智能交通信號控制中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

智能交通信號控制中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)智能交通信號控制中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：IntelligentTrafficSignalControlUsingWirelessSensorNetworksVignesh.ViswanathanandVigneshwar.SanthanamAbstract:Thegrowingvehiclepopulationinalldevelopinganddevelopedcountriescallsforamajorchangeintheexistingtrafficsignalingsystems.Themostwidelyusedautomatedsystemusessimpletimerbasedoperationwhichisinefficientfornon-uniformtraffic.Advancedautomatedsystemsintestinguseimageprocessingtechniquesoradvancedcommunicationsystemsinvehiclestocommunicatewithsignalsandaskforrouting.Thismightnotbeimplementableindevelopingcountriesastheyprovetobecomplexandexpensive.Theconceptproposedinthispaperinvolvesuseofwirelesssensornetworkstosensepresenceoftrafficnearjunctionsandhenceroutethetrafficbasedontrafficdensityinthedesireddirection.Thissystemdoesnotrequireanysysteminvehiclessocanbeimplementedinanytrafficsystemeasily.Thissystemuseswirelesssensornetworkstechnologytosensevehiclesandamicrocontrollerbasedroutingalgorithmfortrafficmanagement.Keywords:Intelligenttrafficsignals,intelligentrouting,smartsignals,wirelesssensornetworks.I.INTRODUCTIONThetrafficdensityisescalatingatanalarmingrateindevelopingcountrieswhichcallsfortheneedofintelligenttrafficsignalstoreplacetheconventionalmanualandtimerbasedsystems.Experimentalsystemsinexistenceinvolveimageprocessingbaseddensityidentificationforroutingoftrafficwhichmightbeinefficientinsituationslikefog,rainordust.TheotherconceptualsystemwhichisbasedoninteractionofvehicleswithtrafficsignalsandeachotherrequirehardwaremodificationoneachvehicleandcannotbepracticallyimplementedincountrieslikeIndiawhichhavealmost100millionvehiclesonroad[1].Thesystemproposedhereinvolveslocalizedtrafficroutingforeachintersectionbasedonwirelesssensornetworks.Theproposedsystemhasacentralcontrollerateveryjunctionwhichreceivesdatafromtinywirelesssensornodesplacedontheroad.Thesensornodeshavesensorsthatcandetectthepresenceofvehicleandthetransmitterwirelesslytransmitsthetrafficdensitytothecentralcontroller.Thecontrollermakesuseoftheproposedalgorithmtofindwaystoregulatetrafficefficiently.II.THENEEDFORANALTERNATESYSTEMThemostprevalenttrafficsignalingsystemindevelopingcountriesisthetimerbasedsystem.Thissysteminvolvesapredefinedtimesettingforeachroadatanintersection.Whilethismightproveeffectiveforlighttraffic,heavytrafficrequiresanadaptivesystemthatwillworkbasedonthedensityoftrafficoneachroad.Thefirstsystemproposedforadaptivesignalingwasbasedondigitalimageprocessingtechniques.Thissystemworksbasedonthecapturedvisualinputfromtheroadsandprocessingthemtofindwhichroadhasdensetraffic.Thissystemfailsduringenvironmentalinteractionlikerainorfog.Alsothissystemintestingdoesnotproveefficient.TheadvancedsystemintestingatPittsburgh[2]involvessignalscommunicatingwitheachotherandalsowiththevehicles.Theproposedsystemdoesnotrequireanetworkbetweensignalsandvehiclesandisastandalonesystemateachintersection.III.THEPROPOSEDSYSTEMThispaperpresentstheconceptofintelligenttrafficroutingusingwirelesssensornetworks.Theprimaryelementsofthissystemarethesensornodesormotesconsistingofsensorsandatransmitter.Thesensorsinteractwiththephysicalenvironmentwhilethetransmitterpagesthesensor’sdatatothecentralcontroller.Thissysteminvolvesthe4x2arrayofsensornodesineachroad.Thissignifies4levelsoftrafficand2lanesineachroad.ThesensorsareultrasonicorIRbasedopticalsensorswhichtransmitsstatusbasedonpresenceofvehiclenearit.ThesensornodestransmitatspecifiedtimeintervalsviaZigBeeprotocoltothecentralcontrollerplacedateveryintersection.Thecontrollerreceivesthesignalandcomputeswhichroadandwhichlanehastobegivengreensignalbasedonthedensityoftraffic.Thecontrollermakesuseofthediscussedalgorithmtoperformtheintelligenttrafficrouting.IV.COMPONENTSINVOLVEDINTHESYSTEMTheproposedsysteminvolveswirelesssensornetworkswhicharecomprisedofthreebasiccomponents:thesensornodesormotes,powersourceandacentralcontroller.ThemotesinturnarecomprisedofSensorsandtransceivermodule.Thesensorssensethevehiclesatintersectionsandtransceivertransmitthesensor’sdatatothecentralcontrollerthroughawirelessmedium.ThePowersourceprovidesthepowerneededforthesensornodesandismostlyregenerative.Thecentralcontrollerperformsallthecomputationsforthesensornetworks.Thecontrollerreceivestheinputfromallsensorsandprocessessimultaneouslytomaketherequireddecisions.A.SensorsSensorsarehardwaredevicesthatproduceameasurableresponsetoachangeinaphysicalconditionliketemperatureorpressure.Sensorsmeasurephysicaldataoftheparametertobemonitored.Thecontinualanalogsignalproducedbythesensorsisdigitizedbyananalog-to-digitalconverterandsenttocontrollersforfurtherprocessing.Asensornodeshouldbesmallinsize,consumeextremelylowenergy,operateinhighvolumetricdensities,beautonomousandoperateunattended,andbeadaptivetotheenvironment.Aswirelesssensornodesaretypicallyverysmallelectronicdevices,theycanonlybeequippedwithalimitedpowersourceoflessthan0.5-2ampere-hourand1.2-3.7volts.Sensorsareclassifiedintothreecategories:passiveOmni-directionalsensors;passivenarrow-beamsensors;andactivesensors[3].Thesensorsareimplementedinthissystemplacedbeneaththeroadsinanintersectionoronthelanedividersoneachroad.Thesensorsareactiveobstacledetectorsthatdetectthepresenceofvehiclesintheirvicinity.ThesensorsaresetinfourlevelsoneachroadsignifyingfourlevelsoftrafficfromstartingfromtheSTOPline.Thefourthlevelindicateshighdensitytrafficandsignifieshigherpriorityfortheroadtothecontroller.ThesensorsrequiredforobstacledetectioncanbeeitherultrasonicorInfraredLASERbasedsensorsforbetterhigherefficiency.B.MotesAmote,alsoknownasasensornodeisanodeinawirelesssensornetworkthatiscapableofperformingsomeprocessing,gatheringsensoryinformationandcommunicatingwithotherconnectednodesinthenetwork.Themaincomponentsofasensornodeareamicrocontroller,transceiver,externalmemory,powersourceandoneormoresensors[3].Fig.1BlockDiagramofaMoteC.NeedforMotesTheprimaryresponsibilityofaMoteistocollectinformationfromthevariousdistributedsensorsinanyareaandtotransmitthecollectedinformationtothecentralcontrollerforprocessing.AnytypeofsensorscanbeincorporatedwiththeseMotesbasedontherequirements.Itisacompletelynewparadigmfordistributedsensinganditopensupafascinatingnewwaytolookatsensornetworks.D.AdvantagesofMotesThecoreofamoteisasmall,low-cost,low-powercontroller.Thecontrollermonitorsoneormoresensors.Itiseasytointerfaceallsortsofsensors,includingsensorsfortemperature,light,sound,position,acceleration,vibration,stress,weight,pressure,humidity,etc.withthemote.Thecontrollerconnectstothecentralcontrollerwitharadiolink.Themostcommonradiolinksallowamotetotransmitatadistanceofabout3to61meters.Powerconsumption,sizeandcostarethebarrierstolongerdistances.Sinceafundamentalconceptwithmotesistinysizeandassociatedtinycost,smallandlow-powerradiosarenormal.Asmotesshrinkinsizeandpowerconsumption,itispossibletoimaginesolarpowerorevensomethingexoticlikevibrationpowertokeepthemrunning.Itishardtoimaginesomethingassmallandinnocuousasamotesparkingarevolution,butthat'sexactlywhattheyhavedone.Motesarealsoeasytoprogram,eitherbyusingserialorEthernetcabletoconnecttotheprogrammingboardorbyusingOvertheAirProgramming(OTAP).Fig.2BlockDiagramoftheProposedSystemE.TransceiversSensornodesoftenmakeuseofISMband,whichgivesfreeradio,spectrumallocationandglobalavailability.Thepossiblechoicesofwirelesstransmissionmediaareradiofrequency(RF),opticalcommunicationandinfrared.Lasersrequirelessenergy,butneedline-of-sightforcommunicationandaresensitivetoatmosphericconditions.Infrared,likelasers,needsnoantennabutitislimitedinitsbroadcastingcapacity.Radiofrequency-basedcommunicationisthemostrelevantthatfitsmostoftheWSNapplications.WSNstendtouselicense-freecommunicationfrequencies:173,433,868,and915MHz;and2.4GHz.Thefunctionalityofbothtransmitterandreceiverarecombinedintoasingledeviceknownasatransceiver[3].Tobringaboutuniquenessintransmittingandreceivingtoanyparticulardevicevariousprotocols/algorithmsaredevised.TheMotesareoftenareoftenprovidedwithpowerfultransmittersandreceiverscollectivelyknownastransceiversforbetterlongrangeoperationandalsotoachievebetterqualityoftransmission/receptioninanyenvironmentalconditions.F.PowerSourceThesensornodeconsumespowerforsensing,communicatinganddataprocessing.Moreenergyisrequiredfordatacommunicationthananyotherprocess.Powerisstoredeitherinbatteriesorcapacitors.Batteries,bothrechargeableandnon-rechargeable,arethemainsourceofpowersupplyforsensornodes.Currentsensorsareabletorenewtheirenergyfromsolarsources,temperaturedifferences,orvibration.TwopowersavingpoliciesusedareDynamicPowerManagement(DPM)andDynamicVoltageScaling(DVS).DPMconservespowerbyshuttingdownpartsofthesensornodewhicharenotcurrentlyusedoractive.ADVSschemevariesthepowerlevelswithinthesensornodedependingonthenon-deterministicworkload.Byvaryingthevoltagealongwiththefrequency,itispossibletoobtainquadraticreductioninpowerconsumption.G.TmoteSkyTmoteSkyisanultralowpowerwirelessmoduleforuseinsensornetworks,monitoringapplications,andrapidapplicationprototyping.TmoteSkyleveragesindustrystandardslikeUSBandIEEE802.15.4tointeroperateseamlesslywithotherdevices.Byusingindustrystandards,integratinghumidity,temperature,andlightsensors,andprovidingflexibleinterconnectionwithperipherals,TmoteSkyenablesawiderangeofmeshnetworkapplications[4].TheTMoteisoneofthemostcommonlyusedmotesinwirelesssensortechnology.Anytypeofsensorcanbeusedincombinationwiththistypeofmote.TmoteSkyfeaturestheChipconCC2420radioforwirelesscommunications.TheCC2420isanIEEE802.15.4compliantradioprovidingthePHYandsomeMACfunctions[5].WithsensitivityexceedingtheIEEE802.15.4specificationandlowpoweroperation,theCC2420providesreliablewirelesscommunication.TheCC2420ishighlyconfigurableformanyapplicationswiththedefaultradiosettingsprovidingIEEE802.15.4compliance.ZigBeespecificationscanbeimplementedusingthebuilt-inwirelesstransmitterintheTmoteSky.Fig.3TmoteSkyH.TmoteKeyFeatures?250kbps2.4GHzIEEE802.15.4ChipconWirelessTransceiver?InteroperabilitywithotherIEEE802.15.4devices.?8MHzTexasInstrumentsMSP430microcontroller(10kRAM,48kFlashMemory)?IntegratedADC,DAC,SupplyVoltageSupervisor,andDMAController?Integratedonboardantennawith50mrangeindoors/125mrangeoutdoors?IntegratedHumidity,Temperature,andLightsensors?Ultralowcurrentconsumption?Fastwakeupfromsleep(<6μs)?Hardwarelink-layerencryptionandauthentication?ProgramminganddatacollectionviaUSB?16-pinexpansionsupportandoptionalSMAantennaconnector?TinyOSsupport:meshnetworkingandcommunicationimplementation?ComplieswithFCCPart15andIndustryCanadaregulations?Environmentallyfriendly–complieswithRoHSregulations[4].I.ZigBeeWirelessTechnologyZigBeeisaspecificationforasuiteofhighlevelcommunicationprotocolsusingsmall,low-powerdigitalradiosbasedonanIEEE802.15.4standardforpersonalareanetworks[6][7].ZigBeedevicesareoftenusedinmeshnetworkformtotransmitdataoverlongerdistances,passingdatathroughintermediatedevicestoreachmoredistantones.ThisallowsZigBeenetworkstobeformedad-hoc,withnocentralizedcontrolorhigh-powertransmitter/receiverabletoreachallofthedevices.AnyZigBeedevicecanbetaskedwithrunningthenetwork.ZigBeeistargetedatapplicationsthatrequirealowdatarate,longbatterylife,andsecurenetworking.ZigBeehasadefinedrateof250kbps,bestsuitedforperiodicorintermittentdataorasinglesignaltransmissionfromasensororinputdevice.Applicationsincludewirelesslightswitches,electricalmeterswithin-home-displays,trafficmanagementsystems,andotherconsumerandindustrialequipmentthatrequiresshort-rangewirelesstransferofdataatrelativelylowrates.ThetechnologydefinedbytheZigBeespecificationisintendedtobesimplerandlessexpensivethanotherWPANs,suchasBluetooth.J.TypesofZigBeeDevicesZigBeedevicesareofthreetypes:ZigBeeCoordinator(ZC):Themostcapabledevice,theCoordinatorformstherootofthenetworktreeandmightbridgetoothernetworks.ThereisexactlyoneZigBeeCoordinatorineachnetworksinceitisthedevicethatstartedthenetworkoriginally.Itstoresinformationaboutthenetwork,includingactingastheTrustCenter&repositoryforsecuritykeys.TheZigBeeCoordinatorthecentralcontrollerisinthissystem.ZigBeeRouter(ZR):Inadditiontorunninganapplicationfunction,adevicecanactasanintermediaterouter,passingondatafromotherdevices.ZigBeeEndDevice(ZED):Itcontainsjustenoughfunctionalitytotalktotheparentnode.Itcannotrelaydatafromotherdevices.Thisrelationshipallowsthenodetobeasleepasignificantamountofthetimetherebygivinglongbatterylife.AZEDrequirestheleastamountofmemory,andthereforecanbelessexpensivetomanufacturethanaZRorZC.K.ZigBeeProtocolsTheprotocolsbuildonrecentalgorithmicresearchtoautomaticallyconstructalow-speedad-hocnetworkofnodes.Inmostlargenetworkinstances,thenetworkwillbeaclusterofclusters.Itcanalsoformameshorasinglecluster.ThecurrentZigBeeprotocolssupportbeaconandnon-beaconenablednetworks.Innon-beacon-enablednetworks,anun-slottedCSMA/CAchannelaccessmechanismisused.Inthistypeofnetwork,ZigBeeRouterstypicallyhavetheirreceiverscontinuouslyactive,requiringamorerobustpowersupply.However,thisallowsforheterogeneousnetworksinwhichsomedevicesreceivecontinuously,whileothersonlytransmitwhenanexternalstimulusisdetected.Inbeacon-enablednetworks,thespecialnetworknodescalledZigBeeRouterstransmitperiodicbeaconstoconfirmtheirpresencetoothernetworknodes.Nodesmaysleepbetweenbeacons,thusloweringtheirdutycycleandextendingtheirbatterylife.Beaconintervalsdependondatarate;theymayrangefrom15.36msto251.65824sat250kbps.Ingeneral,theZigBeeprotocolsminimizethetimetheradioison,soastoreducepoweruse.Inbeaconingnetworks,nodesonlyneedtobeactivewhileabeaconisbeingtransmitted.Innon-beacon-enablednetworks,powerconsumptionisdecidedlyasymmetrical:somedevicesarealwaysactive,whileothersspendmostoftheirtimesleeping.V.PROPOSEDALGORITHMA.BasicAlgorithmConsideraleftsidedrivingsystem(followedinUK,Australia,India,Malaysiaand72othercountries).Thissystemcanbemodifiedforrightsidedrivingsystem(USA,Canada,UAE,Russiaetc.)quiteeasily.Alsoconsiderajunctionoffourroadsnumberedasnode1,2,3and4respectively.Trafficflowsfromeachnodetothreeothernodeswithvarieddensities.Considerroad1nowgivengreensignalinalldirections.Fig.4IntersectionUnderConsideration1)Freeleftturnforallroads(freerightforrightsidedrivingsystem).2)Checkdensitiesatallothernodesandretrievedatafromstripsensors.3)Comparethedataandcomputethehighestdensity.4)Allowthenodewithhighestdensityfor60sec.5)Allowednodewaitsfor1timeslotforitsturnagainandtheprocessisrepeatedfromstep3.B.AdvancedAlgorithmAssumeroadthreeiscurrentlygivengreentoalldirections.Allleftturnsarealwaysfree.Nosignals/sensorsforleftlane.Eachroadisgivenatimeslotofmaximum60secondsatatime.Thistimecanbevarieddependingonthesituationofimplementation.Consider4levelsofsensorsAx,Bx,Cx,DxwithAhavinghighestpriorityandxrepresentingroads1to4.Alsoconsider3lanesoftraffic:Left(L),Middle(M)andRight(R)correspondingtothedirectionoftraffic.Sinceleftturnisfree,Leftlanesdonotrequiresensors.Sosensorsform4x2arrayswith4levelsoftrafficand2lanesandarenamedMAx,RAx,MBx,RBxandsoonandtotally32sensorsareemployed.Thefollowingflowrepresentsthesequenceofoperationdonebythesignal.1)Eachsensortransmitsthestatusperiodicallytothecontroller.2)Controllerreceivesthesignalsandcomputesthefollowing3)ThesensorsAxfromeachroadhavinghighestpriorityarecompared.4)IfasingleroadhastraffictillAx,itisgivengreensignalinthenexttimeslot.5)IfmultipleroadshavetraffictillAx,theroadwaitingforthelongestdurationisgiventhegreen.6)Oncearoadisgivengreen,itswaitingtimeisresetanditssensorstatusisneglectedforthattimeslot7)Iftrafficinmiddlelane,greenisgivenforstraightdirection,basedontraffic,eitherrightsideneighborisgivengreenforrightdirection,ofoppositeroadisgivegreenforstraightdirection.8)Iftrafficinrightlane,greenisgivenforright,andbasedontraffic,leftsideneighborisgivengreenforstraightoroppositeisgivengreenforright.9)Similarsmartdecisionsareincorporatedinthesignalbasedontrafficdensityanddirectionaltrafficcanbecontrolled.C.ImplementationandRestrictionsThissystemcanbeimplementedbyjustplacingthesensornodesbeneaththeroadoronlanedividerandinterfacingthecentralcontrollertotheexistingsignallightsandconnectingthesensornodestothecontrollerviatheproposedwirelessprotocol.Theonlyrestrictionforimplementingthesystemistakingthepedestriansintoconsideration.Thishastobevisualizedforjunctionswithheavytrafficsuchashighwayintersectionsandamountofpedestriansisveryless.Alsomajorintersectionshaveundergroundoroverheadfootpathstoavoidinteractionofpedestrianswithheavytraffic.VI.CONCLUSIONTheaboveproposedsystemforautomatedtrafficsignalroutingusingWirelessSensorNetworksisadvantageoustomanyexistingsystems.Thewirelesssensorsnodescreateastandalonesystemateachintersectionmakingiteasytoimplementintheintersectionshavingheavydensityofvehicles.Itisalsocostinexpensiveanddoesnotrequireanysysteminthevehiclesmakingitmorepracticalthanexistingsystems.Theuseofvarioussystemsofsensornodescanbealteredbasedontherequirementandanytypeofsensorcanbeusedbasedonthefeasibilityofthelocation.ACKNOWLEDGMENTTheAuthorswouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankMs.P.Sasikala,AssistantProfessor,ECEdepartment,SriVenkateswaraCollegeofEngineering,Sriperumbudur,whogavethebasicinsightintothefieldofWirelessSensorNetworks.WealsothankMrs.G.Padmavathi,AssociateProfessor,ECEdepartment,SriVenkateswaraCollegeofEngineering,Sriperumbudur,whowithherexpertiseinthefieldofnetworksadvisedandguidedonpracticalityoftheconceptandprovidedhelpfulideasforfuturemodifications.WealsoexpressourgratitudetoDr.S.GaneshVaidyanathan,HeadofthedepartmentofECE,SriVenkateswaraCollegeofEngineering,Sriperumbudur,whosupportsusforeveryinnovativeprojectandencouragesus“thinkbeyond”forbetteruseoftechnology.AndfinallyweexpressourheartfilledgratitudetoSriVenkateswaraCollegeofEngineering,whichhasbeentheknowledgehouseforoureducationandintroducedustothefieldofEngineeringandsupportsusforworkingonvariousacademicprojects.基于無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的智能交通信號控制摘要：在所有發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家，不斷增長的汽車數(shù)量將促使現(xiàn)有的交通信號系統(tǒng)發(fā)生重大變革。對于無規(guī)律的復(fù)雜交通，那些通常使用基于操作系統(tǒng)的簡單定時器的自動化系統(tǒng)是低效的。先進(jìn)的自動化系統(tǒng)在車輛信號進(jìn)行通信，并要求路由測試中使用圖像處理技術(shù)和先進(jìn)的通訊系統(tǒng)。在發(fā)展中國家實現(xiàn)這些技術(shù)，這可能是不可行的，因為實現(xiàn)這些技術(shù)的過程很復(fù)雜，而且費用昂貴。在本文提出的概念涉及利用無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)去感應(yīng)交叉路口附近的交通情況，因此依據(jù)交通流量密度規(guī)劃出所需要的交通路線。這個系統(tǒng)不需要交通工具搭載任何系統(tǒng)，可以在交通系統(tǒng)中很容易地實現(xiàn)。該系統(tǒng)采用無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)來感應(yīng)車輛和基于路由算法的微控制器，從而進(jìn)行交通管理。關(guān)鍵字：智能交通信號，智能路由，智能信號，無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。1、引言在發(fā)展中國家中，運輸量密度層次不斷升級到警告層次，這些原因促使了對智能交通信號的需求，從而取代傳統(tǒng)手工方式和基于定時器的交通系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)有的實驗系統(tǒng)包括了基于密度識別的圖像處理，而在像霧、雨或沙塵的情況下規(guī)劃路徑是低效的。其它概念系統(tǒng)根據(jù)車輛的交通信號和還需要對各車輛硬件修改，這種系統(tǒng)在像印度這樣的國家是不可行的，他們幾乎有近100萬輛汽車在路上[1]。這里提出的系統(tǒng)包括對每一個節(jié)點進(jìn)行本地化的交通規(guī)劃，這些都是基于無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該系統(tǒng)在每一個接合點具有一個中央處理器來接收數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)來自安置在路上的微型無線傳感網(wǎng)節(jié)點。傳感器節(jié)點可以檢測車輛的存在和無線發(fā)送的運輸量密度到中央控制器。該控制器利用算法可以有效地疏導(dǎo)交通。2、一個備用系統(tǒng)的必要性最普遍的交通信號系統(tǒng)在發(fā)展中國家是基于定時器系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)包括一個預(yù)定義的時間設(shè)定為每路交叉口。雖然這可能是有效的交通,擁擠的交通需要一個自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng),將基于每個路上交通的密度。提出了自適應(yīng)信號的第一個系統(tǒng)是基于數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)?；诘缆凡东@的視覺輸入該系統(tǒng)的工作原理和處理他們找到哪條路有密集的交通。像雨或霧環(huán)境的相互作用在這個系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障。同時該系統(tǒng)在測試中并不能證明有效。在匹茲堡的先進(jìn)系統(tǒng)中的測試[2]涉及信號彼此，也與車輛進(jìn)行通信。所提出的系統(tǒng)不需要的信號和車輛之間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且是一個獨立的系統(tǒng)在每個交叉點。3、所提到的系統(tǒng)本文介紹了利用無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的智能交通路由的概念。這個系統(tǒng)的主要元件是傳感器節(jié)點組成的傳感器和發(fā)射器。傳感器與物理環(huán)境相互作用而發(fā)射的網(wǎng)頁傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到中央控制器。該系統(tǒng)涉及到4×2陣列的傳感器節(jié)點中的每個道路。這標(biāo)志著4個級別的交通和2通道的每條道路。該傳感器是其中根據(jù)車輛的存在靠近其發(fā)送狀態(tài)基于超聲波或紅外光傳感器。傳感器節(jié)點在規(guī)定的時間間隔經(jīng)由ZigBee協(xié)議發(fā)送到中央控制器放置在每個交叉點。控制器接收到的信號和計算機(jī)哪一條路，哪些車道具有基于交通的密度應(yīng)給予綠色信號。該控制器利用了討論的算法來執(zhí)行智能交通路由。建議系統(tǒng)涉及這是由三個基本部分組成的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳感器節(jié)點或塵埃，電源和一個中央控制器。反過來，微塵是由傳感器和收發(fā)器模塊。傳感器感測所述車輛在交叉路口和收發(fā)器通過無線介質(zhì)發(fā)送所述傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到中央控制器。該電源提供所需的傳感器節(jié)點的功率和大多再生。中央控制器執(zhí)行所有的計算為傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。控制器接收輸入同時從所有傳感器和流程，以進(jìn)行必要的決定。參與系統(tǒng)組件該系統(tǒng)涉及到的無線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)包含了三個基本組成部分：傳感節(jié)點，電源模塊和中央處理器。而傳感節(jié)點包括了傳感器和無線電收發(fā)機(jī)模塊。傳感器可以感應(yīng)在節(jié)點上的車輛，而無線電收發(fā)機(jī)通過無線媒介發(fā)送傳感器器數(shù)據(jù)到中央處理器。電源模塊為傳感節(jié)點提供電源，同時電源模塊也是可再生的。中央處理器對傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行所有的計算。該控制器從所有的傳感器接收輸入信號和自發(fā)地處理所要求的決議。傳感器傳感器是產(chǎn)生如溫度或壓力的物理狀況變化的可測量的響應(yīng)硬件設(shè)備。傳感器測量物理數(shù)據(jù)的參數(shù)將被監(jiān)控。傳感器所產(chǎn)生的連續(xù)的模擬信號由模擬-數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器數(shù)字化并傳送到控制器，用于進(jìn)一步的處理。傳感器節(jié)點應(yīng)該是體積小、消耗極低的能量、工作在高容積密度，是自主的、無人值守，并適應(yīng)環(huán)境。由于無線傳感器節(jié)點通常是非常小的電子設(shè)備，他們只能裝備限制在小于0.5-2安培小時及1.2-3.7伏電源。傳感器可分為三類：被動全向傳感器，被動窄波束傳感器;和有源傳感器[3]。在本系統(tǒng)中這些傳感器放置在一個交叉點或在各道路上的車道分隔線的道路下運行。該傳感器是靈敏的障礙探測器，探測在其附近的車輛。這些傳感器在每條道路停車線開始設(shè)置四個層級，標(biāo)志著不同四個級別的交通狀況。第四級表示高密度的運輸量，也意味著對于控制器，這條道路具有更高的優(yōu)先級。根據(jù)傳感器能夠獲得更高的效率，來選擇所需的障礙物檢測傳感器，如超聲波或紅外激光檢測傳感器。。B.節(jié)點一個節(jié)點，在無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，也被稱為傳感器節(jié)點，能夠執(zhí)行一些工序和收集的傳感器信息，并與其他連接的節(jié)點在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中通信。一個傳感器節(jié)點的主要部件是一個微控制器，收發(fā)器，外部存儲器，電源和一個或多個傳感器[3]。圖1節(jié)點框圖節(jié)點的需求一個節(jié)點的主要職責(zé)是在任何區(qū)域中，從各個分布式傳感器收集信息，并將收集到的信息傳輸?shù)街醒肟刂破魅ヌ幚怼８鶕?jù)需求，任何類型的傳感器可以被納入這些節(jié)點。它是分布式傳感一個全新的范式，它開辟了一個引人入勝的新的方式來看待傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。節(jié)點的優(yōu)勢節(jié)點的核心是一個小的，低成本，低功耗控制器。該控制器監(jiān)視一個或多個傳感器。利用節(jié)點接口各種傳感器很簡單，包括傳感器的溫度、光、聲、位置、加速度、振動、壓力、重量、壓力、濕度等。所述控制器連接到中央控制器是利用無線電鏈接的。最常見的無線鏈路在約3至61米的距離范圍允許一個節(jié)點傳輸。功耗，尺寸和成本是遠(yuǎn)的距離傳輸?shù)目紤]因素。由于節(jié)點的一個基本概念是微型，所以和低成本，低功率無線電聯(lián)系也是正常的。由于節(jié)點尺寸的縮小和功耗，可以想象利用太陽能發(fā)電，甚至許多外國的東西如振蕩電源，讓他們運行。這是很難想象的東西小，無害化作為節(jié)點引發(fā)一場革命，但是這也正是他們所做的一切。節(jié)點的編程也很簡單，不僅可以利用串口線纜來連接到編程板，也可以用以太網(wǎng)線纜來連接到編程板或者可以利用空中編程。圖2所提出的系統(tǒng)框圖E.收發(fā)器傳感器節(jié)點往往利用ISM頻段，這給免費廣播，頻譜分配和全球可用性。無線傳輸介質(zhì)的可能的選擇是射頻（RF），光通信和紅外線。激光器需要更少的能量，但需要線的視線進(jìn)行通信，并且向大氣條件敏感。紅外線，如激光器，不需要天線，但它在其廣播能力的限制。無線電頻率為基礎(chǔ)的溝通是最相關(guān)的，適合大部分的WSN應(yīng)用。無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)傾向于使用免許可證的通信頻率：173，433，868，和915兆赫;和2.4GHz。發(fā)射器和接收器的功能組合成已知為收發(fā)器的單個裝置[3]。帶來獨特的發(fā)射和接收到任何特別的設(shè)備的各種協(xié)議/算法被設(shè)計出來。節(jié)點是往往具有強(qiáng)大的發(fā)射器和接收器，統(tǒng)稱為更好的長期運行的收發(fā)器也較好的實現(xiàn)了在任何環(huán)境條件下發(fā)送/接收質(zhì)量。F.電源傳感器節(jié)點的功耗包括傳感，通信和數(shù)據(jù)處理。是必需的，比任何其他進(jìn)程的數(shù)據(jù)通信更多的能量。功率不是被存儲在電池或電容器。電池，無論是充電電池和非充電，對傳感器節(jié)點供電的主要來源。電流傳感器能夠從太陽能資源，溫差，振動或更新他們的能量。使用了兩種節(jié)電政策動態(tài)電源管理（DPM）和動態(tài)電壓調(diào)節(jié)（DVS）。DPM通過關(guān)閉當(dāng)前未使用的或有源的傳感器節(jié)點的部件來節(jié)省電量。一個DVS方案變化取決于非確定性的工作量傳感器節(jié)點內(nèi)的功率電平。通過改變電壓隨著頻率，因此能夠獲得二次方降低功耗。G.TmoteSky

TmoteSky是一個超低功耗無線模塊使用在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，監(jiān)控應(yīng)用程序，并快速應(yīng)用原型。TmoteSky利用行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如USB和IEEE802.15.4與其他設(shè)備進(jìn)行無縫互操作。通過使用行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，整合濕度，溫度和光線感應(yīng)器，并提供與外圍設(shè)備靈活的互連，TmoteSky使廣泛的網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用[4]。該TMote是無線傳感器技術(shù)中最常用的節(jié)點之一。任何類型的傳感器可以在這種類型的節(jié)點的組合使用。

TmoteSky采用了Chipcon公司的CC2420無線電的無線通信。CC2420是一個IEEE802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的無線電提供了PHY和MAC地址的一些功能[5]。與靈敏度超過了IEEE802.15.4規(guī)范和低功耗操作，CC2420提供可靠的無線通信。CC2420是許多應(yīng)用使用默認(rèn)的無線電設(shè)置提供符