新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學習筆記 Lesson37全套

[全]新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學習筆記：Lesson37【課文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatisthemostimportantfactor,bothingovernmentorbusiness,forkeepingrunningcostslow?Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether.Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry.Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.Wherethecostofgovernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.Thismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost--thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation.Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilities.andtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow.Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.Asadministrativeoverheadsrise,sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.Itispreciselythesamewithanation.Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,thegovernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofpoliceandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.Butifanationisdisunited,thegovernmentcannotbesurethattheactionsofthepeoplewillbeintheinterestsofthenation;anditwillhavetowatch,check,andcontrolthepeopleaccordingly.Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment.RAYMONDFROSTTheBackwardSociety【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語】hubn.(活動的)中心disunitedadj.分裂的correspondinglyadv.相應地backwardadj.落后的incurv.承擔administerv.管理adminstrativeadj.行政管理的analogousadj.類似的overheadsn.一般費用initiativen.主動，積極性checkern.檢查人員foremann.監(jiān)工dividendn.紅利undulyadv.過度地【課文注釋】1.disunitedadj.分裂的例句：Moreover,whentheemployeesaredisunited,unhappinessisboundtosetin.更何況大家都不團結時，不愉快事件頻頻。Youarewretched,disunitedindividuals.你們糟透了，分崩離析了。disunitevt.使分離,使不和例句：Theissuedisunitedthepartymembers.該問題在黨員中造成分裂。2.correspondinglyadv.相應地例句：Thelanguagecorrespondinglybecamestiffer.講話的語言也相應地變得更加強硬。3.economicresources經(jīng)濟資源4.backwardadj.向后的,落后的例句：Hetookabackwardstepandranaway.他向后退了一步,跑了。Thispartofthecountryisstillbackward.這個國家的這個地區(qū)仍很落后。【詞義辨析】back,backward,hind,behind這些詞均有“在后，向后”之意。back:作為副詞或形容詞時，強調(diào)所修飾物的位置以及動作運動方向。backward:可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或遲鈍的。hind:指成對并且分前后的東西的“后面的”。behind:指一物同它物相對的位置或場所。5.stayinbusiness維持營業(yè)6.beanalogousto與...相似例句：Thehumanheartisanalogoustoapump.人的心臟和泵類似。7.initiativen.①主動權，主動性例句：Intheeconomictrendofthenewera,havingtheinitiativeisthekey.在新時期的經(jīng)濟大潮中，擁有主動權是關鍵。Iputitalldowntoherhardworkandinitiative.我把這一切歸因于她工作又勤奮又主動。②首創(chuàng)精神例句：Itisinnovationplusinitiativethathaskeptitthriving.創(chuàng)新與進取精神使得它蓬勃發(fā)展。adj.①創(chuàng)始的例句：Thearticlesofincorporationusuallynametheinitialdirectors.通常情況下，公司的組織章程應記載創(chuàng)始董事的姓名。②初步的例句：Thepanel'sinitialfindingshavenowbeenmadepublic.這個委員會的初步調(diào)查結果已經(jīng)公布于眾。③自發(fā)的例句：ShetookaninitiativepartintheWildlifeConservationSociety.他們自發(fā)牽制住了敵人。8.asfallswithintheirsphere屬于他們分內(nèi)的。9.keepsomeoneinline控制住某人例句：It'sdifficulttokeepagroupofyoungchildreninline.讓小孩都老老實實的可真不易.【反義詞】outofline例句：Don'tgetoutoflineatdinneroryouwillbepunished.晚飯時給我老實點要不我就收拾你.10.keeptheminorder管理他們11.intheinterestsof符合......的利益例句：Weworkintheinterestsofthepeople.我們是為人民群眾的利益而工作。12.undulyadv.過度地，不適當?shù)乩洌篈neccentricperson,especiallyonewhoisundulyzealous.異人古怪的人，尤指過分狂熱的人【參考譯文】如果一個國家實際上處于分裂狀態(tài)，使之聯(lián)合起來就是政府的事了。這樣的一來就增加了政府的開支，從而相應地減少了可以用來發(fā)展國家的那部分經(jīng)濟資源。不應忘記，在一個貧窮落后的國家里，那部分財力是很有限的。凡是政府管理費用高的地方，用于發(fā)展國家經(jīng)濟的資金就會相應地減少。把國家的狀況同私人企業(yè)的狀況加以比較，就可以看清這個問題。一個企業(yè)為了繼續(xù)經(jīng)營，不得不支出一定的費用和開銷。就我們的目的而言，我們只關心一種費用--企業(yè)行政管理費。一家企業(yè)的行政管理開支類似于一個國家的政府管理所用的開支。如果企業(yè)中的每個人都在真誠地為提高企業(yè)利潤而工作，那么企業(yè)的管理費用就會降低到相應的程度。如果企業(yè)的每個人都信得過，人人都認真負責，在各自的工作范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮主動性，行政管理費用就會降低。行政管理費用降低的原因是：每項工作只需要一個人去完成，用不著另外再有一個人檢查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有關人士匯報他的工作。