翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力閱讀分類模擬題150

翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力閱讀分類模擬題150ReadingComprehension

Modernindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople（江南博哥）.Infact,suchasocietyhasasystemofbuilt-inobsolescence.Thereisnoformalsystemforcontinuingoureducationthroughoutourlifeinordertokeepupwithrapidlychangingknowledge.Whenoureducationandjobskillshavegrownobsolete,wearetreatedexactlylikethosewhohavenevergainedaneducationorjobskillsandarenotencouragedorgiventheopportunitytobeginanew.

Asasocietybecomesmorehighlydeveloped,theoverallstatusofolderpeoplediminishes.Improvedhealthtechnologycreatesalargepoolofoldpeople,whocompeteforjobswiththeyoung.However,economictechnologylowersthedemandforworkersandcreatesnewjobsforwhichtheskillsoftheagedareobsolete,forcingolderpeopleintoretirement.Atthesametime,youngpeoplearebeingeducatedinthenewtechnologyandarekeepingpacewithrapidchangesinknowledge.Finally,urbanizationcreatesage-segregatedneighborhoods.Becausetheoldliveonfixedincomes,theymustoftenliveininferiorhousing.Allthesefactors—retirement,obsoleteknowledgeandskills,inferiorstandardsofliving—lowerthestatusoftheagedinsociety.

Acenturyago,whenonecouldexpecttoliveonlyto50orso,thelifespanmoreorlesscoincidedwiththeoccupationandfamilycycle.Buttodaytheaveragelifespanallowsforfifteentotwentyyearsoflifeafterthesecycles.Itappearsthatourlifespanisoutpacingourusefulnessinsociety.1.

By"asystemofbuilt-inobsolescence"theauthormeans______.A.noformalsystemsexistinmodernindustrialsocietyB.oldpeoplehavenostatusinmodemindustrialsocietyC.youngpeoplehavechancesinmodernindustrialsocietyD.knowledgechangesrapidlyinmodernindustrialsociety正確答案：B[解析]本題考查推理判斷。根據(jù)文章第一段前三句“Modemindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople.Infact,suchasocietyhasasystemofbuilt-inobsolescence.Thereisnoformalsystemforcontinuingoureducationthroughoutourlifeinordertokeepupwithrapidlychangingknowledge.”可知，在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，老人的低位很低。事實(shí)上，這個(gè)社會(huì)有一個(gè)固有的荒廢體系。沒有繼續(xù)教育的正規(guī)體系以使老年人跟上不斷變化的知識(shí)。據(jù)此推斷，答案是B。

2.

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Peopledon'thavetogaineducation.B.Peopledon'thavetolearnjobskills.C.Peopledon'thavetobetreatedasequals.D.Peopledon'thavechancestobeginanew.正確答案：D[解析]本題考查是非判斷。根據(jù)文章第一段第四句“Whenoureducationandjobskillshavegrownobsolete,wearetreatedexactlylikethosewhohavenevergainedaneducationorjobskimsandarenotencouragedorgiventheopportunitytobeginanew.”可知，當(dāng)我們的教育和工作技能荒廢后，我們就會(huì)像那些從來沒有受過教育或擁有工作技能一樣對待，而且也沒有重新再來的機(jī)會(huì)。由此可知，A、B、C三項(xiàng)均正確。

3.

Themorehighlydevelopedasocietyis,______.A.themoreadvancedtechnologywillbeB.thelargerthenumberofpeoplewillbeC.themorediminishedoldpeople'sstatuswillbeD.thelowertheoverallstatusofthepeoplewillbe正確答案：C[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句“Asasocietybecomesmorehighlydeveloped,theoverallstatusofolderpeoplediminishes.”社會(huì)越是高度發(fā)展，老年人的整體低位越低。

4.

Thehighdevelopmentofeconomictechnology______.A.makesjobskillsoutoffashionB.lowersthedemandforworkersC.forcesoldpeopleintoretirementD.createsnewjobsforolderpeople正確答案：C[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第二段第三句“However,economictechnologylowersthedemandforworkersandcreatesnewjobsforwhichtheskillsoftheagedareobsolete,forcingolderpeopleintoretirement.”可知，經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)降低了工人需求量，并創(chuàng)造了新工作，所以有進(jìn)的老人就被淘汰了，迫使老人退休。

5.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Retiredpeoplecouldonlyliveonfixedincomes.B.Retiredpeoplearemoreskillfulthanyoungpeople,C.Youngpeopleareeducatedinthenewtechnology.D.Youngpeoplearekeepingpacewithrapidchanges.正確答案：B[解析]本題考查是非判斷。根據(jù)文章第二段滴四、六句“Atthesametime，youngpeoplearebeingeducatedinthenewtechnologyandarekeepingpacewithrapidchangesinknowledge.Becausetheoldliveonfixedincomes,theymustoftenliveininferiorhousing.”可知，A、C、D三項(xiàng)均正確；由第二段最后一句“Allthesefactors—retirement,obsoleteknowledgeandskills,inferiorstandardsofliving—lowerthestatusoftheagedinsociety.”可知。B項(xiàng)不正確。

6.

Accordingtothispassage,thestatusoftheagedisloweredbytheir______.A.forcedretirementB.inferiorhousingC.longerlifespanD.fixedincomes正確答案：A[解析]本題考查推理判斷。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句可知，退休、荒廢的知識(shí)和技能，較低的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這些因素降低了老人的社會(huì)地位。

7.

Thesentence"ourlifespanoutpacesourusefulness"meanswecanlivelonger______.A.andmakeprogressB.anddomoreworkC.butmoveslowlyD.butbecomeuseless正確答案：D[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“Itappearsthatourlifespanisoutpacingourusefulnessinsociety.”可知，我們的壽命越來越長了，但是我們的用途卻短了。outpace“超過”。

8.

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheagedis______.A.realisticB.optimisticC.pessimisticD.sympathetic正確答案：D[解析]本題考查作者態(tài)度。根據(jù)文章第一段前兩句“Modemindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople.Infact,suchasocietyhasasystemofbuilt-inobsolescence.”以及全文看，作者一直對老年人因受不到繼續(xù)教育而落伍導(dǎo)致退休，從而在社會(huì)中失去地位而感到同情。所以，D項(xiàng)sympathetic“同情的”正確；realistic“現(xiàn)實(shí)的”；optimistic“樂觀的”；pessimistic“悲觀的”均不正確。

9.

Itcanbededucedfromthispassagethatoneshould______.A.learnnewskillsB.beopen-mindedC.haveagoodpersonalityD.keeppacewiththetimes正確答案：D[解析]本題考查推理判斷。根據(jù)文章第二段第四句“Atthesametime,youngpeoplearebeingeducatedinthenewtechnologyandarekeepingpacewithrapidchangesinknowledge.”因?yàn)槟贻p人能接受教育，而且可以跟得上知識(shí)的不斷變化，所以，社會(huì)地位較高。據(jù)此推斷，D為正確答案。A項(xiàng)較片面；B、C兩項(xiàng)在文中沒有提及。

10.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.TheProblemofAgingB.SocialStructuresC.EconomicTechnologyD.ContinuingEducation正確答案：A[解析]本題考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，本文探討老年人在社會(huì)中地位喪失的現(xiàn)象及產(chǎn)生此現(xiàn)象的原因，B項(xiàng)文中沒有涉及；C、D兩項(xiàng)只是導(dǎo)致老年人社會(huì)地位喪失的原因，較為片面。

ThefactthatmostAmericansliveinurbanareasdoesnotmeanthattheyresideinthecenteroflargecities.Infact,moreAmericansliveinthesuburbsoflargemetropolitanareasthaninthecitiesthemselves.

TheBureauoftheCensusregardsanyareawithmorethan2,500peopleasanurbanarea,anddoesnotconsiderboundariesofcitiesandsuburbs.

AccordingtotheBureau,thepoliticalboundariesarelesssignificantthanthesocialandeconomicrelationshipsandthetransportationandcommunicationsystemsthatintegratealocale.ThetermusedbytheBureauforanintegratedmetropolisisanMSA,whichstandsforMetropolitanStatisticalArea.Ingeneral,anMSAisanyareathatcontainsacityanditssurroundingsuburbsandhasatotalpopulationof50,000ormore.

Atthepresenttime,theBureaureportsmorethan280MSAs,whichtogetheraccountfor75percentoftheUSpopulation.Inaddition,theBureaurecognizes18megapolises,thatis,continuousadjacentmetropolitanareas.Oneofthemostobviousmegapolisesincludesachainofhundredsofcitiesandsuburbsacross10statesontheEastCoastfromMassachusettstoVirginia,includingBoston,NewYork,andWashington,D.C.IntheEasternCorridor,asitiscalled,apopulationof45millioninhabitantsisconcentrated.AnothermegapolisthatisgrowingrapidlyistheCaliforniacoastfromSanFranciscothroughLosAngelestoSanDiego.11.

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.MetropolitanStatisticalAreasB.TypesofPopulationCentersC.TheBureauoftheCensusD.Megapolises正確答案：B[解析]本題考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，A和D都是文章敘述的一部分，C是進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)的機(jī)構(gòu)，因而應(yīng)選B。

12.

Accordingtothepassage,wheredomostAmericanslive?A.Inthecenterofcities.B.Inthesuburbssurroundinglargecities.C.Inruralareas.D.Insmalltowns.正確答案：B[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句“...moreAmericansliveinthesuburbsoflargemetropolitanareasthaninthecitiesthemselves.”可知，更多的美國人生活在大都市的郊區(qū)，metropolitan意為“大城市的”。

13.

Theunderlinedword"reside"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.fillB.decideC.occupyD.live正確答案：D[解析]本題考查詞義辨析。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“ThefactthatmostAmericansliveinurbanareasdoesnotmeanthattheyresideinthecenteroflargecities.”可知，大多數(shù)美國人生活在城區(qū)并不意味著他們都居住在市中心。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，reside應(yīng)和live是同義詞。Reside“居住”；fill“填滿”；decide“決定”；occupy“占據(jù)”；live“生活”。所以，答案是D。

14.

AccordingtotheBureauoftheCensus,whatisanurbanarea?A.Achainofadjacentcities.B.Anareawithatleast50,000people.C.The18largestcities.D.Anareawith2,500peopleormore.正確答案：D[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第二段“TheBureauoftheCensusregardsanyareawithmorethan2,500peopleasanurbanarea,anddoesnotconsiderboundariesofcitiesandsuburbs.”

15.

WhichofthefollowingareNOTconsideredimportantindefininganurbanarea?A.Politicalboundaries.B.Transportationnetworks.C.Socialrelationships.D.Economicsystems.正確答案：A[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第一句話“AccordingtotheBureau,thepoliticalboundariesarelesssignificantthanthesocialandeconomicrelationshipsandthetransportationandcommunicationsystemsthatintegratealocale.”可知，統(tǒng)計(jì)局認(rèn)為，與社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系和交通通信系統(tǒng)相比，政治界限不太重要。

16.

Theunderlinedword"integrate"inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.A.benefitB.defineC.uniteD.restrict正確答案：C[解析]本題考查詞義理解。根據(jù)語境可知，社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系和交通通信系統(tǒng)可以將一個(gè)場所聯(lián)系起來。Integrate“使成整體，使一體化”；benefit“受益于”；define“下定義”；unite“聯(lián)合，團(tuán)結(jié)”；restrict“限制，約束”。

17.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.AnintegratedmetropolisisanMSA.B.MSAstandsforMetropolitanStatisticalArea.C.Ametropolisincludesatleastametropolitan.D.AnMSAreferstocityanditssuburbs,withover50,000people.正確答案：C[解析]本題考查是非判斷。根據(jù)第三段第二、三句“Thetern]usedbytheBureauforanintegratedmetropolisisanMSA,whichstandsforMetropolitanStatisticalArea.Ingeneral,anMSAisanyareathatcontainsacityanditssurroundingsuburbsandhasatotalpopulationof50,000ormore.”可知，A、B、D三項(xiàng)在文中一一提到，均正確。只有C項(xiàng)在文中沒有相關(guān)支持信息，故不正確。

18.

Theunderlinedword"adjacent"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto______.A.besideeachotherB.growingveryfastC.thesamesizeD.denselypopulated正確答案：A[解析]本題考查詞義理解。根據(jù)文章第四段第二句可知，megapolises是連續(xù)的毗鄰的都市地區(qū)。Adjacent“鄰近的，接近的”；besideeachother“靠邊”；growingveryfast“發(fā)展迅速”；thesamesize“一樣大”；denselypopulated“人口密集”。

19.

Accordingtothepassage,whatisamegapolis?A.Oneofthe10largestcitiesintheUnitedStates.B.Oneofthe18largestcitiesintheUnitedStates.C.Oneofthe100citiesbetweenBostonandWashington.D.Anynumberofcontinuousadjacentcitiesandsuburbs.正確答案：D[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第四段第二句“Inaddition,theBureaurecognizes18megapolises,thatis,continuousadjacentmetropolitanareas.”

20.

WhydoestheauthormentiontheEasternCorridorandtheCaliforniacoastinParagraph4?A.Asexamplesofmegapolises.B.Because75percentofthepopulationlivesthere.C.Toconcludethepassage.D.TheBureauoftheCensusislocatedthere.正確答案：A[解析]本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第四段的“theBureaurepotsmorethan280MSAs,whichtogetheraccountfor75percentoftheUSpopulation”，可知75%的人住在MSA，但不單是theEasternCorridor,Californiacoast地區(qū)，因而排除B。第四段是對megapolis的介紹，不是對文章的總結(jié)，排除C。D想在文中并未提及。

Seekingtoframehisnewadministrationasonewithafirmfocusonclosingthegapbetweenchildrenfromaffluentandpoorfamilies,Gov.-electGavinNewsomwillproposespendingsome$1.8billiononanarrayofprogramsdesignedtoboostCalifornia'senrollmentinearlyeducationandchild-careprograms.

Newsom'splan,whichhehintedatinaFresnoeventlastmonth,willbeakeyelementinthestatebudgetproposalhewillsubmittotheLegislatureshortlyaftertakingofficeMonday,asourceclosetothegovernor-elect'stransitionteamsaid.

Thespendingwouldboostprogramsdesignedtoensurechildrenenterkindergartenpreparedtolearn,closingwhatsomeresearchershavecalledthe"readinessgap"thatexistsbasedonafamily'sincome.Itwouldalsophaseinanexpansionofprekindergartenandoffermoneytohelpschooldistrictsthatdon'thavefacilitiesforfull-daykindergarten.

"Thefactthathe'smakingsignificantinvestmentswithhisopeningbudgetisreallyexciting,"TedLempert,presidentoftheBayArea-basednonprofitChildrenNow,saidTuesday."What'sexcitingisthecomprehensivenessofit,becauseit'ssayingwe'regoingtofocusonprenatalthroughage5."

AbroadoverviewdocumentreviewedbyTheTimesonTuesdayshowsthatmostoftheoutlayundertheplan—$1.5billion—wouldbeaone-timeexpenseinthebudgetyearthatbeginsJuly1.Thosedollarswouldbeasingleinfusionofcash,anapproachfavoredbyGov.JerryBrowninrecentyears.Mostofthemoneywouldbespentoneffortstoexpandchild-careservicesandkindergartenclasses.Bylaw,agovernormustsubmitafullbudgettotheLegislaturenolaterthanJan.10.LawmakerswillspendthewinterandspringreviewingtheproposalandmustsendafinalbudgetplantoNewsombyJune15.

ThoughlegislativeDemocratshavepushedforadditionalearlychildhoodfundinginrecentyears—akeydemandoftheLegislativeWomen'sCaucus—thoseactionshavetypicallycomelateinthebudgetwritingseasoninSacramento."Quitefrankly,tostartoutwithaJanuaryproposalthatincludesthatinvestmentinCalifornia'schildrenreflectsanewday,"stateSen.HollyJ.Mitchell(D-LosAngeles)said.

Thegovernor-electwillproposea$750-millionboosttokindergartenfunding,aimedatexpandingfacilitiestoallowfull-dayprograms.Anumberofschooldistrictsofferonlypartialdayprograms,leavingmanylow-incomefamiliestoskipenrollingtheirchildrenbecausekindergartenclassesendinthemiddleoftheworkday.BecausethemoneywouldnotcounttowardmeetingCalifornia'sthree-decades-oldeducationspendingguaranteeunderProposition98,whichsetsaminimumannualfundinglevelforK-12schoolsandcommunitycolleges,itwillnotreduceplannedspendingonothereducationservices.

ClosebehindintotalcostisabudgetproposalbyNewsomtohelptrainchild-careworkersandexpandlocalfacilitiesalreadysubsidizedbythestate,aswellasthoseservingparentswhoattendstatecollegesanduniversities.Together,thoseeffortscouldcost$747million,accordingtothebudgetoverviewdocument.

Anexpansionofprekindergartenprogramswouldbephasedinoverthreeyearsatacostof$125millioninthefirstyear.Themultiyearrolloutwould,accordingtothebudgetoverview,"ensurethesystemcanplanfortheincreaseincapacity."

LempertsaidtheNewsomproposalisnotablefortryingtoavoidthekindsofbattles

thatinrecentyearspittedprekindergartenandexpandedchildcareagainsteachotherforadditionaltaxpayerdollars."Therealityisweneedtoexpandbothsimultaneously,"hesaid.

Another$200millionoftheproposalwouldbeearmarkedforprogramsthatprovidehomevisitstoexpectantparentsfromlimited-incomefamiliesandprogramsthatprovidehealthcarescreeningsforyoungchildren.Someofthemoneywouldcomefromthestate'sMedi-Calprogram,andothermoneyfromfederalmatchingdollars.FundingforthehomevisitsprogramwasprovidedinthebudgetBrownsignedlastsummer;theNewsomeffortwouldbuildonthat.

(選自《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》

2019年1月3日)21.

Theword"one"underlinedinParagraph1refersto______.A.gapB.Gov.-electC.administrationD.focus正確答案：C[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第1段第1句，從結(jié)構(gòu)frame...as...可知，one應(yīng)與hisnewadministration一致，故正確答案為C。

22.

AccordingtoParagraph1,theprogramsproposedbyGavinNewsomintendto______.A.seektoframehisnewadministrationB.focusonclosingthegapbetweenchildrenC.spendhugeamountsofmoneyD.increasethenumberofstudentsinearlyeducationandchild-careprogramsinCalifomia正確答案：D[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第1段第1句，從programsdesignedtoboostCalifornia'senrollmentinearlyeducationandchild-careprograms可知，designed為過去分詞作定語，說明項(xiàng)目的目的，故D為正確答案。

23.

Thephrase"readinessgap"underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymeans______.A.gapbetweengenerationsB.gapbetweenrichandpoorC.gapbetweenstudentsD.gapbetweenparents正確答案：C[解析]語義題。第1句提到新政府將致力于縮小來自富裕和貧窮家庭孩子間的差距，第3段又提到要縮小差距，顯然指的還是孩子間的差距，故正確答案為C。

24.

AccordingtoParagraph4,Newsom'splanwillbenefit______.A.childrenatkindergartenB.childrenfromtheunborntoage5C.childrenfrom1to5yearsoldD.childrenofprekindergarten正確答案：B[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。第4段最后一句提到“prenatalthroughage5”，prenatal意為“出生前”，故正確答案為B。

25.

Theword"outlay"underlinedinParagraph5issynonymousto______.A.spendingB.budgetC.loanD.reserve正確答案：A[解析]語義題。spending花費(fèi)，budget預(yù)算，loan貸款，reserve儲(chǔ)備金。outlay意為“花費(fèi)，費(fèi)用”，故A為正確答案。

26.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?______A.TheLegislativeWomen'sCaucusproposesadditionalearlychildhoodfunding.B.Thegovernor-electwillproposehundredsofmillionsdollarstodevelopfull-dayprograms.C.Thegovernor-electprefersasingleinfusionofcash.D.Low-incomefamiliesdonotenrolltheirchildrenbecauseofpartialdayprograms.正確答案：C[解析]推斷題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)定位原文，仔細(xì)甄別后可知C與原文(anapproachfavoredbyGov.JerryBrown意為“州長青睞這種方法”)不符，而C選項(xiàng)中為當(dāng)選州長，非同一人，故為正確答案。

27.

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph7thatProposition98mustbe______.A.apoliticalactB.aconstitutionalactC.aneconomicactD.aschoolact正確答案：B[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)上下文可知，Proposition98規(guī)定了教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的使用，按照美國的政治制度，其必須通過立法授權(quán)，故正確答案為B(憲法法案)。

28.

InParagraph8,itismentionedthatifparentsattendstatecollegesanduniversities,theycan______.A.enjoyservicessubsidizedbythestateB.gethelpfromchild-careworkersC.enjoylocalfacilitiesexpandedbythebudgetD.gethelpfromthestate正確答案：C[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第8段第1句，分析結(jié)構(gòu)可知，those指代localfacilities，serving作those的定語，故正確答案為C。

29.

AccordingtoLempert,inrecentyearsbattleshavearisen______.A.forprekindergartenandchildcaretoobtainmoremoneyfromtaxpayersB.forthegovernmenttoexpandprekindergartenC.forthegovernmenttoexpandchildcareD.forthegovernmenttoexpandbothprekindergartenandchildcare正確答案：A[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第10段第1句，分析結(jié)構(gòu)可知，pit...againsteachother意為“讓……相互對抗”，故正確答案為A。

30.

Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.A.California'sInvestmentinEarlyEducationB.California'sInvestmentinChildCareC.California'sNewPlantoBoostEducationD.California'sNewPlantoImproveHealthcare正確答案：C[解析]主旨題。從第1段可知，當(dāng)選州長的計(jì)劃是針對教育的，最后一段介紹了經(jīng)費(fèi)的來源和用途，故正確答案為C。

WhyhaslifeflourishedonEarth?Thisquestionhasatwo-partanswer.First,EarthhasbeenacradleforlifebecauseofitspositionrelativetotheSun.Second,oncelifebeganonEarth,simpleearlylife-forms

(photosyntheticbacteria)slowlybutinexorablyalteredtheenvironmentinamannerthatnotonlymaintainedlifebutalsopavedthewayforlater,complexlife-forms.Thesechangesallowedlaterorganismstoevolveandthrive.Humansandotherhigherorganismsowetheirlifesupportingenvironmenttotheseearlylife-forms.

Earth'searliestatmospherecontainedseveralgases:hydrogen,watervapor,ammonia,nitrogen,methane,andcarbondioxide,butnooxygen.Gasmixturesemittedfrompresent-dayvolcanoesresemblethisearlyatmosphere,suggestingitsoriginfromvolcaniceruptions.InEarth'searliestatmosphere,methaneandcarbondioxideoccurredatmuchhigherlevelsthanatpresent—acircumstancethatwasfavorableforearlylife.Methaneandcarbondioxidearegreenhousegasesthatwarmatmospheresbyretardinglossofheattospace.ThesetwogaseskeptEarthwarmduringtheSun'searlyhistory,whentheSundidnotburnasbrightlyasitnowdoes.(Anearlydimperiod,withlaterbrightening,isnormalforstarsofourSun'stype.)

Earth'smodematmosphere,whichis78percentnitrogengas,21percentoxygen,andabout1percentargon,watervapor,ozone,andcarbondioxide,differsdramaticallyfromtheearliestatmospherejustdescribed.ThemodernatmospheresupportsmanyformsofcomplexlifethatwouldnothavebeenabletoexistinEarth'sfirstatmospherebecausetheoxygenlevelwastoolow.Also,ifatmosphericmethaneandcarbondioxidewereasabundantnowastheywereinEarth'searliestatmosphere,theplanet'stemperaturewouldlikelybetoohotformostspecieslivingtoday.Howandwhendidtheatmospherechange?

Theanswertothisriddleliesinthemetabolicactivityofearlyphotosyntheticlife-formsthatslowlybutsurelytransformedthechemicalcompositionofEarth'satmosphere.Someoftheseearlyorganismswerephotosyntheticrelativesofmoderncyanobacteria(blue-greenbacteria).Intheprocessofphotosynthesis,carbondioxidegascombinedwithwateryieldsoxygen.InEarth'searlydays,allovertheplanetcountlessphotosyntheticbacteriaperformedphotosynthesis.Together,theseancientbacteriaremovedmassiveamountsofcarbondioxidefromEarth'satmospherebyconvertingittosolidorganiccarbon.Theseancientbacteriaalsoreleasedhugequantitiesofoxygenintotheatmosphere.Otherancientbacteriaconsumedmethane,greatlyreducingitsamountintheatmosphere.WhenourSunlaterbecamehotter,thecontinuedremovalofatmosphericcarbondioxideandmethanebyearlybacteriakeptEarth'sclimatefrombecomingtoohottosustainlife.Moderncyanobacteriastillprovidethesevaluableservicestoday.31.

ThewordalteredinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.transformedB.protectedC.madeuseofD.adaptedto正確答案：A[解析]本題為詞義題。altered意為“改變，轉(zhuǎn)化”，A項(xiàng)transformed“轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)變”與之意思最為相近，故選。

B項(xiàng)“保護(hù)”、C項(xiàng)“使用，利用”、D項(xiàng)“適應(yīng)”，均不符合要求，可都排除。

[參考譯文]為什么生命在地球起源興盛?答案可分成兩部分。首先，地球之所以成為生命的搖籃是因?yàn)槠渑c太陽的相對位置。其次，一旦生命在地球起源，簡單的生命形式，即光合細(xì)菌，會(huì)慢慢地對環(huán)境做出不可逆的改變。這種改變不僅維持了其自身的生命，也為后來更復(fù)雜的生命形式的存活提供了條件，使得后來的有機(jī)體得以進(jìn)化、繁殖。人類和其他高等生物之所以有適宜的生存環(huán)境，有賴于這些早期的生命形式。地球最初的大氣層包含以下幾種氣體：氫氣、水蒸氣、氨氣、氮?dú)?、甲烷和二氧化碳，但沒有氧氣。現(xiàn)今火山口所釋放的氣體成分與早期大氣層成分十分類似，這也佐證了地球起源于火山爆發(fā)的說法。地球最早的天氣層成分中，甲烷和二氧化碳的濃度比現(xiàn)在高很多，適合當(dāng)時(shí)早期生命的生存。甲烷和二氧化碳是溫室氣體，通過減緩熱量喪失使大氣變暖。在太陽的歷史早期，其燃燒不如現(xiàn)在劇烈(太陽這類行星均會(huì)先經(jīng)過一個(gè)昏暗期，接著慢慢變亮)，地球則通過這兩種氣體保持溫度。

現(xiàn)代地球大氣層的組成為78%氮?dú)猓?1%氧氣，剩下約1%為氬氣、水蒸氣、臭氧和二氧化碳，與前文描述的早期大氣層成分大不相同。早期大氣層的含氧量太低，因此在現(xiàn)代大氣層下繁衍生息的許多復(fù)雜生物不可能在早期大氣層環(huán)境下存活。同樣，若現(xiàn)代大氣層的甲烷和二氧化碳含量與早期大氣層一樣高，地球的溫度則會(huì)過高，大部分現(xiàn)代物種也將無法生存。那么，大氣層是什么時(shí)候開始改變的呢?這個(gè)過程又是如何發(fā)生的呢?

謎底就是早期光合生物的代謝活動(dòng)緩慢又不可逆地改變了地球大氣的化學(xué)組成。有些早期生命體還是現(xiàn)代藍(lán)藻的光合近親。在光合作用過程中，二氧化碳?xì)怏w與水反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生氧氣。在歷史早期，地球各地?zé)o數(shù)光合細(xì)菌進(jìn)行著光合作用，于是這些遠(yuǎn)古細(xì)菌消耗了大氣中大量的二氧化碳，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為固體有機(jī)碳，同時(shí)釋放出大量的氧氣。而其他的遠(yuǎn)古細(xì)菌則消耗甲烷，大量減少其在大氣中的含量。當(dāng)太陽溫度逐漸升高時(shí)，遠(yuǎn)古細(xì)菌繼續(xù)消耗大氣中的二氧化碳和甲烷，使地球的溫度不至于太高，從而維持生命正常存活。即便是今天，現(xiàn)代藍(lán)藻也仍在為地球提供著這一可貴的“服務(wù)”。

32.

Thefirstparagraphsupportswhichofthefollowinginferences?______A.AftercomplexlifeformsaroseonEarth,bacteriaquicklyevolvedinordertomaintainfavorableconditionsforlife.B.EarlylifeformsonEartharosefromtheprocessofphotosynthesis.C.ThedevelopmentofcomplexlifeonEarthdependedonthepresenceofbacteriathatcouldbeconsumedbylargerorganisms.D.ComplexlifeformsonEarthmaynothaveevolvedifEarthhadbeenfartherfromorclosertotheSun.正確答案：D[解析]本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第1段第3句可知，地球與太陽的距離合適，為生命的起源和進(jìn)化提供了一個(gè)適合的環(huán)境，也就是說，若地球離太陽過近或過遠(yuǎn)，這一切都不可能，因此D項(xiàng)說法正確。

根據(jù)文意，復(fù)雜生物的出現(xiàn)晚于細(xì)菌，且細(xì)菌進(jìn)化過程是緩慢的，因此A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。文中第1段沒有提及早期的生命形式是如何誕生的，故B項(xiàng)也排除。文中提到遠(yuǎn)古細(xì)菌改變環(huán)境，為高等生物提供適宜的生存環(huán)境，而并不是細(xì)菌為高等生物提供食物，所以C項(xiàng)也錯(cuò)誤。

33.

ThewordemittedinParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.A.disappearingB.examinedC.releasedD.taken正確答案：C[解析]本題為詞義題。emitted意為“排放；散發(fā)”，一般指氣體排放，因此C項(xiàng)“釋放，排放”與之最為接近，故選。

A項(xiàng)“消失”、B項(xiàng)“檢查”、D項(xiàng)“拿，取”，均不符合要求，可都排除。

34.

ThewordretardinginParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.A.regulatingB.slowingC.restoringD.directing正確答案：B[解析]本題為詞義題。retarding意為“阻礙；使放緩速度”，文中指甲烷和二氧化碳通過減緩熱量喪失使大氣變暖，因此B項(xiàng)slowing“減緩，使降速”與之意義最為接近。

A項(xiàng)“管理；調(diào)整”、C項(xiàng)“使恢復(fù)”、D項(xiàng)“把(某物)對準(zhǔn)；針對”，均不符合要求，可都被排除。

35.

InParagraph2,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatmethaneandca