsecretsd

ofspace(DKChildren'sAnthologies)Hardcover-internationalEdition,

September1,2020

bjrWUGattfUuthor)

★★★★★<4,045

hrtoKMChUttnSMholOQies(5books)

BettNcnftcwnfar妣

KindeH?dcow

$139SIU)

SONtwframSllA

TrmltothefurthestrexhtsattheUfwerwandvisit100rtmariubteobjectsiiongthewaywiththisstunningspxebook

forcuriouskMfc?ged7*9.

Buynew:$12.29VSpaceissomuchbiggerthanyoungmindscanimagineand

FREEdeiivefy:Saturday,March18thereisalwaysmoretolearn.TheMysteriesoftheUniverseisa

onordersover$25,00shippedby乎aceencydopediaforyoungreaderstoexplore,withreference

Amazon.

Shipsfrom:Amuoncompagespackedwithfascinatinginformation.Littlelearnerswillbe

SoMby:Amuonxomcaptivatedas±eyjourneythroughthevastnessoftheUniverse.

Fromplanetstobladeholesandgalaxies,everypageofthis卯a(chǎn)ce

Buyused:Abookrevealsthesecretsbehindmorethan100objects.Eachbodyis

$6.17shownbothphotographicallyandillustrated,anddiildrenwilllove

$3.98delrveryMarch21-22poringoverthedetaileddose-upimages.

DeudsGetreadytoexplorefunfactsandexcitingnewscientific

OrfastestdelrveryMarch16-21.discoveriesasthisbest-sellingpicturebookwillilluminate

Detailsimaginationsand卯a(chǎn)rkcuriousmindstoexplorethevastnessof

?SelectdtV??fylocationspace.Theengagingstorybook-styledescriptionsandsimpletext

品edalightonfacts,m亢玲andkeydiscoveriesabouttheuniverse,

Used:Good|Details

Sddbyglemhebooksdlerperfectfbrchildrenaged7-9andbeyond.

Accc?codn<ndwppkmenctartnot

Qujrantecdwitfiused

Addto5

Itcelebratesyourchildren'scuriosityasthey:-Explorebeautifulillustrationsandincredible

photographythatshowcasethemysteriesofspace.

-Revealengagingstorybook-styledescriptionsthatexplainkeydiscoveriesaboutthe

universe.

Thisspaceencyclopediaistheperfectcombinationofstorybook-styletextwith

out-of-this-worldillustrations.Comparedwithreadingalone,readingthebookwithfamily

doublesthepleasureasfamilytiesarestrengthenedthroughexploringtheunknowntogether.

Explorethevastnessofspacewhilstuncovering:

-ExcellentJacketDetail:goldbookcover&luxurymetallicgoldedges

-Strikingphotography&illustrationsinside

-Aqualitygifttobepasseddownthroughthegenerations

MoreintheSeries

TheMysteriesoftheUniverseispartofthebeautifulandinformativeAnthologyseries.

Completetheseriesandcultivateyourchildren'scuriosityastheyexplorethenaturalworld

withWondersofNatureorletthemwalkwiththedinosaurswithIntriguingAnimals.

60.TheMysteriesoftheUniverseisabookthat.

A.offersinformationaboutover100objectsoftheuniverse

B.describesastoryhappeningintheouterspace

C.providesclose-uppicturesofpeopleandobjectsaroundchildren

D.uncoverssecretsofnaturalworldandanimals

61.Accordingtothepassage,whichoftheinformationaboutthebookisTRUE?

A.Thebookcanbeobtainedsecond-handwiththelowestpriceof$12.29.

B.Thebookbelongstoaseries,allbooksofwhichexplorethemysteriesofouterspace.

C.Thebookhasbeengradedbyover4000people.

D.Thebookiscurrentlyqualifiedforfreeshipping.

62.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthebenefitthebookprovides?

A.Increasingreadingexperiencethroughpictures.

B.Improvingfamilyconnectionsbyjointexploration.

C.Attractingreadersthroughthestyleoftellingstories.

D.Providingsimplebookcoverbutqualitycontent.

Oneofthecuriousthingsaboutsocialnetworksisthewaythatsomemessages,pictures,

orideascanspreadlikewildfirewhileothersthatseemjustascatchyorinterestingbarely

registeratall.

Beforeyougodeepintothepuzzle,considerthis:Ifyoumeasuretheheightofyour

malefriends,forexample,theaverageisabout170centimeters.Youare172andyourfriends

areallaboutthesameheightasyouare.Indeed,themathematicalconceptof“average"isa

goodwaytocapturethenatureofthisdataset.

Butimaginethatoneofyourfriendswasmuchtallerthanyou.Thispersonwould

dramaticallyskewtheaverage,whichwouldmakeyourfriendstallerthanyou,onaverage.In

thiscase,the“average“isapoorwaytocapturethisdataset.

Exactlythissituationoccursonsocialnetworks.Onaverage,yourcoauthorswillbe

試卷第10頁(yè)，共15頁(yè)

citedmoreoftenthanyou,andthepeopleyoufollowwillpostmorefrequentlythanyou,and

soon.

NowLermanfromUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahasdiscoveredarelatedparadox,

whichtheycallthemajorityillusion.Theyillustratethisillusionwithanexample.Theytake

14nodeslinkeduptoformasmallnetwork.Theythencolorthreeofthesenodesandcount

howmanyoftheremainingnodeslinktotheminasinglestep.

Inonesituation,theuncolorednodesseemorethanhalfoftheirneighborsascolored.

Thisisthemajorityillusion-thelocalimpressionthataspecificfeatureiscommonwhen

theglobaltruthisentirelydifferent.

Sohowpopularisitintherealworld?It'sfoundoutthatthemajorityillusionoccursin

almostallnetworkscenarios."Theeffectislargestinthepoliticalblogsnetwork,where60%

ofnodeswillhavemajorityactiveneighbours,evenwhenonly20%ofthenodesaretruly

active,saysLerman.

Itimmediatelyexplainsmanyinterestingphenomena.Forastart,itshowshowsome

contentcanspreadgloballywhileothersimilarcontentdoesnot—thekeyistostartwitha

smallnumberofwell-connectedearlyadoptersfoolingtherestofthenetworkintothinkingit

iscommon.Theaffectednodesthenfinditnaturaltofollowthetrend.Arealspreadfinally

comesintobeing.

Butitisnotyetamarketer'scharter.Forthat,marketersmustfirstidentifythepopular

nodesthatcancreatethemajorityillusionforthetargetaudience.Theseinfluencersmustthen

bepersuadedtoadoptthedesiredbehaviororproduct,whichisessentialtotheprospectof

themarketingplan.

63.Thephraseskewtheaverageinthepassagemostprobablyreferstotheactionof

A.hidingtherealaveragetobeunrecognizabletoothers

B.producinganaverageagainstthegeneralfeatureofdata

C.workingoutthecommonfeaturesuggestedbytheaverage

D.ignoringtheaveragebecauseofthefrequencybywhichitisreviewed

64.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Majorityillusionrarelyhasimpactsexceptinpoliticalblogsfield.

B.Themajorityillusiononsocialnetworksreliesonthatpeopleyoufollowpostmorethan

you.

C.Theessenceofsuccessfulopinionspreadistoinitiatethetrendwithwell-connected

sharers.

D.Thespreadscaleofideasonnetworksmainlydependsonthequalityofcontent.

65.Toguaranteethesuccessofmarketingpromotion,it'svitalto.

A.thoroughlyunderstandtheconceptofmajorityillusion

B.accuratelyfigureoutwhoisthepowerfulpersontoaffectothers

C.definitelydecidewhoarethetargetaudienceforthepromotion

D.successfullyconvincetheinfluencerstopracticecertainaction

66.Whatismostprobablythetitleofthepassage?

A.Thesocialnetworkvisionthattricksyourmind.

B.Whoisstealingyournetworkidentity?

C.Minoritynetwork,opinionspread,curseorblessing?

D.Haveyoubeenmisledduringthelastpoliticalvoting?

八、六選四

Tipping,customerspayingserviceworkers,usuallyatrestaurants,forservicesthey

receive,hasbeenaregularpartofAmericancultureforwelloveracentury,butthe

emergenceofnewtechnologyandshiftingexpectationshaveshakenlong-standingnorms

aroundthepractice.Thatuncertainty,togetherwiththepressureitcanoftencreate,hasleft

someconsumersfeelingexhaustedbythefrequencywithwhichthey'reforcedtodecide

whichworkerstotipandhowmuch.

Abigreasonforthegrowthofwhatisbeingcalled"tiptircdness^^istheincreasing

presenceofdigitalpaymentsystems,whichhavereplacedtraditionalcashregistersatmost

businesses.Suddenly,ratherthanbeinggiventhechancetodropadollarinatipjar,

customersareconfrontedwithatablet.67Theyhavetotipforservicesthey'd

neverconsideredtippingforinthepast.

Tippingalsomakeslaborlawsmorecomplicated.Inallbutahandfulofstates,

employersareallowedtopaytippedworkersbelowminimumwage.Insomecases,the

standardisaslowas$2.13perhour,aslongasworkersmakeenoughintipstoearnthe

equivalentofminimumwage.68Manypeoplearedebatingoverwhethertipping

systemneedarepair—orevenshouldbecancelledaltogether.Theysaytippingneedstobe

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eliminatedandreplacedbyafairwageforallserviceworkers.Thetippingpracticeincreases

thepossibilitythatemployeescan'tgetwhattheydeserve.69Inmanycases,

customers'tipamountsarelargelyguidedbyfactorsotherthanqualityoftheservicethey

receive,whichmakesthesituationevenworse.

However,defendersofthecurrentarrangementsayit'sstillthebestoption.70

Itprovidesachanceforworkerstohavemorecontrolovertheirfinancialwelfare.Ifa

restaurantisdoingwellbecauseit'ssafelyoperated,properlymanagedanddeliversgreat

food,customerswillusuallytip.Andwhenthathappens,everyone—fromthewaitstaffto

thedishwashers-canshareinthebusiness'ssuccess.

A.Thefrustrationaboutsuchshiftingwagepaymenthasaddednewwrinklestothe

controversy.

B.Thediversityoftippingchannelssomewhateasestheconflictsindecidingtheamountof

tips.

C.Noworkersshouldhavetheirlivelihooddependontheircustomers5mercy.

D.Thepopularityofdigitalpoint-of-salesystemshasalsomeantconsumersarebeingasked

totipmorefrequently.

E.Tipping,againstmanypeople'swills,establishesanewcu