第05講六選四巧解秘訣（原題版）

第05講：六選四巧解秘訣第05講：六選四巧解秘訣課程目標課程目標演練EQ\o\ac(

,●)專題知識：針對考試題型，進行系統(tǒng)梳理，感悟解題方法。EQ\o\ac(

,●)題型檢測：鏈接考試真題，題型組合練，能力逐個突破。知識梳理知識梳理演練解題思路

1、理清句際間的關(guān)系

文章的內(nèi)容是根據(jù)各層各段的大意有機地組合而成，各個層次，各個段落之間不管怎樣錯落有致，但它所表達的內(nèi)容都是要圍繞中心的，各句之間都有一定的語脈，從邏輯意義上來看，語段的句際關(guān)系可分為平列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系。構(gòu)成語段的各個句子之間有時可以包含一種以上的句際關(guān)系。因此，理解閱讀材料時一定要把握語脈，理清句際間的關(guān)系，進而理解語段或全文的內(nèi)容。

2、找出句子之間的連接性的詞語

文章的語句間的組合，除了從語句間的意義關(guān)系分析外，還可借助句子之間的連接性詞語來把握，因為連接性詞語能表明這個語段句與句之間、層與層之間的基本關(guān)系有：

承接關(guān)系（如so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,asaresult等）

平列關(guān)系（如first,second,third…;firstly,secondly,thirdly…;first,next,then…;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace…;foronething,foranotherthing…;tobeginwith,toconclude等）。轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（如however,nevertheless,nonetheless,still,though,yet,inspiteof,atanyrate,inanycase,whoever,whateveronthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,inparison,byparison,conversely,otherwise等）。

層遞關(guān)系（如also,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,inaddition,what’smore,too,either,neither,not…but…,notonly…butalso等）。解釋關(guān)系，如73選項應(yīng)選F.選項，與74選項平等的，是一組祈示句，而非陳述句，故應(yīng)選A.項而非B項。

解題步驟

1、通讀全文

對文章進行快速瀏覽，尋找主題句，抓住文章結(jié)構(gòu)及文章的寫作內(nèi)容。在閱讀過程中，要注意文章的開始與結(jié)束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因為“開門見山”與“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”的寫作方式為常見的寫作方式，首段的末句一般是是全文的主題所在，說明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容，并簡要指出文章的寫作思路，有時甚至?xí)蕴峋V的形式進行呈現(xiàn)。首段的末句對于快速掌握文章的主題具有重要意義，如果它是文章的主題句，就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開，并對文章的寫作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句，則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時，可以考慮文章的寫作方式是否為“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”式，如兩者均可排除，則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句，但要注意，首段與末段的提示作用。

2、詳讀段落

在短時間內(nèi)，找出每段寫作內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞。明確各段的主題句或主旨大意。文章正文部分通常分為若干小段落。各段落會根據(jù)整體文章寫作主題展開，對文章主體進行的不同方面的描述。找出各個小段落中的關(guān)鍵詞，明確其描述內(nèi)容，為整體試題的解決做好鋪墊。閱讀各個空的前后句，標記關(guān)鍵詞在閱讀文章的開始部分、明確文章的基本話題以后，要閱讀五個空各自的前后句，并將前后句中的解題線索，即關(guān)鍵詞標記下來。關(guān)鍵詞包括句中的核心名詞或名詞詞組（如帶有形容詞的名詞詞組）、專有名詞、時間數(shù)字、代詞、連詞等。

3、定位選項

明確各備選選項的含義，抓住其關(guān)鍵詞語，根據(jù)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)與具體內(nèi)容，將選項填入文中，填寫時尤為注意各選項中出現(xiàn)的句子銜接手段及句中的銜接標志詞。

在定位選項時，要特別注意空格上下段的寫作內(nèi)容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義。將所選項放入空白處，看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語義及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，是否符合該處語境。能否承接前后的寫作線索。使文章無論內(nèi)容還是銜接上都能做到通順。

一篇文章作為一個整體，是有其寫作的線索與思路的，在選項定位中，要尤其注意文章的寫作線索，文章的寫作思路的連貫使文章的每個段落、每個句子甚至每個短語均融為一體。如果帶入選項后，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章寫作線索中斷或是前后矛盾，應(yīng)更換其它選項。

4、通讀復(fù)檢

將所選答案代入文中，再次通讀全文，重點考查邏輯關(guān)系和關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)。

在完成選項定位后，應(yīng)通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整，語義是否連貫合理、各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語是否恰當貼切，從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時，我們還應(yīng)注意對相近選項的對比分析，個別干擾項由于與某個正確選項的內(nèi)容相近具有很強的干擾性，這時就需要我們認真分析，仔細甄別，排除干擾，從而得出正確選項。

5、確定排除

研究多余選項，確定排除理由，最終確定答案。盡管答案都已經(jīng)確定，但是為了避免失誤，對多余的選項進行進一步的研究，確定它們和文章的主題和前后句意沒有關(guān)聯(lián)性之后，才是最終的結(jié)果。課堂精練課堂精練演練（2022上·上海·高二復(fù)旦附中?？计谀￤hatlifewillbein2050?It’shardtosaydefinitivelywhatlifewillbelikein2050.However,wecanmakesomeeducatedguessesbasedonthetrendsthatarehappeningnow.Forinstance,it’slikelythattechnologywillplayanevengreaterroleinourlivesthanitdoesnow.Wemighthaveflyingcars,orrobotstodoourhouseholdchores.Theworldpopulationisprojectedtoreach9.7billionby2050,soresourcesmaybestrained.Peoplemayliveinsmallerhomesorevenundergroundtoconservespaceandenergy.Wemayalsoseedrasticchangesinthewaywegetourfood.Withadvancesintechnology,it’spossiblethatwe’llbeabletocreateartificialmeatorgrowfoodinlaboratories.In2050,manyaspectsofourlifewillbeverydifferentfromwhattheyarenow.People’slives,theenvironment,transportation,andeducationallchangeatanewlevel.1Peoplewillhavemoretransportationoptionsasaresultofscientificprogress.Solarpowered,windpoweredautomobilesthatarelessharmfultotheenvironmentwillbeeavailableandutilized.Anyonewillbeabletovisitotherplanetsusingmoderntechnology.Asflyingcarsbeemoremon,citieswillneedtoadaptbybuildingmoreverticalinfrastructurelikeskyports.Thesemultilevelbuildingswouldbeusedfortakeoffsandlandings,andcouldalsoincludeshopping,diningandentertainmentoptions.2Andwiththehelpofupingtechnology,wemaynotneedformalschoolinganymore.Youwouldbeabletolearnanythingyouwantfromthefortofyourhomewithonlineteachers.Theschedulewillbemoreoptionalforyoutochooseaslongasitmeetsyourneedsandtimeframes.Therewillbealotofnewjobsborntoservethedevelopmentofsociety.Andifyouaregoodatusingsocialmedia,youcanbeanonlinecelebrityandmakealotofmoney.Youcanalsochoosetobeafulltimehousewifeandtakecareofyourfamilyifyouwant.3RockefellerUniversitymathematicalbiologistJoelCohenpredictsthatby2050,theworldwillbemajorityurbandwellerswithahighaverageage.Incontrast,U.S.citiestheoristRichardFloridabelievesthaturbanizationtrendswillresultinaworkfromhomeeconomyanddoawaywithdivisionsbetweenhomeandworklife.OtherexpertsinterviewedbyPopularMechanicsenvisionafutureinwhichsolarenergyisubiquitous,3DprintinghasreplacedtraditionalmanufacturingandeveryonehasapersonalassistantintheformofanAI.However,therearealsosomereasonstobepessimisticaboutthefuture.Theworldwillbeamoredangerousplacein2050.Globalwarmingwillcauserisingsealevelsandextremeweatherconditionsthatwillmakelifedifficultforpeoplearoundtheworld.4A．Astechnologycontinuestodevelop,sodoestheconcernforenvironment.B．By2050,everyonewillbeabletoaffordhighereducation.C．Inaddition,therewillbenewdiseasesthatwehavenotyetseen.D．Ingeneral,lifein2050ismoreconvenient,morefortableandmorefun.E．Therearesomegroundsforoptimisminthisscenario.F．Asaresult,wewillhavealotofhealthproblems.（2023上·上海·高二上海市七寶中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）Man’sExistentialDilemmaWealwaysknewthattherewassomethingpeculiaraboutman,somethingdeepdownthatcharacterizedhimandsethimapartfromtheotheranimals.5Forages,whenphilosopherstalkedaboutthethecoreofmantheyreferredtoitashis“essence”,somethingfixedinhisnature,deepdown,somespecialqualityorsubstance.Butnothinglikeitwaseverfoundandman’speculiaritystillremainedadilemma.Thereasonitwasneverfound,asErichFromm(艾瑞克·弗洛姆，精神分析心理學(xué)家和人本主義哲學(xué)家)putitinanexcellentdiscussion,wasthattherewasnoessence,thattheessenceofmanisreallyhisparadoxical(悖論的)nature,thefactthatheishalfanimalandhalfsymbolic.Wemightcallthisexistentialparadoxtheconditionofindividualitywithinfinitude(有限性).Manhasasymbolicidentitythatbringshimsharplyoutofnature.Heisasymbolicself,acreaturewithaname,alifehistory.6Hecanplacehimselfimaginativelyatapointinspaceandcontemplatebemusedlyhisownplanet.Thisimmerseexpansion,thispetence,thisselfconsciousnessgivestomanalmostthestatusasmallgodinnature.7Thisistheparadox:heisoutofnatureandhopelesslyinit:heisdual,upinthestars’andyethousedinaheartpumping,breathgaspingbodythatoncebelongedtoafishandstillcarriesthegillmarkstoproveit.Hisbodyisamaterialfleshycasingthatisalientohiminmanywaysthestrangestandmostunpleasantwaybeingthatisachesandbleedsandwilldecayanddie.Manisliterallysplitintwo:hehasanawarenessofhisownsplendiduniquenessinthathesticksoutofnaturewithatoweringmajesty,andyethegoesbackintothegroundafewfeetinorderblindlyanddumblytorotanddisappearforever.Theloweranimalsare,ofcourse,sparedthispainfulcontradiction,astheylackasymbolicidentityandtheselfconsciousnessthatgoeswithit.Theymerelyactandmovereflexivelyastheyaredrivenbytheirinstincts.Theyliveinaworldwithouttime,pulsating,asitwere,inastateofdumbbeings.Thisiswhathasmadeitsosimpletoshootdownwholeherdsofbuffaloorelephants.Theanimalsdon’tknowthatdeathishappeningandcontinuegazingwhileothersdropalongsidethem.Theknowledgeofdeathisreflectiveandconceptual,andanimalsaresparedit.Theyliveandtheydisappearwiththesamethoughtlessness:afewminutesoffear,afewsecondsofanguish,anditisover.8QuotedfromErnestBecker’sTheDenialofDeathA．Buttolivealifewiththefateofdeathhauntingone’sdreamsmakesahugedifference.B．Heisacreatorwithamindthatsoarsoutthespeculateaboutatomsandinfinity.C．Man’sbodywasacurseoffateandculturewasbuiltuponrepressionnotbecausehewasaseekerofpleasure,butbecausehewasprimarilyanavoiderofdeath.D．Yetatthesametime,manisawormandfoodforworms.E．Manisbornfree,andeverywhereheisinchains.F．Itwassomethingthathadtogorighttohiscore,somethingthatmadehimsufferhispeculiarfate,thatmadeitimpossibletoescape.3、（2023上·上海閔行·高二閔行中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）HowtoAppreciateImpressionistPaintingsTheImpressionistMovementbeganinthelate19thcenturyasagroupofrebelliousyoungartistsbasedinParislookedfornewwaystouselightandcolor.Knownforpaintingquicklyandspontaneously(自發(fā)地),Impressionistsexploredhowtheviewers’eyeinterpretsobjects.AndwhenwouldbeabettertimethannowtoseewithyourowneyessomeofthebestimpressionistmasterpiecesasdozensofpaintingsbyMonetareondisplayinShanghai?9Considerthesubjectmatter.Impressionistpaintersbrokeawayfromthestandardsubjectmatterofroyalty,mythologyandhistoricalrealism.10Impressionistsdepartedfromthenormbypaintingordinarypeopleengagedineverydayactivities.Examinethelightsources.Theexplorationandtranslationoflightontothecanvas(畫布)wasthecoreofImpressionistpainting.Lookparticularlyatunusualdisplaysoflight,suchasfilteringthroughtreebranchesorreflectingoffwater.11Unlikethetraditionalschoolsofpainting,whichwerecarefultosmooththepaint,impressionistsusedshort,strongstrokesandwereunconcernedifthebrushstrokewasvisible.Observehowthebrushstrokereflectslight.Observethecolorsinthepainting.Impressionistspaintedwithmanycolors,mostlyinbrightshades.Ratherthanmixingcolorsbeforeapplyingtothecanvas,theyplacedthecolorsdirectlyonthecanvasandallowedtheviewer’seyetomixthecolors.12Allowtheeyetoviewthepaintingasawhole.Ratherthanlookateachiteminthepainting,lookforanoverallmoodandfeeling,determinewhichemotionthepaintingarouses,suchaspeacefulness,exhaustionorjoy.A．Followthepainter’sfootprintsandyouwillfindImpressionismeasiertounderstandthanyouthink.B．EvenifyouknownothingaboutImpressionism,theseinstructionswillhelpyoudevelopanappreciationforImpressionistpaintings.C．Theyrevealedwhattheworldwaslikefromchildren’sperspective.D．Notealsothatthereislittleuseofblack,whichmakesthepaintingbrighter.E．Instead,theyconcentratedonthemodernworld,particularlylandscapes.F．Lookattheartist’stechnique.4、（2023上·上海·高二上海交大附中?？茧A段練習(xí)）HowMuchExerciseYourDogReallyNeedsIsawalkaroundtheblockorplayingfetchinthebackyardenoughforyourpooch?Ifyourdogcouldtalkthisiswhatshewouldtellyou.You’rebarkingupthewrongtreeFamilytreethatis.Hundredsofyearsofbreedspecificgeneticsrunthroughyourdog’sveins,andit’sbesttocatertotheirgeneticsforoptimalmentalandphysicalhealth.13.Ontheotherhand,sometoybreeds,suchastheShihTzuandPekinese,prefersnuggletimeoverleashtime—thesebreedswerebredtobelapdogsforroyalty.Here’syourofficialguideforpickingthebestdogforyourfamily.Igottamove!Sorry,aquickgameoffetchwhileyousitonthesofaorlettingyourdogoutinthebackyardtodoherbusinessdoesn’thitthemark.Andifyourfurbabyisn’tgettingenoughexercise,you’llnoticeitinweightgain.14Sorejointsleadtodecreasedmobilitysothatitcanbeaviciouscycle.Also,alackofexercisecancauseahohumattitudetowardstoysandtraining,andserioushealthconditionslikeanddiabetes.Doesyourpoochneedtoloseafewpounds?Startwiththeseprovenweightlosstipsforyourchunkyfurbaby.Butkeepaneyeonmystates15“Youneedtomonitorandlistentoyourpetduringwalksandrunstomakesurethey’renothavingtrouble,”saysJenniferFreeman,DVM,PetSmartresidentveterinarian,andpetcareexpert.Ifyounoticeyourfurbabyseemstotallyexhausted,ispantingheavily,hasanalteredgait,orhistongueislimpanddangling,it’stimetodialitback.Andifheseemsreallyoutofitafterawalkorplaytime,pullbackontheamountofexercisefornexttime.Findoutthesignsyour“healthy”pupissick.Couldwestopandsmelltherosestoday?Nodoubt,walkingisatriedandtruewaytoexerciseyourdog(andgreatforyoutoo),butthesameolewalkisnothingtohowlover.Walkingcanserveadualpurposewhenmentalstimulationisoffered.“Allowyourdogtosnifftheground,thebushes,trees,etc.andusethewalkfortrainingopportunitieslikecheckingin,recall,andsittingatthecrosswalks,”saysErinAskeland,acertifiedcaninebehaviorconsultantandatCampBowWow.Remember,dogssleepbetween12to14hoursadayandmostspendtheirdayrelaxing,especiallyiftheyareleftathomealoneduringthedayorcrated.16.A．Justlikewithhumans,extraweightstrainsyourpooch’sheartandjoints.B．Herearesomesmartwaystokeepyourpoochoccupiedwhileyou’reattheoffice.C．Forexample,dogsthatwerebredtoherd,pullcarts,orhuntwillneedmoreexercisebecausehistorically,theirdayswerefilledwithactivityandtheirbodiesweremadetomovemoreoften.D．Puppiesseemtohavelimitlessenergyandplaylongerandfasterthanolderdogs,butthatdoesn’tmeanthey’rereadyforalltypesofexercise.E．Somedogseasilytirewhileothershavea“can’tstopwon’tstop”attitudesoyou’llhavetowatchforsignsofoverexertion.F．It’simportanttoprovidementalexerciseforyourpupinadditiontothephysical.5、（2023上·上?！じ叨虾Ｊ醒鬀苤袑W(xué)?？计谥校〥espitethefactthatAmericanpanieshavebeen“global”foraverylongtimenow,manypeopletodayinsidepaniesstillmisunderstandculturaldifferences.Theymisperceivepotentialforeignbornworkers,forexample,astoo“shy”ornot“confident”enough.17Inmanycultures,itisjustnotappropriatetomakesmalltalkwithsomeoneyoudon’tknow,especiallysomeoneaboveyouinthecorporatelevel.18Forexample,ifyouexpressyourloyaltytoaparticularteamwithoutknowingthatofyourcolleagues,youmightputthemintheunfortablepositionofhavingtoeitherconcealtheirownpreferenceorexpresssomethingthatconflictswithyours.So,youcanimaginehowchallengingitcanbeforsomeonefromanonsmalltalkculturetotrytofitintoaUScorporatesetting.Inaddition,theUSisbasicallya“straightshooter(坦率的人)”styleculture,whereitisculturalvaluedtotellitlikeitis.Butthisisn’tnecessarilytrueworldwide.Forexample,inJapan,peopleprefertomunicateindirectly,especiallywhenitestoasensitivetopic.Toavoidaccidentallydamagingarelationship,peopleapproachproblemsthroughsubtlehintsorgeneralstatements.Ifsomeoneweretodirectlystateaproblem,itwouldmakethemlookungraceful,immature,anduntrustworthy.19Americanstendtoberelativelyinformalinabusinesscontext.20Manyculturesarequiteformal,especiallywheninteractingwithsuperiors.Ingeneral,Indianculture,forexample,isveryformal.Indianstypicallygreettheireldersandsuperiorsbytitle(Sir,Mr.,Dr.,Professor)andneverbytheirfirstname.Thisisalsothecaseattheuniversity,wherestudentsactwithextremelevelsofrespecttowardstheirprofessors.TheabovediscussionjusthitsthetipoftheicebergofthedifferentculturalmisinterpretationsincorporateAmerica.ForAmericanemployerstosucceedinselecting,training,inspiringandkeepingtheirtopforeignborntalent,itishightimethattheystartedtakingaccountoftheseculturaldifferencesintheirleadershipselectionprocess.A．ThereisasignificantproblemincorporateAmericatodaywithforeignworkers.B．Infact,manypeoplearequitesurprisedatthelevelofinformalityinAmericanbusinesses.C．Someonewhoavoidsmakingsmalltalkcanbeseenasunfriendlyornotateamplayer.D．However,inreality,withamoderateamountoftraining,thesehighperformingindividualscouldbecorporateleadersoftomorrow.E．Itcanalsobeimpoliteandevendangeroustoopenlyexpressyouropinion.F．ButfromtheperspectiveofAmericanculture,thismoreindirectstyleappearsasifsomeoneis“hiding”thetruth.課后反饋課后反饋演練（2023上·上海金山·高二上海市金山中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）ThenumberofAmericanseniorsisgrowingmorequicklythananyotherportionofthepopulation.1Thisis,ofcourse,goodnews.However,anagingpopulationhasneedsthatarenotbeingmet.Oneoftheseneedsispublictransportation.2ThereisagrowingneedforthebenefitsthatpublictransportationcanprovideolderAmericans.American’soldercitizensrequireincreasedmobility.Withbetterpublictransportation,seniorswouldhavemoreoptionswhenchoosingwheretolive.Theywouldalsohavemorechoiceswhendecidinghowandwheretheywouldliketotravel.3AccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau,morethan35millionAmericanswere65yearsoldorolderontheyear2000.Becausetherewasababyboomanincreaseinbirthsbetween1946and1964,theseniorpopulationinAmericawillgrowmuchfasterthantherestofthepopulation.Manyolderpeoplealreadyliveinsuburbanlocationsthatlacktransitoptions,andasthebabyboomersage,thenumberofoldercitizenswholiveintheseareaswillcontinuetoincrease.4Notonlydoesitaffecttheirabilitytotakecareoftheirbasicneeds,italsoaffectstheirabilitytomakecontributionstotheirneighborsandsocietyasawhole.Thiskindoffeelingisfeltmostbythosewhoareovertheageof85andwhohavemedicalconditionsthatpreventthemfromdriving.Manypeoplethinkthattheanswertohelpingmobilityforanagingpopulationissimple.Theybelievethatpublictransportationsystemsmustbeupgradedandexpandedsothatseniorshavetheresourcesavailabletomeettheirtransportationneeds.（2023下·上海·高二復(fù)旦附中校考期末）“TALKINGwithyouforonenightisbetterthanstudyingbooksfortenyears”thiswasthementofanoldChinesescholarafterhehadhadaconversationwithafriend.5Andtodaythephr