Unit+1+Back+to+School+Grammar+and+usage高中英語(yǔ)牛津譯林版（2020）必修第一冊(cè)

句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：

構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。↓主語(yǔ)↓謂語(yǔ)↓定語(yǔ)↓賓語(yǔ)↓同位語(yǔ)↓狀語(yǔ)1.

I

met

mybest

friend

Tom

atthestationyesterday.主語(yǔ)（subject）狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）定語(yǔ)（attributive）賓語(yǔ)（object）表語(yǔ)（predicative）補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）謂語(yǔ)（verb）句子成分(Sentenceelements)Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Fourplusfouriseight.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.Whathehassaidistrue.㈠主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。㈡謂語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ):由“動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組”組成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)（1）由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞”;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由“系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成。

如：Wearestudents.謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：㈢表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞后的部分就是表語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有:be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,stayturn,become,get,grow,come,go,

prove(tobe),turnout(tobe)etc.系動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).Theappletastessweet.Thewarwasover.Theyseemtoknowthetruth.Timeisprecious.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.Whowasthefirst?Heisoutofcondition.ThebookiswhatIneed.Hishobby（愛(ài)好）isplayingfootball.

表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)：●Pleasepassme

thebook.●Heboughtme

someflowers.●Ilikemyjob.●Iloveyou.●Hewantedtoleavehere.●Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.㈣賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)和介詞(prep.)后面有的動(dòng)詞后面可以接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，通常把其中表示人的賓語(yǔ)稱為間接賓語(yǔ)（indirectobject），把表示物的賓語(yǔ)稱為直接賓語(yǔ)（directobject）㈤賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Ifoundthebookinteresting.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendherahand.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Wemustkeepitasecret.英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。Theymakehimchairmanoftheclub.Heismadechairmanoftheclub.主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（subjectcomplement）主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（subjectcomplement）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（objectcomplement）主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特征或情況㈥定語(yǔ)Heisacleverboy.Thereare54studentsinourclass.DoyouknowBetty’ssister?Heboughtsomesleepingpills.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.Hisspokenlanguageisgood.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?Thereisnothinginterestinginthisbook.㈦狀語(yǔ)用于修飾形容詞,副詞,動(dòng)詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或句子.可表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,結(jié)果,目的,方式,伴隨,條件,程度,讓步,頻率等.Iwillbebackinawhile.Theyareplayingontheplayground.Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.Hegotupsolatethathemissedthetrain.Iwaitedtoseeyou.Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.Healwayscomeslatetoschool.狀語(yǔ)種類如下：

Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）

Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）

Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（條件狀語(yǔ)）

MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）

Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式狀語(yǔ)）

Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）

Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）

Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）

Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）

Iamtallerthanheis.（比較狀語(yǔ)）主語(yǔ)（subject）狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）定語(yǔ)（attributive）賓語(yǔ)（object）表語(yǔ)（predicative）補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）謂語(yǔ)（verb）句子成分(Sentenceelements)ExercisesP7B1ExampleYouwillenjoypersonalgrowthathighschool.1.Youwillfindseniorhighschooldifferentfromjuniorhighschool.2.Yourschoolworkwillbemorechallenging.3.Wewillgiveyoumoreindependence.Subject:Verb:Object:Predicative:Objectcomplement:Adverbial:[]Attributive:()][())(()(())P7B1Markthedferentelementsofeachsentencewithdifferentsymbols.Usetheexamplebelowtohelpyou.4.Youshouldlistenmorecarefully.5.Youcanjoinaclub.6.Yourteacherswillhelpyouinmanyways.7.Youwillsucceed!))(([[]]P7Exercises

P6AReadandanswer1.Whatisagoal?2.Whatisthesignificanceofsettinggoals?3.Finishthetable.4.Workouttherules.主謂（Svi.）主謂賓補(bǔ)（SVt.OC)存現(xiàn)句Therebe+名詞（+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）主謂賓（SVt.O）主謂賓狀（SVt.OA)主謂賓賓（SVt.OO)主系表（SVP)句子結(jié)構(gòu)Sentencestructures主謂狀（Svi.A)1.主謂：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（Svi.）。如：Thecarstopped.2.主系表：主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)（SVP），也作主（系）表（SP）。如：Maryseemedpleased.3.主謂賓：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)（SVt

O）。如：Iloveicecream.4.主謂賓賓：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)（SVt

OO）。如：Tomgavemeapresent.5.主謂賓補(bǔ)：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（SVt

OC）。如：Weconsidertheworkchallenging.6.主謂狀：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（SVA）。如：Theyworkhard.

give/pass/bring/show/order/tell./offer/award賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系。

用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。用for

側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。間接賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以改成一個(gè)由to或for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)，兩句話在意思上沒(méi)有什么差別：I’llreturnyouthebooktomorrow.→I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.ShemadeanewdressforMary.→ShemadeMaryanewdress.常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有（需借助to的）:1>bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write等；（需借助for的:）2>

buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。WefinditeasytolearnEnglishwell.WethoughtitinterestingtosurftheInternet.主語(yǔ)+vt.+it+賓補(bǔ)+真賓Wesawhimjumpintothebox.Wesawthemdancing.Wesawhimknockeddown.

注：可用作賓補(bǔ)的詞有：名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞。主語(yǔ)+vt.

+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)7.主謂賓狀：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（SVOA）。如：

Welikethefilmverymuch.8.存現(xiàn)句：引導(dǎo)詞there引導(dǎo)的句子。如：

Thereisasportscentreinourschool.此句型是由“there+be+主語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在關(guān)系,其實(shí)是主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be之后的倒裝，there僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無(wú)實(shí)際語(yǔ)意。

此句型有時(shí)不用be動(dòng)詞，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.

注意：不同的動(dòng)詞使用的句型也不盡一樣，因此在學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)掌握動(dòng)詞的類型。以

get為例：He'sgettingangry.(SVP)Hegotthroughthewindow.(SVO)You'llgetasurprise.(SVO)Hegothisshoesandsockswet.(SVOC)Hegothimselfintotrouble.(SVOC)Hegotherasplendidpresent.(SV0O)

在句子中詞類和詞的位置也影響句子的句型和意思:Ifoundthebookeasily.

我很容易地找到了這本書(shū)。(SVOA）Ifoundthebookeasy.

我覺(jué)得這本書(shū)很容易。（SVOC）Ihavetodosomething.我得做點(diǎn)事。Ihavesomethingtodo.我有點(diǎn)事做。

ExercisesP7B2Readandanswer1.Whydoestheauthorsuggestputtingourgoalswherewecanseethem?2.Whatshouldwedoaftersettingagoal?Answers:cbdgeafWritingP7B3Readtheshortpassageandfinishthetablebelow.Thentrytowritethepassagebasedontheexample,usingdifferentsentencestructures.SentencestructureExampleYoursentencesSVSVPSVO

SVIODOSVOCSVASVOATherebeAllmyeffortswillpayoff!JoiningtheEnglishClubwillbehelpfultometoo.Iwillalsotrytofindalanguagepartner.IwilltrytoimprovemyEnglishinthenewterm.IwillreadtwoEnglishnovelsthisterm.TherearealotofthingsIneedtodotoachievethisgoalDiscussionQ1What'syourgoalforthenewterm?Howareyougoingtoachieveyourgoal?OrganizeyoursentencesQ2Q1+2Mygoalforthenewtermistoimprovemycommunicationskills.Toachievethisgoal,Iwillbefriendliertomyclassmates.Joiningaschoolclubwillhelpmemakemorefriends.Iwillalsoreadabookonhowtoimprovecommunicationskills.Iwillsucceed!PossibleversionPossibleversion

Mygoalforthenewtermistoimprovemycommunicationskills.Toachievethisgoal,Iwillbefriendliertomyclassmates.Joiningaschoolclubwillhelpmemakemorefriends.Iwillalsoreadabookonhowtoimprovecommunicationskills.Iwillsucceed!SVPSVPSVOCSVOASVSampleanswerBeingamemberofmynewschool’sbasketballteamismygoalnow,becausebasketballismyfavouritesport.Besidesexercisingmybody,Iwillmakenewacquaintancesthroughthisactivity.Moreimportantly,exercisingshouldgohandinhandwithstudying,sointhenewterm,Ihopetohavefasterandbettergrowthinbothmybodyandmymind.SampleanswerWeliveinasocietyof“knowledgeexplosion”,soitismygoaltoimprovemyacademicperformanceinmynewschoollife.Asthesayinggoes—knowledgeispower.LearningfromclassmatesaroundmeandconsultingteacherswillhelpmeacquiretheknowledgeIneed.Ibelievemygoalwillassistmetoadjusttothisnewlifequickly.Homework2.Workbook:Page58C

3.KKL:Page10一，二，

三1.KKL:9C

4.Reviewthe8basicsentencestructures.Thankyou!GOODBYE主謂（Svi.）主謂賓補(bǔ)（SVt.OC)存現(xiàn)句Therebe+名詞（+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）主謂賓（SVt.O）主謂賓狀（SVt.OA)主謂賓賓（SVt.OO)主系表（SVP)句子結(jié)構(gòu)Sentencestructures主謂狀（Svi.A)Exercises(一)挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)①M(fèi)ybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ)--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthe