新教材適用2024版高考英語(yǔ)二輪總復(fù)習(xí)第2部分閱讀能力突破篇專題1閱讀理解第4講題型破解-主旨大意題

第二部分專題一第4講A(2023·河南省焦作市普通高中高三二模)Aninabilitytostandononelegfor10secondsinlaterlifeislinkedtonearlydoubletheriskofdeathfromanycausewithinthenextdecade,accordingtoanewstudy．Thesimplebalancetestmaybeusefultobeincludedinroutinephysicalexamsforpeopleinmiddleandoldage,theresearch,whichwaspublishedinBritishJournalofSportsMedicine,suggested．Whileagingleadstoadeclineinphysicalfitness,musclestrengthandflexibility,balancetendstobereasonablywell-preserveduntilaperson's50s,whenitstartstodeclinerelativelyrapidly,theresearchnoted．Previousresearchhaslinkedtheinabilitytostandononelegtoagreaterriskoffallsandtocognitivedecline．Thestudyinvolved1,702peopleaged51to75livinginBrazil,whowereaskedtobalanceunsupportedononelegduringaninitialcheck．Researcherstoldtheparticipantstoplacethefrontofthefreefootbehindthestandingleg,keeptheirarmsbytheirsidesandeyes．Fixedstraightahead．Uptothreeattemptsoneitherfootwerepermitted．Thestudyparticipantshadanaverageageof61andtwo-thirdsofthemweremen．Around1in5failedtobalanceononelegfor10secondsattheinitialcheckup．Researchersmonitoredtheparticipantsaftertheinitialcheckupforaperiodofsevenyears,duringwhich7%ofthepeopledied．Theproportion(比例)ofdeathsamongthosewhofailedthetest(17．5%)wassignificantlyhigherthandeathsamongthosewhowereabletobalancefor10seconds(4．5%)．Theresearchwasobservationalanddidn'trevealcauseandeffect．Thestudydidn'tlookatanypossiblebiologicalmechanismsthatmightexplainthelinkbetweenpoorbalanceandlongevity．Thestudynotedthat,overall,thosewhofailedthetestwereinpoorerhealth,withgreaterproportionofsufferingfromobesity,heartdiseaseandhighbloodpressure．Diabeteswasalsomorecommonamongthosewhofailedtocompletethetest．1．Whatdidtheparticipantstakeduringtheresearch？A．Visionexaminations．B．Medicalexaminations．C．Flexibilitytests．D．Balancetests．2．Howdidtheresearchersgetthefindings？A．Bycalculatingtheparticipantnumbers．B．Bycomparingtheparticipants'lifetime．C．Byidentifyingtheparticipants'diseases．D．Bymonitoringtheparticipants'pressure．3．Whatwastheresearch'sshortcoming？A．Ithadfewparticipants．B．Itdidn'tlastverylong．C．Itlackedin-depthstudy．D．Itwasthefirstresearchonbalance．4．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext？A．Balancedeterminesaperson'slifetimeB．ThebalancetestshouldbepromotedtopeopleC．TheabilitytostandononelegcanreflecthealthlevelsD．Beingabletostandfor10secondsmeansbeinghealthy【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究表明，單腳站立的能力可以反映出中老年人的健康水平。1．D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Thestudyinvolved1,702peopleaged51to75livinginBrazil,whowereaskedtobalanceunsupportedononelegduringaninitialcheck．(這項(xiàng)研究涉及了1,702名生活在巴西的51歲至75歲的人，他們被要求在最初的檢查中單腿保持平衡。)”可知，參與者們?cè)谶@項(xiàng)研究中做了平衡能力的測(cè)試。故選D。2．B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Researchersmonitoredtheparticipantsaftertheinitialcheckupforaperiodofsevenyears,duringwhich7%ofthepeopledied．Theproportion(比例)ofdeathsamongthosewhofailedthetest(17．5%)wassignificantlyhigherthandeathsamongthosewhowereabletobalancefor10seconds(4．5%)．(研究人員在最初的體檢后對(duì)參與者進(jìn)行了七年的監(jiān)測(cè)，在此期間，7%的人死亡，未通過(guò)測(cè)試者(17．5%)的死亡率明顯高于那些能夠保持10秒平衡的人(4．5%)。)”可知，研究者們通過(guò)對(duì)比參與者的壽命得出研究結(jié)論。故選B。3．C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“Theresearchwasobservationalanddidn'trevealcauseandeffect．Thestudydidn'tlookatanypossiblebiologicalmechanismsthatmightexplainthelinkbetweenpoorbalanceandlongevity．(這項(xiàng)研究是觀察性的，沒有揭示因果關(guān)系，這項(xiàng)研究沒有考察任何可能解釋平衡能力差與長(zhǎng)壽之間聯(lián)系的生物學(xué)機(jī)制。)”可知，這項(xiàng)研究欠缺深入的研究。故選C。4．C標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段“Aninabilitytostandononelegfor10secondsinlaterlifeislinkedtonearlydoubletheriskofdeathfromanycausewithinthenextdecade,accordingtoanewstudy．(根據(jù)一項(xiàng)新的研究，如果在晚年不能單腿站立10秒鐘，那么在未來(lái)10年內(nèi)因任何原因死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加近一倍。)”和最后一段“Thestudynotedthat,overall,thosewhofailedthetestwereinpoorerhealth,withgreaterproportionofsufferingfromobesity,heartdiseaseandhighbloodpressure．(研究指出，總體而言，未通過(guò)測(cè)試的人健康狀況較差，患有肥胖癥、心臟病和高血壓的比例更高。)”及全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要說(shuō)明了單腳站立的能力可以反映出一個(gè)人的健康狀況。故選C。B(2023·安徽省黃山市高三一模)Cimabue,thegreatestpainterinmedieval(中世紀(jì)的)Italy,wassurprisedonedaywhenhecamebackfromhislunchbreakanddiscoveredaflywasunderthenoseofacharacterhehadbeenworkingon．Sohereachedouttotouchtheinsect．Tohissurprise,hefoundonlywetpaint．Turningaround,hesawthathisapprentice(學(xué)徒),GiottodiBondone,wasdoingeverythinghecouldtokeepfromlaughing．GiottohadpaintedtheflywhenCimabuewasaway,anditlookedsorealthatCimabuehadbeencompletelyfooled．Giottowasbornintoapoorfarmingfamily．LegendhasitthatonedaywhenCimabuewaswalkingaroundthecountryside,hespottedayoungshepherd(牧羊人)boy．Theboywasnottendinghissheep．Instead,hewasdrawingpicturesofthem,andthesheephedrewweresolifelikethatCimabuestoppedtoasktheboyhisname．TheboyrepliedthatitwasGiotto,andCimabueimmediatelyaskedhimtocometoFlorencesothattheyoungshepherdcouldlearnhowtopaint．IntheMiddleAges,anartistnotonlyhadtoconcernhimselfwiththingslikedesignandtechnique,buthealsohadtolearnhowtomakepaints．Almostallartistsweremen,andtheybegantheirapprenticeshipsatanearlyage．Anapprentice'sjobwastocopyhismasterasexactlyashecould．Theunfortunateresultofthisimitation(模仿)wasalackofnewideas．Infact,artintheMiddleAgesremainedthesameforhundredsofyears．Thepeopleinpaintingsdidn'tlooklikerealpeople,andthesymbolismofartwasoftensoremotethatitmusthavebeendifficultforviewerstoconnectwithitonapersonallevel．Giottousedmanytechniquesthatwereuncommonatthetimetobringthepaintingstolifeforviewers．Hepaintedpeoplethewayhesawthem,insteadoftheoverlytallpeoplethatotherartistspainted．Hecreatedthree-dimensionalspacebyusingperspective,somethingthathadnotbeendonesinceRomantimes．Finally,hethrewoutpartsofthesymbolismassociatedwithmedievalpainting．5．WhydoestheauthormentiontheflyeventinParagraph1？A．ToindicateGiottodrewbetterthanCimabue．B．ToindicateGiottolikedmakingfunofothers．C．ToshowtheflypaintedbyGiottolookedreal．D．ToshowCimabuedislikedpaintingfliesverymuch．6．WhatwasGiottodoingwhenCimabuefirstmethimaccordingtolegend？A．Hewastakingawalk．B．Hewasfeedingsheep．C．Hewasplayingwithashepherdboy．D．Hewasdrawingpictures．7．Whatistypicalofmedievalartists？A．Lackingcreativity．B．Havinganunhappychildhood．C．Havingashortperiodofapprenticeship．D．Supportingthemselvesbymakingpaints．8．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout？A．Giotto'sstudyonmedievalpainting．B．Thecompetitionbetweenmedievalartists．C．Giotto'seffortstochangeartintheMiddleAges．D．ThemostpopularformsofpaintingintheMiddleAges．【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹的是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的著名畫家GiottodiBondone在繪畫中的天賦，他在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作方面的努力和取得的成就以及對(duì)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的影響。5．C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)首段“GiottohadpaintedtheflywhenCimabuewasaway,anditlookedsorealthatCimabuehadbeencompletelyfooled．(Giotto在Cimabue不在的時(shí)候畫了蒼蠅，它看起來(lái)如此真實(shí)，以至于Cimabue完全被愚弄了。)”可知，Giotto所畫的蒼蠅很逼真。故選C。6．D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theboywasnottendinghissheep．Instead,hewasdrawingpicturesofthem,andthesheephedrewweresolifelikethatCimabuestoppedtoasktheboyhisname．(男孩沒有照看羊。相反，他正在畫它們的畫，他畫的羊是如此逼真，以至于Cimabue停下來(lái)問(wèn)男孩他的名字。)”可知，Giotto在繪畫，而且所畫的羊栩栩如生。故選D。7．A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Almostallartistsweremen,andtheybegantheirapprenticeshipsatanearlyage．Anapprentice'sjobwastocopyhismasterasexactlyashecould．Theunfortunateresultofthisimitation(模仿)wasalackofnewideas．(幾乎所有的藝術(shù)家都是男性，他們從小就開始做學(xué)徒。徒弟的工作是盡可能地模仿他的師傅。這種模仿的不幸結(jié)果是缺乏新的想法。)”可知，在中世紀(jì)時(shí)期，很多藝術(shù)家從學(xué)徒開始模仿師傅的繪畫，最終缺乏新的想法，也就是沒有創(chuàng)新。故選A。8．C段落大意題。根據(jù)尾段“Giottousedmanytechniquesthatwereuncommonatthetimetobringthepaintingstolifeforviewers．Hepaintedpeoplethewayhesawthem,insteadoftheoverlytallpeoplethatotherartistspainted．Hecreatedthree-dimensionalspacebyusingperspective,somethingthathadnotbeendonesinceRomantimes．Finally,hethrewoutpartsofthesymbolismassociatedwithmedievalpainting．(Giotto使用了許多當(dāng)時(shí)不常見的技術(shù)，為觀眾帶來(lái)了栩栩如生的畫作。他按照他看到的方式畫人，而不是其他藝術(shù)家畫的過(guò)于高大的人。他通過(guò)使用透視創(chuàng)造了三維空間，這是自羅馬時(shí)代以來(lái)從未做過(guò)的事情。最后，他拋棄了與中世紀(jì)繪畫相關(guān)的部分象征意義。)”可知，Giotto在繪畫過(guò)程中，嘗試各種不常見的技術(shù)，所畫人物畫像與眾不同，創(chuàng)作三維透視法，以及摒棄了中世紀(jì)繪畫中的部分象征意義，所以最后一段主要是關(guān)于Giotto在改變中世紀(jì)繪畫藝術(shù)做出的努力。故選C。C(2023·遼寧省普通高中高三二模)DeepfakeVideosofTomCruiseRaiseConcernAseriesofdeepfakevideosofTomCruisehavegainedmorethan11millionviewsonTikTok．Thecreatorsaidheneverwantedtotrickpeople．Butsincehehas,he'shopingthesuddeninflux(涌入)ofattentioncanhelpbringgreaterawarenesstothecontinuedevolutionofthetechnologythatcancreateincrediblyrealisticfakevideosofpeople．“Theimportantthingis,wedidn'twanttofoolpeopleatanymoment，”ChrisUme,31,theBelgianvisualeffectsartistbehindthevisualdeepfake,saidinaninterview．“IfIcanhelpincreatingawareness,orevenworkondetectioninthefuture,Iwouldloveto．”Umecreatedthefourvideos,inwhichitappearedtoshowtheHollywoodstarplayinggolf,doingamagiccointrick,andfallingoverwhiletellingastory．Thevideoswentvisual,attractingattentiononTikTokandacrosstheInternet．Andthoughmostpeoplerealizedquicklythatthevideoswerefake,evenexpertswereimpressedbytheirquality．“Myfirstthoughtwasthey'reincrediblywelldone，”saiddigitalimageexpertHanyFarid,whoisaprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andspecializesinimageanalysis．“Theyarefunny,andthey'reclever．”Buttheyalsoofferawarning:Deepfaketechnologythathasemergedinrecentyearscontinuestoevolveandimprove．Andwhiledeepfakevideoshavenotyetbeeneffectivelyusedinmanymisinformation(虛假消息)campaigns,thedangerisgrowing．“Intheearlydays,youcouldseethepotential,butitwasn'tevenclosetobeingthere，”Faridsaid．“Butthisfelttomelikeitwasarealstep,likewejusttookabigstepforwardinthedevelopmentofthistechnology．”Synthetic(合成的)digitalcontent,otherwiseknownasadeepfake,canincludeanythingfromanimageorvideoinwhichonepersonorobjectisvisuallyoraudiblymanipulated(操縱)tosayanddosomethingthatisfabricated(偽造)．AlthoughUmeusedsophisticatedvisualeffectsediting,advancementsindigitaleditingthroughsmartphoneappssuchasReface,FacetuneandevenSnapchathavemadetechniqueslikeface-swapping(換臉)andimagealteringeasierandcouldcauseseriousconsequences,expertssay．9．Whatdoesthecreatorintendtodoaccordingtothetext？A．Toattractmoreattention．B．Toearnmuchmoremoney．C．Toplayatrickonpeople．D．Toshowtechnologicalprogress．10．WhatdoesthewordunderlinedinPara．7referto？A．Thedangerisincreasing．B．Thetechnologyisdeveloping．C．Thedeepfakevideosarespreadingwidely．D．Thedeepfakevideosareeffectivelyused．11．What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardthedeepfakevideos？A．Negative． B．Optimistic．C．Objective． D．Pessimistic．12．What'sthemainideaofthetext？A．Thedeepfakevideosarepopular．B．Thedeepfakevideosraiseconcern．C．Thedeepfakevideosshouldbestopped．D．Thedeepfaketechnologyisadvancing．【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。講述了深度偽造的關(guān)于湯姆·克魯斯的視頻獲得了許多關(guān)注，并進(jìn)而介紹了關(guān)于這項(xiàng)深度偽造技術(shù)的看法。9．D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Thecreatorsaidheneverwantedtotrickpeople．Butsincehehas,he'shopingthesuddeninflux(涌入)ofattentioncanhelpbringgreaterawarenesstothecontinuedevolutionofthetechnologythatcancreateincrediblyrealisticfakevideosofpeople．(創(chuàng)作者說(shuō)他從不想欺騙別人。但既然他做到了，他希望突然涌入的注意力有助于提高人們對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的持續(xù)發(fā)展的認(rèn)識(shí)，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以創(chuàng)造出關(guān)于人的令人難以置信的逼真的假視頻。)”可知，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的創(chuàng)造者通過(guò)這些視頻想讓人們意識(shí)到技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。故選D。10．A詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第六段“Buttheyalsoofferawarning:Deepfaketechnologythathasemergedinrecentyearscontinuestoevolveandimprove．Andwhiledeepfakevideoshavenotyetbeeneffectivelyusedinmanymisinformation(虛假消息)campaigns,thedangerisgrowing．(但它們也發(fā)出了警告：近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)的深度偽造技術(shù)仍在不斷發(fā)展和改進(jìn)。盡管深度偽造視頻尚未被有效地用于許多虛假消息活動(dòng)中，但危險(xiǎn)越來(lái)越大。)”可知，偽造技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展和改進(jìn)，其危險(xiǎn)越來(lái)越大。第七段應(yīng)承接上文，“Intheearlydays,youcouldseethepotential”進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明這種危險(xiǎn)的真實(shí)性，其在早些時(shí)候已經(jīng)初見端倪。potential意為“可能性”，此處表示深度偽造技術(shù)產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的可能性。故選A。11．C觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。通讀全文可知，本文講述了深度偽造的關(guān)于湯姆·克魯斯的視頻獲得了許多關(guān)注。根據(jù)第一段“Thecreatorsaid”，第二段“ChrisUme,31,theBelgianvisualeffectsartistbehindthevisualdeepfake,saidinaninterview”，第五段“saiddigitalimageexpertHanyFarid”及最后一段“expertssay”等可知，在介紹與深度偽造視頻有關(guān)的事情時(shí)，作者主要引用創(chuàng)造者和專家的看法，全文并沒有作者直接表明的觀點(diǎn)，都是客觀陳述其他人的觀點(diǎn)，所以作者對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的看法是客觀的。故選C。12．B文章大意題。通讀全文主要講述的是深度偽造視頻引發(fā)了關(guān)注，B項(xiàng)符合題意。故選B。D(2023·湖南省部分名校聯(lián)盟高三沖刺壓軸大聯(lián)考)There'snosingleknowncauseforautism(自閉癥),butresearchersnowpointthefingerathigherlithium(鋰)levelsindrinkingwater．TheirnewstudyfoundthatpregnantwomeninDenmarkwhosehouseholdtapwaterhadhigherlevelsoflithiumweremorelikelytohavekidswithautism,comparedtopregnantwomenlivinginareaswheretapwaterhadlowerlevelsofthiselement．“Maternalprenatal(妊娠期)exposuretolithiumfromnaturallyoccurringdrinkingwatersourcesinDenmarkwasassociatedwithanincreasedautismspectrumdisorderriskintheoffspring，”saidstudyauthorDr．BeateRitz,aprofessorofneurology．“Thissuggestsapotentialfetalneurotoxicity(神經(jīng)毒性)oflithiumexposurefromdrinkingwaterthatneedstobefurtherinvestigated．”Forthislateststudy,researchersanalyzedlithiumlevelsfromabouthalfofthecountry'swatersupply．Whentheinvestigatorscomparedchildrenwithautismtothosewithoutthisdevelopmentaldisorder,theyfoundthatwhenlithiumlevelsincreased,sodidtheriskofautism．Kidsborntomomswholivedinareaswiththehighestlithiumlevelsinthewaterwere46%morelikelytobediagnosedwithautismthanthoseborninareaswiththelowestamountoflithiumindrinkingwater,thestudyshowed．Lithiumlevelsincreasedtheriskforalltypesofautisminthisstudy．Lithiumleachesintodrinkingwaterfromsoilandrocks,buttheselevelscouldriseinthefuturefromwasteinlithiumbatteries．Whilemoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthisassociation,Ritzsuggestedusingfilteredwaterandtestingitforlithiumlevelswhilepregnant．Bottledwaterisn'tnecessarilytheanswer．“Alotofbottledwaterisnottestedeither，”shesaid．“Somebottledwaterisjustfilledupfromregulardrinkingwatersources．”Dr．MaxWiznitzer,directoroftheRainbowAutismCenter,urgedcautionbeforejumpingtoconclusions,though．“It'saninterestingassociation,butcausationisdefinitelynotproven，”WiznitzertoldCNN．“Wehavetoseeifthere'saworkableandbiologicallyplausible(似乎合理的)mechanismbywhichasmallamountoflithiuminthewatersupplycansomehowdothis,yetpharmacologic(藥理學(xué))dosingoflithiuminwomenwithbipolardisorderhasnotbeenreportedtobecausingincreasedriskofASD(AutismSpectrumDisorder)．”13．WhatmightcausewomeninDenmarktohavekidswithautism？A．Lowerlevelsoflithiumintapwater．B．Higherlithiumlevelsindrinkingwater．C．Maternalprenatalexposuretoneurotoxicity．D．Naturallyoccurringdrinkingwatersources．14．WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3toParagraph5？A．Theriskofautismdeclinedwithlithiumlevelsincreasing．B．Lithiumindrinkingwatermainlycamefromlithiumbatteries．C．Kidswere46%morelikelytobediagnosedwithautismthanmoms．D．Bottledwatercouldnotbealwayssafelyusedforitslackoffilteringandtesting．15．WhatisMaxWiznitzer'sattitudetowardsthefindings？A．Favourable． B．Shocked．C．Cautious． D．Indifferent．16．Whichcanbethebe