2023年考研外語(yǔ)考前摸底試卷6

考研外語(yǔ)考前摸底試卷6

一、UseofEnglish

1、Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyand

whowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheir

moneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain(1)

bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat(2)

toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.

Ifan(3)wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrow

most一peoplewithrisingincomes,(4)incomes,or

decliningincomes一hewould(5)answer:thosewith

decliningincomes.Actually,intheyears1997—2000,the

answerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdeclining

incomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe

(6).Thisshowsusthattraditional(7)aboutearning

andspendingarenotalways(8)Anothertraditional

assumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricesto

goup,theywill(9)tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogo

down,theywillpostponebuying.(10)researchsurveys

haveshownthatthisisnotalways(11)Theexpectations

ofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One(12)

attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinan

interviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeen

planningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.

(13)____,theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemay

beresentedandbuyer'sresistancemaybeevoked.

The(14)mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.

Investigations(15)atthesametimeinGreatBritain,

however,yieldedresultsthatweremore(16)traditional

assumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Thecondition

mostcontributivetospending(17)tobepricestability.

Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare

(18)____,theyarelikelytobuy.Thus,itappearsthatthe

common(19)policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbased

onacorrectunderstandingof(20)_____psychology.

A.data

B.materials

C.money

D.things

2、⑵

A.attend

B.intend

C.tend

D.pretend

3、(3)

A.educator

B.economist

C.artist

D.editor

4、⑷

A.similar

B.sound

C.stable

D.equal

5、(5)

A.especially

B.particularly

C.approximately

D.probably

6、(6)

A.most

B.least

C.fewest

D.worst

7、(7)

q3

A.assumptions

B.ideas

C.thoughts

D.concepts

8、(8)

A.comprehensible

B.understandable

C.responsible

D.reliable

9、(9)

A.delay

B.hesitate

C.hasten

D.hurry

10、(10)

A.But

B.However

C.So

D.Although

11、(H)

A.real

B.true

4

C.actual

D.genuine

12、(12)

A.radical

B.accidental

C.typical

D.superficial

13、(13)

A.Nevertheless

B.Furthermore

C.Whereas

D.Therefore

14、(14)

A.examination

B.research

C.project

D.investigation

15、(15)

A.reduced

B.conducted

C.produced

D.deducted

5

16、(16)

A.incomparisonwith

B.incombinationwith

C.inagreementwith

D.incompanywith

17、(17)

A.appears

B.occurs

C.happens

D.expects

18、(18)

A.available

B.obtainable

C.reasonable

D.responsible

19、(19)

A.bank

B.trade

C.industry

D.business

20、(20)

A.consumer

目6

B.client

C.customer

D.buyer

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

TheAmericaneconomy,whetheringovernmentorprivateindustry,

hasfoundretirementaconvenientpracticeformanagingthe

laborforce.Onthepositiveside,widespreadretirementhas

meantanexpansionofleisureandopportunitiesfor

self-fulfillmentinlaterlife.Onthenegativeside,the

practiceofretiremententailslargecosts,bothinfunding

requiredfrompensionsystemsandinthelossoftheaccumulated

skillsandtalentsofolderpeople.

Criticsofretirementasitexiststodayhavepointedtothe

rigidityofretirementpractices:forexample,thefactthat

retirementistypicallyanall-or-nothingproposition.Would

itnotbebettertohavesomeform,offlexibleorphased

retirement,inwhichemployeesgraduallyreducetheirwork

hoursortakelongervacations?Suchanapproachmightenable

olderworkerstoadjustbettertoretirement,whilepermitting

employerstomakegradualchangesinsteadofcopingwiththe

abruptdepartureofanemployee.Retirementcouldberadically

redefinedinthefuture.

Earliercriticismofretirementatafixedageledtolegal

abolitionofthepractice,forthemostpart,in1996.TheAge

DiscriminationinEmploymentActforbidsolderworkersfrom

beinglimitedortreatedinanywaythatwouldharmtheir

employmentpossibilities.Still,mostobserversadmitthatage

discriminationintheworkplaceremainswidespread.Sometimes

suchdiscriminationagainstolderworkersisbasedonmistaken

ideas,suchasthefalsebeliefthatolderworkersareless

productive.

Infact,empiricalstudieshavenotshownolderworkerstobe

lessdependableintheirjobperformance,noraretheir

absenteeismrateshigher.

Thereisalsomuchsupportfortheideaofworklifeextension;

thatis,adaptationsofretirementrulesoremployment

practicestoenableolderpeopletobecomemoreproductive.In

favorofthisideaisthefactthatthree-quartersofemployed

peopleover65areinwhite-collaroccupationsinservice

industries,whicharelessphysicallydemandingthan

agricultureormanufacturingjobs.Asaresult,itissometimes

argued,olderpeoplecanremaininproductivejobsnowlonger

thaninthepast.Inaddition,someanalystspointtodeclining

numbersofyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforce,thus

anticipatingalaborshortagelater.Thatdevelopment,ifit

occurred,mightstimulateaneedforolderworkersanda

reversalofthetrendtowardearlyretirement.

Opponentsoftheretirementpolicysay

A.itgivesmoreleisuretooldpeoplethantheyknowhowto

use.

B.itcoststoomuchmoneyintheform,ofretirementpensions.

C.itistoorigidandflexibilityshouldbeintegratedinto

it.

D.retirementshouldbepracticedonlyinthepublicsector.

2、

Whathappenedin1996?

A.Retirementstoppedbeingpracticed.

B.Agelimitationinretirementwasabolished.

C.Retiredpeoplewerenolongerentitledtopensions.

D.Agediscriminationwaslegallyabolished.

3、

Empiricalstudiesindicatethatoldpeople

A.arelessproductivethanyoungerpeople.

B.preferworkingtoretiring.

C.arereliableworkers.

D.arelessdependable.

4、

Worklifeextensionmightbecausedby

A.retrainingofoldpeopleinmodernskills.

B.thetrendtowardearlyretirement.

C.theexpansionofagricultureandmanufacturingindustry.

D.thedecliningyoungerlaborforce.

5、

Whyisretirementfoundtobeaconvenientpracticefor

managingthelaborforce?

A.Becauseitisbelievedthattomanageanolderworkforce

ischallenging.

B.Becauseretirementexpandsopportunitiesfor

self-fulfillmentinlaterlife.

C.Becauseolderworkerscanadjusttoretirementsoon.

D.Becauseitissupportedbybothgovernmentandprivate

industry.

6、Somethingbigishappeningtothehumanrace一something

thatcouldbecalledTheGreatTransformation.

TheTransformationconsistsofallthechangesthatare

occurringinhumanlifeduetoadvancingtechnology.For

thousandsofyearssuchprogressoccurredslowly.Now,

everythingischangingsofastthatyoumayfindyourself

wonderingwhereallthisprogressisreallyleading.

Fiftyyearsago,fewpeoplecouldevenimaginethingslike

computersandlasers.Today,ahostofnewlyemerging

technologiessuchasartificialintelligenceandgenetic

engineeringareopeningupallkindsofnewpathsfor

technologists.

Likeitornot,ouradvancingtechnologyhasmadeusmasters

oftheearth.Wenotonlydominatealltheotheranimals,but

arereshapingtheworld'splantlifeandevenitssoilandrocks,

itswatersandsurroundingair.Mountainsarebeingdugupto

providemineralsandstoneforbuildings.Theverygroundunder

ourfeetiswashingawayaswechopdowntheforests,plowup

thefields,andexcavatefoundationsforourbuildings.

Humanjunkisclutteringupnotonlythelandbuteventhebottom

ofthesea.Andsomanychemicalsarebeingreleasedintothe

airbyhumanactivitiesthatscientistsworrythattheentire

globemaywarm,causingthepolaricecapstomeltandocean

waterstofloodvastareasoftheland.

Duringthetwentiethcentury,advancingtechnologyhasenabled

mantoreachthousandsoffeetintotheoceandepthsandtoclimb

thehighestmountains.MountEverest,thehighestmountainof

all,resistedallclimbersuntilthe1950's.Nowmanisreaching

beyondEarthtothemoon,Mars,andthestars.

NooneknowswhattheGreatTransformationmeansorwhereit

willultimatelylead.Butonethingissure:humanlife50years

fromnowwillbeverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.

It'salsoworthnotingthatouramazingtechnologyisposing

anincreasinglyinsistentquestion:Whenwecandosomany

things,howcanwepossiblydecidewhatwereallyshoulddo.

Whenhumanswererelativelypowerless,theydidn'thavetomake

thechoicestheyhavetomaketoday.

Technologygivesusthepowertobuildamagnificentnew

civilization—ifwecanjustagreeonwhatwewantittobe.

Buttoday,thereislittleglobalagreementongoalsandhow

weshouldachievethem.

Soitremainstobeseenwhatwillhappenasaresultofour

technology.Pessimistsworrythatwewillusethetechnology

eventuallytoblowourselvesup.Buttheyhavebeensayingthat

fordecades,andsofarwehaveescaped.Whetherwewill

continuetodosoremainsunknown一butwecancontinuetohope.

TheGreatTransformationiscausedby

A.artificialintelligenceandgeneticengineering.

B.theshortageofnaturalresources.

C.thedevelopmentofpracticalscience.

D.unknownreasons.

7、

Themorechemicalswesendintotheair,thelesslandwewill

possiblyhavebecause

A.chemicalswillwashawayfields.

B.waterlevelswillgoup.

C.moreandmorelandwillbecoveredbyice.

D.landisturnedintowaterdeliberately.

8、

Advancingtechnologycouldpossiblymakeus

A.decisive.

B.powerless.

C.hesitant.

D.mysterious.

9、

Whyisitimpossibleforpeopletobuildaremarkablenew

civilizationtoday?

A.Becausenobodyisoptimisticaboutthefuture.

B.Becausehumanbeingsareunabletodoso.

C.Becausepeopledisagreewitheachotherinmanyways.

D.Becausepeoplearenotinterestedinit.

10、

Accordingtothepassage,pessimistsbelievethat

A.thefutureoftheworldwillbebetterandbetter.

B.technologicaladvanceswilldestroythehumanraceatlast.

C.humantechnologicaladvancesareuselessinpeople'slife.

D.thereisnoneedtodeveloptechnology.

11Withitscommoninterestinlawbreakingbutitsimmense

rangeofsubject-matterandwidely-varyingmethodoftreatment,

thecrimenovelcouldmakealegitimateclaimtoberegarded

asaseparatebranchofthetraditionalnovel.

Thedetectivestoryisprobablythemostrespectful(atanyin

thenarrowsenseofword)ofthecrimespecies.Itscreation

isoftentherelaxationofUniversitydons,literaryeconomists,

scientistsorevenpoets.Fatalitiesmayoccurmorefrequently

andmysteriouslythanmightbeexpectedinpolitesociety,

whichisfamiliartous,ifnotfromourownexperience,atleast

inthenewspaperorthelivesoffriends.Thecharacters,though

normallyrealizedsuperficially,areasrecognizablehumanand

consistentasourlessintimateassociates.Asstorysetina

moreremoteenvironment,AfricanjungleorAustralianbush,

不______Q

q14

ancientChinaorgas-litLondon,appealstoourinterestin

geographyorhistory,mostdetectivestorywritersare

conscientiousinprovidingareasonablyauthenticback-ground.

Theelaborate,carefully-assembledplot,despisedbythe

modernintellectualcriticsandcreatorsofsignificantnovels,

hasfoundrefugeinthemurdermystery,withitssprinklingof

clues,itsspicingwithapparentimpossibilities,allwith

appropriatesolutionsandexplanationsattheend.Withthe

guiltofescapismfromRealLifenagginggently,wesecretly

delightintheunmaskingofevilbyavaguelysuper-human

detective,whoseesthroughanddispelsthecloudofsuspicion

whichhashoveredsounjustlyovertheinnocent.

Thoughitsvillainalsoreceiveshisrightfuldeserts,the

thrillerpresentsalesscomfortableandcredibleworld.The

sequenceoffistfights,revolverduels,carcrashesand

escapedfromgas-filledcellarsexhauststhereaderfarmore

thanthehero,who,sufferingfromatleasttwobrokenribs,

oneblackeye,uncountablebruisesandahangover,canstill

chaseandoverpoweranarmedvillainwiththephysiqueofa

wrestler.Hemovesdangerouslythroughaworldofmerciless

gangs,brutality,aviciouslustforpowerandmoneyand,in

contrasttothedetectivetale,withagreatcriminalwhose

defeatseemsalmostaccidental.Perhapswemissinthethriller

thesecurityofbeingsafelyledbyourcalminvestigatorpast

ascoreofredherringsandblindavenuestoafinalgathering

ofsuspectswhenanunchallengeableexplanationofallthathas

bewilderedusisgivenjusticeandgoodnessprevail.Allthat

wevainlyhopeforfromlifeisgrantedvicariously.

Thecrimenovelmayberegardedas

A.anotquiterespectableform,oftheconventionalnovel.

B.notatreenovelatall.

C.relatedinsomewaystothehistoricalnovel.

D.anindependentdevelopmentofthenovel.

12、

Thepassagesuggeststhatintellectualswritedetective

storiesbecause

A.thestoriesareofteninfactveryinstructive.

B.theyenjoywritingthesestories.

C.thecreationofthesestoriesdemandsconsiderable

intelligence.

D.detectivestoriesareanacceptedbranchofliterature.

13、

Whatismentionedinthepassageasoneofthesimilarities

betweenthedetectivestoryandthethriller?

A.Bothhaveinvolvedplots.

B.Botharecondemnedbymodemcritics.

C.Bothareformsofescapistfiction.

D.Bothdemonstratethetriumphofrightoverwrong.

14、

Inwhatwayarethedetectivestoryandthethrillerunlike?

A.Inintroducingviolence.

B.Inprovidingexcitementandsuspense.

C.Inappealingtotheintellectualcuriosityofthereaders.

D.Inensuringthateverythingcomestightintheend.

15、

Theauthorpresentsthepassageby

A.givingadefinitionandexplainingitindetail.

B.counteringanargumentandmakinganassumption.

C.introducingageneraltopicandcomparingtwoofits

subcategories.

D.discussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolution.

16^ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryand

itsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearance

inthe1830'sthroughtheearly1890's.Meat-packers,the

authorargues,hadgoodwages,workingconditions,and

prospectsfromadvancementwithinthepackinghousesanddidnot

cooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationswereso

harmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswere

abovestandardfortheyear,thefrequencyoflabordisputes,

especiallyinthemid-1880,s,isnotaccountedforthework

ignoresthefactthatthe1880'swerecrucialyearsinAmerican

laborhistory,andthatthepackinghouseworkers'effortswere

partofthenationalmovementforlaborreform.

Infact,otherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenth

centuryrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseand

infantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunity,duetolow

wagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.Additionaldatafrom

theUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghouseswere

dangerousplacestowork.Thegovernmentinvestigation

commissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventually

ledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthe

packing-housesunsanitary,whilesocialworkersobservedthat

mostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandover-worked.

Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadate

fromthe1880'satthelatest,andtheinformationprovidedfrom

thatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactually

declinedinthe1880's,andcontinuedtodeclineafterthe

18g0's,duetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessanda

massiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.Thedeteriorationin

workerstatus,partlyaresultofthenewavailabilityof

unskilledandhencecheaplabor,isnotdiscussed.Thougha

detailedaccountofworkinthepackinghousesisattempted,the

authorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditions

ofskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswho

comprisedthemajorityoftheindustry'sworkersfromthe

IggO'son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguably

tolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkers

inthecomplicatedslaughtering,cutting,andpackingprocess

(thoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofwork

werefrequent),payandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched.

Theauthor'smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelings

themeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmay

accountforthehistory'sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideand

contentmenttheauthorremarksuponwere,arguably,lessthe

productsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers—thegiant

yardsandtheintricateplants一thanoftheunityandvibrancy

oftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunityon

Chicago'sSouthSide.Indeedthestrengthofthiscommunity

succeededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectively

confrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovidedits

livelihood.

Thequestionwhichisdiscussedinthepassageis

A.howhistoriansshouldexplaintheoriginsoftheconditions

intheChicagomeat-packingindustry.

B.whyitisdifficulttodeterminetheactualnatureofthe

conditionsintheChicagomeat-packingindustry.

C.whyaparticularaccountoftheconditionsintheChicago

meat-packingindustryisinaccurate.

D.whatshouldbeincludedinanyaccountoftheChicago

meat-packers'roleinthenationallabormovement.

17、

Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasdescribing

negativeconditionsinthemeat-packingindustry?

A.Arecenthistoryofthemeat-packingindustry.

B.Historicalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcentury.

C.Datafromsomeresearchers.

D.Workerswhousedtoworkinthemeat-packingindustry.

18、

Thesecondparagraphisusedto

A.presentevidencethatisintendedtorefutetheargument

ofthehistorydiscussed.

B.summarizethemainpointofthehistorydiscussedinthe

passage.

C.explainwhythehistorydiscussedinthepassagehasbeen

blamedbycritics.

D.introduceahypothesisthatwillbediscussedindetail

laterinthepassage.

19、

Theworkingconditionsofskilledworkersinthemeat-packing

industryduringthe1880'swereinfluencedby

A.theeffortsofsocialworkerstoimprovesanitationinthe

packinghouses.

B.improvementsintheindustry'spackingprocessthat

occurredinthe1880's.

C.theworkers'abilitytoperform,theindustry(scomplex

tasks.

D.theworkers,determinedcomplaintsabouttherateand

conditionsoftheirwork.

20、

Theauthormentionsthe“socialmovement(Lastparagraph)

generatedbyChicago,sSouthSidecommunityprimarilyinorder

to

A.inform,thereaderofeventsthatoccurredinthe

meat-packingindustry.

B.suggestthehistory，slimitationsbypointingouta

situationthatthehistoryfailedtoexplainadequately.

C.introduceanewissuedesignedtoelaborateonthegood

relationshipbetweenmeatpackersandChicago,sethnic

communities.

D.suggestthatthehistoryshouldhavefocusedmoreonthe

relationshipbetweenlabormovementandhealthyindustrial

communities.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalist

ofexamplesorheadings.Choosethemostsuitableonefromthe

listA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybe

certainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

Toresolveadisputemeanstoturnopposingpositionsintoa

singleoutcome.Thetwopartiesmaychoosetofocustheir

attentionononeormoreofthreebasicfactors.Theymayseek

to(1)reconciletheirinterests,(2)determinewhoisright,

and/or(3)determinewhoismorepowerful.

(41)Disagreementofinterests

Interestsareneeds,desires,concerns,fears—thethingsone

caresaboutorwants.Theypro-videthefoundationfora

person'soranorganization，spositioninadispute.Ina

dispute,notonlydotheinterestsofonepartynotcoincide

withthoseoftheotherparty,buttheyareinconflict.For

example,thedirectorofsalesforanelectronicscompanygets

intoadisputewiththedirectorofmanufacturingoverthe

numberofTVmodelstoproduce.

(42)Methodsofsettlingconflictinginterests

Reconcilingsuchinterestsisnoteasy.Itinvolvesprobingfor

deeplyrootedconcerns,devisingcreativesolutions,and

makingtrade-offsandcompromiseswhereinterestsareopposed.

Themostcommonprocedurefordoingthisisnegotiation,the

actofcommunicationintendedtoreachagreement.

(43)Theuseofnegotiationfordifferentdisputetypes

Bynomeansdoallnegotiations(ormediations)focuson

reconcilinginterests.Somenegotiationsfocusondetermining

whoisright,suchaswhentwolawyersargueaboutwhosecase

hasthegreatermerit.

(44)Handlingrights-baseddisputes

Thereareoftendifferent一andsometimes

contradictory—standardsthatapplytorights.Reaching

agreementonrights,wheretheoutcomewilldeterminewhogets

what,canoftenbesodifficultthatthepartiesfrequentlyturn

toathirdpartytodeterminewhoisright.Themosttypical

rightsprocedureisadjudication,inwhichdisputantspresent

evidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthe

powertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbyboth

disputants.(Inmediation,bycontrast,thethirdpartydoes

nothavethepowertodecidethedispute.)Publicadjudication

isprovidedbycourtsandadministrativeagencies.Private

adjudicationisprovidedbyarbitrators.

(45)Theroleofpowerinsettlingdisagreements

Athirdwaytoresolveadisputeisonthebasisofpower.We

definepower,somewhatnarrowly,astheabilitytopressure

someonetodosomethinghewouldnototherwisedo.

Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabor

andmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamily,the

questionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependent

ontheother.Ifacompanyneedstheemployees,workmorethan

employeesneedthecompany，spay,thecompanyismoredependent

andhencelesspowerful.Howdependentoneisturnsonhow

satisfactorythealternativesareforsatisfyingone's

interests.Thebetterthealternative,thelessdependentone

is.Ifitiseasierforthecompanytoreplacestriking

employeesthanitisforstrikingemployeestofindnewjobs,

thecompanyislessdependentandtherebymorepowerful.

Determiningwhoisthemorepowerfulpartywithoutadecisive

andpotentiallydestructivepowercontestisdifficultbecause

powerisultimatelyamatterofperceptions.

A.Anotherinterests-basedprocedureismediation,inwhicha

thirdpartyassiststhedisputants,thetwosidesinthedispute,

inreachingagreement.

B.Othernegotiationslocusondeterminingwhoismorepowerful,

suchaswhenquarrellingmeighboursornationsexchangethreats

andcounterthreats.Oftennegotiationsinvolveamixofall

three一someattemptstosatisfyinterests,some

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

BeforeDr.LutherL.Terry,thentheSurgeonGeneralofthe

UnitedStates,issuedhisoffice'sfirst“ReportonSmokingand

Health"morethan30yearsag