IMPLICATURE 語用學(xué)教學(xué)課件

IMPLICATUREGroup:王莉王妍琨廖晶劉靚利IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)DefinitionofimplicatureGeneralizedimplicatureParticularizedimplicatureHowtodistinguishimplicatureandpresuppositionoverviewIMPLICATURE語用學(xué)definitionImplicatureisatechnicalterminthepragmaticssubfieldoflinguistics,coinedbyH.P.Grice,whichreferstowhatissuggestedinanutterance,eventhoughneitherexpressednorstrictlyimpliedbytheutterance.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Carmen:Didyougetthemilkandtheeggs?Dave:Igotthemilk.(DidDavebuytheeggs?)→Davedidnotbuytheeggs.Carmen:Didyoumanagetofixthatleak?Dave:Itriedto.(DidDavefixtheleak?)→Davedidnotfixtheleak.(c)Carmen:Ihearyou’veinviteMatandChris.Dave:Ididn’tinviteMat.(DidDaveinviteChris?)→DaveinvitedChris.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)SignificanceoftheNotionofImplicatureThenotionofimplicatureprovidessomeexplicitaccountofhowitispossibletomeanmorethanwhatisactually“said”,ormorethanwhatisliterallyexpressed.A:Shallweholdthefootballmatchtomorrow?B:Itisraining.Semanticandliteralmeaning:hisanswerunrelatedtothequestion.Intendedmeaning:thefootballmatchwillbecanceledasgroundiswetandslipperyaftertherain.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)ConclusionThereisagapbetweenwhatisliterallysaidandwhatisimplied.Sointhiscase,implicaturehelpstoexplainhowsomeseeminglyunrelatedsentencescometomeanthesame.Withthehelpofcontext,theuseofimplicaturemakesourlanguageusemorecolorful.Wemayexpressthesamemeaningindifferentwaystosuitappropriatecontext.(何自然)IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)ScalarimplicaturesIfyouwereJane,whatimplicatureswouldyouhavedrawnfromeachofSteve’sresponses?Jane:Whousedalltheprinterpaper?Steve:Iusedsomeofit.Jane:Ihearyou’realwayslatewiththerent.Steve:Well,sometimesIam.Implicatures:a.Stevedidnotusealloftheprinterpaper,onlysomeofit.b.Steveisnotalwayslatewiththerent,onlysometimes.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Theseresponsesaretrueintechnically.However,fromapragmaticpointofview,Steve’sutteranceshavecertainlymisledJanebecauseoftheimplicaturesthatpeoplenormallydrawinthesecircumstances.Steve’strickeryinvolvedwhatwecallScalarimplicatures.AllofSteve’sresponsesusewordsthatparticipateinascaleofvalues:Scaleofquantity:somemostallScaleoffrequency:sometimesoftenalwaysScaleofcoldness:coolcoldfreezingIMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Wenormallyassumethat,wherespeakershaveascaleofvaluesattheirdisposal,theywillchosetheonethatistruthfulandoptimallyinformative.Sowenormallydrawtheimplicature‘notanyofthehighervaluesonthescale’.Generalizedconversationalimplicature:Theimplicaturesthattheyaresostrongthattheydonotseemtorequireanyextraknowledgetoextractthemeaning.

IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)SummaryGeneralizedimplicaturescanbedrawnwithverylittle‘inside’knowledge.Ifyouheardataperecordingoftheconversationbutknewnotingabouttheparticipantsorthephysicalcharacteristicsofthecontext,youcouldstilldrawthoseimplicatures.Theyarecloselyconnectedtothedegreeofinformativenessthatwenormallyexpectaspeaker’sutterancetoprovide.Scalarimplicaturesareaspecialtypeofgeneralizedimplicaturewheretheinferenceismadebyreferencetoascaleofvalues,oneofwhichhasbeenchosenbythespeaker.Thespeaker’schoiceimplicates‘notthehighervalues’.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)ParticularizedconversationalimplicaturesInferenceswhichrequirethiskindofsharedknowledgebetweenthespeakerandtheheareraresometimescalledparticularizedconversationalimplicatures.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Exercisea)Tom:AreyougoingtoMark’spartytonight?Annie:Myparentsareintown.(No.)Sharedknowledge:

Annie’srelationwithherparentsb)Tom:Where’sthesaladdressing?Gabriel:We’verunoutofoliveoil.(Thereisn’tanysaladdressing.)Sharedknowledge:

Oliveroilisapossibleingredientinsaladdressingandtheyonlyusesaladdressingmadefromoliveoil.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Exercisec)Steve:What’swithyourmother?Jane:Let’sgointothegarden.(Ican’ttalkaboutithere.)Sharedknowledge:

SomeonemightoverhearJane’sanswer.d)Mat:Wantsomefudgebrownies?Chris:Theremustbe20000caloriesthere.(No.)Sharedknowledge:FoodwithahighnumberofcaloriesmakespeopleputonweightandChrisistryingtoloseweight.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)ThedifferencebetweengeneralizedandparticularizedGeneralizedimplicaturescanbedrawnwithverylittle‘inside’knowledge.Particularizedimplicaturesrequirenotonlygeneralknowledgebutalsoknowledgewhichisparticularor‘local’tothespeakerandthehearer,andoftentothephysicalcontextoftheutteranceaswell.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Thereisatestthatissometimesuesdtodistinguishpresuppositionsfromimplicatures.CancellationtestHowtodistinguishimplicatureandpresuppositonIMPLICATURE語用學(xué)HerearefourdialogueswhereAnniehas'cancell'eitherapresuppositioncontainedinherutterence(thecancellationcomeafterthe'dash').Doyounoticeadifferencebetweenpresuppositionsandimplicatureswhentheyarecancelled?(a)Cancellinganexistentialpresupposition:MIke:Whathappened?Annie:Steve'sdogwreckedthegarden--andinfact,Stevedoesn'thaveadog.(b)Cancellinga'lexical'presupposition:MIke:What'sup?Annie:I'vstoppedsmoking--althoughI'vneversmoked.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)(c)Cancellingageneralizedimplicature:MIke:What'shappenedtotheshampoo?Annie:Iusedmostofit--actually,Iusedallofit.(d)Cancellingaparticularizedimplicature:MIke:Areyoucomingtotheparty?Annie:Myparentsareintown--butIamcoming.IMPLICATURE語用學(xué)Whenaspeakercancelsapresupposition,theresultusuallysoundsrathercontradictoryorincoherent.