現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第三版）精讀3 課件 B3U10

ContentsUnit10Lead-inWarm-up

questionsWhatarehumanneedsinlife?Aretheseneedsexclusively?Can

you

name

the

needs

you

have

forthefouryearsofcollege?Whatbasicneedsdoyouthinkhumansaresupposedtohaveforsurvival?Doyoubelievehumanactionsaredrivenbyhumanneeds?Referring

to

your

own

experience,

explain

what

consequences

it

can

result

in

if

human

needs

are

not

satisfied.Whatispower?Doyouthinkpowerisgoodorbad?Isitabasicneedofpeopletogainpower?Doyouwanttobepowerful?Whatattitudeshouldweadopttowardpower?Why?Text1.Abouttheauthor2.Background

3.Structure4.GotothetextTheNeedsThatDriveUsAllWilliamGlasserText1.

AbouttheauthorWilliamGlasser(1925—2013)wasaninfluentialAmericanpsychiatrist,bestknownasthedeveloperofRealityTherapy,amethodofpsychotherapyhecreatedin1965basedontheprinciplesofChoiceTheory,whichisnowtaughtallovertheworld.HeinitiallystudiedChemicalEngineering,

butwentintopsychiatrywhenherealizedpsychologywashisrealinterest.HemaintainedaprivatepracticeinWestLosAngelesfrom1957to1986,andcontinuedhisinvolvementincommunitypsychiatryforanadditionaltwentyyears.TextDuringhisprivatepractice,Dr.Glasser’scareerexpandedtolecturingandwriting:culminatinginthepublicationofovertwentybooks.Notably,hissecondbook,RealityTherapy(1965),wasabestseller,anddrewnationalattention.ThenSchoolswithoutFailure(1969),hisfirstbookoneducation,beganaseriesofadditionalpublicationsandlongterminvolvementwiththeGlasserQualitySchoolMovement.HiscontinuingstudyoftheunderlyingreasonsforthesuccessofrealitytherapyledtohisbookChoiceTheory(1998).Text2.Background

Inthistext,theauthorattemptstodefinetheword“human.”Heisconcernedwithhumanpsychologyratherthanethics.Accordingtohim,humanbeingsaredrivenbyfivebasicneeds,someofwhicharesharedbyotheranimals,butothersareuniquelyhuman.Thearticleisobviouslyaddressedtoyoungstudentsanditspurposeistoincreasetheirself-awarenessoftheirhumannesssoastobetterdealwiththeirproblems.Theproblemofhumanneedshasfascinatedmanyscientists,andovertheyears,scholarshavecomeupwithmanyinterestingtheories.AbrahamMaslow(1908–1970),awell-knownAmericanpsychologist,putallbasichumanneedsinapyramid-shapedchartwithphysiologicalneedsatthebottomandsafetyneeds,socialneeds,esteemneedsinascendingorderandfinallyself-actualizationatthetop.Accordingtohimpeopletrytosatisfythelower-orderneedsbeforetheymoveontothenextlevelhigherup.The

Needs

That

Drive

Us

AllWilliam

Glasser1

Alllivingcreaturesaredrivenbythebasicneedtostayaliveandreproducesothatthespecieswillcontinue.Ascreatureshaveevolvedfromsimpletocomplex,theyhavedevelopedadditionalbasicneeds...Humansnotonlyneed(1)tosurviveandreproduce,butalso(2)tobelongandlove,(3)togainpower,(4)tobefreeand(5)tohavefun.Allfiveneedsarebuiltintoourgeneticstructureasinstructionsforhowwemustattempttoliveourlives.Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.Iitalicizetheneedforpowerbecause,unliketheotherfourneedsthataresharedtosomeextentbymanyhigheranimals,thewaywecontinuallystruggleforpowerineveryaspectofourlivesseemsuniquelyhuman.Text2

Wearealsobornwithnochoicebuttofeelpainwhenaneedisfrustrated,andpleasurewhenitissatisfied.Thequickerandmoreseverethefrustration,themorepainwefeel;thequickeranddeeperthesatisfaction,themorepleasureweexperience.3

Simplesurvivalneedslikehunger,thirst,andsexualdesirearerelativelyclear-cut,andwequicklylearnwhatparticulardiscomfortisattachedtothedenialofthesebasicneeds.Whenweattempttosatisfythenon-essentialpsychologicalneeds,suchasbelonging,fun,freedom,andespeciallypower,werunintomoredifficulty.Theneedforpowerisparticularlydifficulttosatisfybecauseinmanyculturesthemoresoftheculturecondemnthosewhoopenlystriveforit.Evenpoliticianstrytoappearhumble,emphasizinghowmuchtheywishtoserveandhowlittletheywanttotelluswhattodo.Text4

Butregardlessofculturalprejudices,poweritselfisneithergoodnorbad.Infact,ifitwerenotfortheneedforpower,ourwholeeconomywouldcrumblebecausealmostallthatisboughtandsold,exceptforbarenecessities,isforthesakeofpower.5

Whensomeoneuseshispowertohelpdowntroddenpeoplesatisfyanyoftheirneeds,especiallytogetsomepower,thisuseofpowerishumane.ButhistoryrecordsfewexamplesofpeoplelikeMartinLutherKing,Jr.,whousedwhatpowerhehadforthebenefitofthepowerless.Instead,historyisfulloftyrantswhousedtheirpowertohurtpeople,andthereasonthatsomanyofusseepowerasbadisthatsomanypeoplehavebeenitsvictims.Buteventyrantstendtotalkaboutpowerasifitisbad.Theypreachthevirtuesofhumilitybecausethemorepeopletheycanpersuadetobehumble,themoreeasilytheycanbothpreserveandaddtothepowerthattheyhave.Text6

Whileitiseasytounderstandthatpeoplewhostriveforpowermaybecomedominantandhaveabetterchancetosurvive,mostofushavedifficultyacceptingthatthisneediswritteninourgenes.AsIhavementioned,culturallywehavebeentaughtbythoseinpowertobehumble.Thattheirteachingshavebeenlargelyacceptedwhenwhattheyadvocateissoobviouslyself-servingisatributetohoweffectivetheyhavebeeningettingtheirmessageacross.Butalso,becausewewantpowersobadly,weoftensupportthosewhoarestrongerinthehopethattheywillsharealittleofwhattheyhavewithus.Andiftheyarewise,theydo.Successfulpoliticiansaremastersofthisapproachandthesameexpertiseisnotunknowninbusiness,highereducationandevenreligion.Text7

Ifyoulookaroundinanysociety,youcannotfailtoseetheall-pervasiveeffectofthisneed.Familiesbandtogetherforpower,butiftheysucceedinbecomingverypowerful,theytendinalmostallcasestofightamongthemselvesforthelion’sshareofwhattheyhave.Ratherthangooverwhatseemssoobvious,justaskyourselfonequestion:Whodoyouknowissocompletelysatisfiedwithhislifethathecangoaweekwithoutcomplainingthatsomeonehasgotteninthewayofwhathewantedtodo?Mostofuscannotgetthroughadaywithoutcomplaint;tobesatisfiedwithhowothershavetreatedusforaweekwouldseemlikeaneternity.Text8

Weareintenselycompetitive.Ifwethinkthatwehaveanychanceatalltomovebeyondbaresurvival,wearealmostallambitious.Weworryaboutwinning,ourhonor,ourpride,ourintegrity,ourdesiretobeheard,ourneedtoberight,whorecognizesus,whetherweareachievingenough,whetherwearerichenough,goodlooking,well-dressed,influential—thelistisendless.Weareeasilyjealous,and“stupid”peoplecallusarrogantwhenallweareiscompetent.Weworryaboutstatus,positionandwhetherwehaveclout.Weareconstantlytryingtoavoidthosewhowouldcoerceus,manipulateusoruseus.Thatwehaveoftenbeenwrongedandseekrevengeismuchonthemindsofmanyofus.Amongus,eventhehumblecompeteforwhocanbethehumblestofall.Text9

Youcandecideforyourselfwhetherpowerisusedmoreforgoodthanforevil,butsimplyasageneticneedithasnomorality.Ourneedspushustostriveforfulfillment;whetherinourattempttosatisfythemwedorightorwrongisuptoeachofustodecide.Iamspendingsomuchtimeexplainingthisneedbecauseitisbyfar,especiallyforyoungpeople,themostimportantdrive.Ifstudentsdonotfeelthattheyhaveanypowerintheiracademicclasses,theywillnotworkinschool.Thesamecouldalsobesaidforteachers.Thereisnogreaterworkincentivethantobeabletoseethatyourefforthasapowerpayoff.Text10

Freedom,anotherbasicneed,isofteninconflictwithpower.Themorepoweryouhave,evenifyouuseitformybenefit,thelessfreedomIhave.Itseemsthattherehastobeacounterforcetopower;unbridledpowerwouldbedestructivetothesurvivalofthespecies.Therefore,almosteverythingsaidaboutpowercouldalsoberewordedintothevocabularyof

freedom.Forexample,wemaybeinherentlycompetitive,butwewanttobefreetolosewithoutlosingtoomuch.Andasmuchasachildmayloveherparents,shealsowantsthefreedomtobranchoutonherown.Soyoucanseethatfreedomcanbeinconflictnotonlywithpowerbutalsowithbelonging.Forexample,ifyouwantmearoundtoomuch,Iclaimyoustifleme,butifyouaren’tconstantlygivingmeattention,Imayclaimyoudon’tloveme.Text11

Mostpeople,aftersomethought,havenodifficultyacceptingthatlove,powerandfreedomareasbasicastheneedtosurvive.Theymight,however,questionmyclaimthatfunisabasicneed.Theywonder,dowereallyneedtohavefun,andwhatisit,anyway?It’shardtodefine,butweallknowthatfunisassociatedwithlaughter,playandentertainment.It’sthepartofthejobthatyoudon’thavetodo,butdoingitmaybethebestpartofthejob.Itisneverserious,butitisoftenimportant:AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.Itcanbefrivolous,butitdoesn’thavetobe.Itcanbeplanned,butismuchmorelikelytobespontaneous.Itcanbalancealotofmisery,anditislikeacatalystthatmakesanythingwedobetterandworthdoingagainandagain.Text12

Notonlyhumanshavefun.Myobservationisthatallanimalswhocanmakechoicesastowhattodotofulfilltheirneedsseemattimestohavefun.Thehighertheanimal,themorefun.Loweranimals,whosebehaviorisessentiallybuilt-inandwhodonothavemuchabilitytolearn,arenotinvolvedwithfun.Ifyouwantafunpet,youwouldnotchooseaturtle.13

Myguessisthatwewillsurviveindirectproportiontohowmuchwecanlearn.So,drivenbytheneedforfun,wealwayshaveapowerfulgeneticincentivetokeeptryingtolearnasmuchaswecan.Withouttherelationshipbetweenfunandlearningwewouldnotlearnnearlyasmuch.Irealizethatwealsolearnforpower,loveandfreedom,buttosatisfytheseoftenrequireslong-termdedication.Itistheimmediatefunoflearningthatkeepsusgoingdaybyday,especiallywhenweareyoungandhavesomuchtolearn.Text14

Boredomistheoppositeoffun.Italwaysoccurswhenwehavetospendtimewithoutlearning:Amonotonoustaskisalwaysboringunlesswecanfindawaytolearnwhiledoingsomethingrepetitive,ormakethethingwearedoingcompetitiveorsocial,asTomSawyerdidwhenhewaspaintingthefence.Anytimewecanintroducepower,freedomorbelongingintoasituation,wefinditmoreinteresting.Andaswedo,wealsofindourselveslearningalongtheway.(1,538words)Text推動(dòng)人類(lèi)前進(jìn)的需求威廉·格拉瑟1

為了物種能夠延續(xù)，所有生物都有生存和繁衍后代的基本需求。但隨著物種由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜的進(jìn)化，這些基本需求就會(huì)不斷增加......人類(lèi)現(xiàn)在不僅需要(1)維持生命和生育后代，而且還要(2)有歸屬感和愛(ài)，(3)獲得權(quán)力，(4)獲得自由，(5)得到樂(lè)趣。這五種需求都是我們基因結(jié)構(gòu)中固有的指令，決定我們應(yīng)該如何生活。它們都很重要，都必須合理地予以滿(mǎn)足，不然我們就沒(méi)有在生物學(xué)意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)我們應(yīng)有的權(quán)利。在這里，我特別用斜體來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)力需求，是因?yàn)樵谀撤N程度上，很多高級(jí)動(dòng)物也都有其他四種需要，但權(quán)力需求不同，我們?cè)谏钪械母鱾€(gè)方面都不停爭(zhēng)奪權(quán)力，看上去只有人類(lèi)才會(huì)如此。Text2

我們生來(lái)如此，別無(wú)選擇:如果某種需要沒(méi)有得到滿(mǎn)足，我們會(huì)感到痛苦；如果得到滿(mǎn)足，我們就感到快樂(lè)。挫折越快越嚴(yán)重，我們?cè)酵纯?；滿(mǎn)足越快越多，我們就越高興。

3

那些諸如饑餓、口渴和性欲等簡(jiǎn)單的生存需求，相對(duì)比較清楚明白。要是這些要求沒(méi)有得到滿(mǎn)足，我們很快就能知道會(huì)有什么特別不舒服的感覺(jué)。但是，當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D滿(mǎn)足那些諸如歸屬感、樂(lè)趣、自由，尤其是權(quán)力等并非生存必需的心理需求時(shí)，我們會(huì)遇到較多的困難。要滿(mǎn)足權(quán)力需求特別困難，因?yàn)樵诤芏辔幕?，都有譴責(zé)公開(kāi)撈權(quán)之人的傳統(tǒng)。甚至政客們也都竭力裝出謙卑的樣子，強(qiáng)調(diào)他們是多么希望為大家效勞，又多么不愿對(duì)我們指手畫(huà)腳。Text4

然而，不管有什么文化偏見(jiàn)，權(quán)力本身其實(shí)無(wú)所謂好壞。實(shí)際上，要是沒(méi)有對(duì)權(quán)力的需求，我們整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)就會(huì)崩潰。因?yàn)閹缀跛匈I(mǎi)賣(mài)的產(chǎn)品，除了那些生活必需品，都是為了權(quán)力。5

當(dāng)有人用他的權(quán)力來(lái)幫助受欺壓的人滿(mǎn)足他們的需求，尤其是權(quán)力需求時(shí)，這種權(quán)力的使用是人道的。但是歷史上很少有人像馬丁·路德·金那樣，能用他擁有的權(quán)力去為無(wú)權(quán)無(wú)勢(shì)的人謀福利。恰恰相反，歷史上充斥著利用權(quán)力傷害人民的暴君。我們很多人之所以把權(quán)力視為罪惡，就是因?yàn)槟敲炊嗳硕忌钍芷浜Α５?，即使是暴君，也往往?huì)把權(quán)力說(shuō)成是一種壞東西。他們常常宣揚(yáng)謙卑的優(yōu)秀品德，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)绞悄軌蛘f(shuō)服更多的人謙卑，就越容易保住并擴(kuò)大手中的權(quán)力。

Text6

那些努力爭(zhēng)權(quán)的人有可能占有優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，從而擁有更多的生存機(jī)會(huì)。明白這一點(diǎn)并不難，但我們很多人難以接受這種需要是由人類(lèi)基因決定的說(shuō)法。我前面已經(jīng)提到，從文化上來(lái)說(shuō)我們已經(jīng)被掌權(quán)者調(diào)教得十分謙卑。他們所提倡的東西明明是為了他們的私利，但居然為人們廣泛接受，這本身就說(shuō)明他們是多么有效地灌輸這套理念。但同時(shí)，由于我們很想得到權(quán)力，因此就常常支持那些強(qiáng)者，希望他們能把他們的權(quán)力分一點(diǎn)給我們。而如果他們聰明的話(huà)，也真會(huì)這么做。成功的政治家們是使用這種手段的高手。這種才能在企業(yè)界、高等教育界，甚至宗教界也都并不少見(jiàn)。

Text7

如果你環(huán)顧周?chē)?，你就?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，不管在哪個(gè)社會(huì)，這種需求造成的影響無(wú)處不在。家族會(huì)聯(lián)手爭(zhēng)奪權(quán)力，但他們一旦成功獲得了權(quán)力，幾乎無(wú)一例外地會(huì)為奪取最大份額的權(quán)力而內(nèi)斗起來(lái)。這里不再多舉這類(lèi)淺顯的例子了，你只要問(wèn)問(wèn)自己：你知道有誰(shuí)對(duì)生活是萬(wàn)分滿(mǎn)意，能夠一個(gè)星期不抱怨有人妨害他做他想做的事情嗎？我們大多數(shù)人一天都不行。一個(gè)星期都對(duì)別人如何待我們完全滿(mǎn)意，那簡(jiǎn)直像是一輩子了。Text8

我們都非常喜歡攀比、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。假如我們覺(jué)得自己的生活還可以比簡(jiǎn)單生存再前進(jìn)一步，那可以說(shuō)，我們幾乎人人都很有野心。我們?yōu)閯倮傩?，為榮譽(yù)、自尊、正直操心，擔(dān)心我們的話(huà)是否有人聽(tīng)，我們的需求是否正確，誰(shuí)肯定我們，我們是否有足夠的成就，我們是否夠富有、夠漂亮、夠氣派、夠有影響力——這類(lèi)擔(dān)心不勝枚舉。我們也很容易嫉妒?！吧倒蟼儭笨傉f(shuō)我們狂妄，但其實(shí)我們只不過(guò)是稱(chēng)職而已。我們總擔(dān)心我們的身份、地位，擔(dān)心我們是否有勢(shì)力。我們總是極力試圖避開(kāi)那些想要強(qiáng)迫、操縱或利用我們的人。我們很多人都經(jīng)常認(rèn)為自己受了不公正的待遇并想著要報(bào)復(fù)。在我們當(dāng)中，即使是謙卑的人也在和他人比賽，看誰(shuí)最為謙卑。Text9

你可以自己決定權(quán)力是用來(lái)做好事還是做壞事。但是作為一種天生的需要，權(quán)力本身與道德無(wú)關(guān)。這種需要驅(qū)使我們努力滿(mǎn)足它們;至于在努力滿(mǎn)足它們的過(guò)程中我們所做的是對(duì)還是錯(cuò)，這由我們每個(gè)人自己來(lái)決定。我之所以花這么多時(shí)間來(lái)解釋這個(gè)需要，是因?yàn)樗悄壳盀橹棺钪匾膭?dòng)力，對(duì)年輕人尤其如此。如果學(xué)生們感覺(jué)不到自己在課堂上享有任何權(quán)力，他們?cè)趯W(xué)校就不會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)于教師，也是如此。要想讓人有工作積極性，最好的辦法就是讓他們能夠得到權(quán)力上的回報(bào)。Text10

人的另一個(gè)基本需要是自由，它常常和權(quán)力相矛盾。你的權(quán)力越大，我的自由就越小，即使你使用權(quán)力是為我好?？磥?lái)必須要有一種與權(quán)力相反的力量；毫無(wú)約束的權(quán)力對(duì)于物種的生存是極其不利的。因此，我們談?wù)摍?quán)力所用的一切詞匯都可以加以改動(dòng)，用來(lái)談?wù)撟杂?。比如，我們的遺傳基因決定我們喜歡競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，但我們希望有失敗的自由，只要不是失敗得太慘。再比如，一個(gè)孩子可能很愛(ài)她的父母，但是她也希望有獨(dú)立自主的自由。所以，你們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，自由不僅可能與權(quán)力矛盾，它還可以和歸屬感產(chǎn)生矛盾。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，假如你總是要我在你身邊，我會(huì)說(shuō)你使我透不過(guò)氣來(lái)；但如果你不是經(jīng)常關(guān)注我，我可能會(huì)說(shuō)你不愛(ài)我。

Text11

多數(shù)人在稍作思考以后都會(huì)同意：愛(ài)、權(quán)力、自由和生存需要一樣，是基本需求。但是我說(shuō)追求樂(lè)趣也是一種基本需求，他們可能會(huì)對(duì)此表示懷疑。他們會(huì)問(wèn)，我們真的需要樂(lè)趣嗎?再說(shuō)樂(lè)趣究竟是什么?它的確很難下定義。但我們都知道，它和笑、玩、娛樂(lè)相關(guān)。它是工作中你可以不做，但如果做了卻會(huì)是你工作中最好的那一部分。它從不嚴(yán)肅，卻常常十分重要：只工作不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻。它可能會(huì)輕浮、無(wú)聊，但也不一定如此。它可能是事先計(jì)劃好的，但更多情況下可能是自發(fā)的。它能抵消掉很多痛苦的東西，而且像一種催化劑，讓我們所做的任何事情都做得更好，值得一做再做。

Text12

不僅是人類(lèi)會(huì)取樂(lè)。據(jù)我觀(guān)察，所有能選擇如何滿(mǎn)足自己需要的動(dòng)物似乎有時(shí)候都會(huì)取樂(lè)。越是高級(jí)的動(dòng)物，越是這樣。低級(jí)動(dòng)物的行為基本上是一種本能，它們沒(méi)有多少學(xué)習(xí)的能力，所以與樂(lè)趣無(wú)關(guān)。假如你想要養(yǎng)一個(gè)會(huì)逗樂(lè)的寵物，你不會(huì)選烏龜。13

我的猜想是，我們生存的機(jī)會(huì)和我們的學(xué)習(xí)能力成正比。因此，在對(duì)樂(lè)趣的需要的推動(dòng)下，我們總有一種強(qiáng)大的遺傳刺激，促使我們不斷努力學(xué)習(xí)盡可能多的東西。如果沒(méi)有樂(lè)趣與學(xué)習(xí)之間的這種關(guān)系，我們不會(huì)學(xué)這么多。我認(rèn)識(shí)到我們學(xué)習(xí)也是為了權(quán)力、愛(ài)、自由，但是要滿(mǎn)足這些需求，常常需要長(zhǎng)期的投入。學(xué)習(xí)中的樂(lè)趣能立即獲得，正是這種樂(lè)趣使我們能夠每天工作下去，尤其在我們年輕，并且有那么多東西需要學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候。Text14

厭煩是樂(lè)趣的反面。它總發(fā)生在我們需要花費(fèi)時(shí)間卻學(xué)不到東西的時(shí)候：一個(gè)單調(diào)的任務(wù)總是乏味的，除非我們?cè)谥貜?fù)做某事的過(guò)程中能夠找到學(xué)習(xí)某些東西的途徑，或者使我們所做的事情具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性或群體性，就像湯姆·索亞在刷籬笆時(shí)所做的那樣。任何時(shí)候，任何處境中，只要我們能夠注入權(quán)力、自由或歸屬感等因素，我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它變得更加有趣了。并且在做這些事情的過(guò)程中，我們也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己又學(xué)到了東西。Text

As

creatureshaveevolvedfromsimpletocomplex...AccordingtoDarwin’stheoryofevolution,plantsandanimalsdevelopgraduallyfromsimpletocomplicatedformsbynaturalselection.Thisistheprocessbywhichonlyplantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheirenvironmentwillcontinuetolive,whileallotherswilldie.InthistheoryDarwinsuggestedthathumansdevelopedfromatypeofape.TextAnalysis

Allfiveneedsarebuiltintoourgeneticstructureasinstructionsforhowwemustattempttoliveourlives.Allthesefiveneedsareinbornaspartofournatureanddirectusaswegothroughourlives.buildin/into:make...inherente.g.Ihopeyou’llbuildsomeentertainmentintothescheduleforthetraining.TextAnalysis

Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.SeeMaslow’shierarchyofhumanneedsinTextBofthisunit.TextAnalysis

Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.AbrahamH.Maslow(1908—1970)wasawell-knownAmericanprofessionalpsychologistandphilosopher.Hedevelopedafive-levelhierarchyofhumanneeds,namelyphysiologicalneeds(food,clothing,shelter,comfort,self-preservation),safetyandsecurityneeds(securityforselfandpossessions,avoidanceofrisks,avoidanceofharm,avoidanceofpain),socialneeds(companionship,acceptance,loveandaffection,groupmembership),esteemneeds(responsibility,self-respect,recognition,senseofaccomplishment),self-realizationneeds(reachingyourpotential,independence,creativity,self-expression),andhebelievedthattheneedsoneachlevelmustbegenerallysatisfiedbeforethepersonattemptstofilltheneedsonthenextlevel.Scientistshavedifferentwaysofdescribinghumanneedsandmaycallmanyneedsbydifferentnames.TextAnalysis

Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.ourbiologicaldestiny:whatwehavetoexperienceashumans—togothroughchildhood,adolescence,adulthoodandoldage,toproduceoffspringanddieTextAnalysis

...

unliketheotherfourneedsthataresharedtosomeextentbymanyhigheranimals,thewaywecontinuallystruggleforpowerineveryaspectofourlivesseemsuniquelyhuman....

unliketheotherfourneedswhichmanyhigheranimalsalsohave,theneedforpowerseemsexclusivelyahumanneed,whichisshownasweeagerlyseekpowerineveryaspectofourlives.Hereisalistofcommoncollocationswiththenoun“power”:

abolishpower;abusepower;comeintopower;consolidatepower;decentralizepower;deprivesb.ofpower;establishpower;exercisepower;handoverpower;holdontopower;misusepower;reducepower;restorepower;returntopower;seizepowerTextAnalysis

Simplesurvivalneedslikehunger,thirst,andsexualdesirearerelativelyclear-cut,andwequicklylearnwhatparticulardiscomfortisattachedtothedenialofthesebasicneeds.Itisrelativelyeasytodefinesimplesurvivalneedsthatsatisfyhunger,thirstandsexualdesireandwecaneasilyfindwhatparticulardiscomfortwefeelwhenthesebasicneedsaredenied.TextAnalysis

Whenweattempttosatisfythenon-essentialpsychologicalneeds,suchasbelonging,fun,freedom,andespeciallypower,werunintomoredifficulty.Thehigher,orpsychological,needsarenotsoclear-cutandnotsoeasytosatisfy.runinto:begintoexperience(difficulty);togetinto(adifficultorunpleasantsituation)e.g.1.

Aftersuccessivecropfailures,FarmerJonesranintodebt.2.

Thepeacetalksranintoadeadlockwhenbothsidesrejectedanycompromise.TextAnalysis

...inmanyculturesthemoresoftheculturecondemnthosewhoopenlystriveforit....inmanyculturesopenlytryingtogainpowerisregardedasrunningcountertothecodeofconductoftheculture,andthosewhodosoarestronglydisapprovedof.striveforsth.:(fml)strugglehard;makeagreatefforte.g.1.

Theyoungmanisstrivingforrecognitionofhismusicaltalent.2.

NotstrivingforsuccesswhenitisavailableisconsideredacrimeagainstthestateintheU.S.TextAnalysis

Evenpoliticianstrytoappearhumble,emphasizinghowmuchtheywishtoserveandhowlittletheywanttotelluswhattodo.Evenpoliticianstrytocoveruptheirdesireforpowerbysayingthattheyarerunningforanofficebecausetheywanttodothingsfortheircommunityandthattheyreallyhatetogovernpeople.TextAnalysis

Butregardlessofculturalprejudices,poweritselfisneithergoodnorbad.Whenwedon’ttakeintoconsiderationtheprejudicesagainstpowerincertaincultures,powerisreallynotabadthing.Poweritselfisneutral,neithergoodnorbad.regardlessof:withoutworryingaboutortakingaccountofe.g.1.

Thelawsaysthatallcitizenshavetherighttoeducationregardlessofage,sex,raceandreligiousbelief.2.

Thecoupledecidedtosendtheirsontoanelitehighschoolregardlessofwhethertheycouldaffordit.TextAnalysis

...thisuseofpowerishumane.

Note:The

words

“humane”and“human”aredifferent.humane:showinghumankindness,thoughtfulness,andsympathyforthesufferingandmisfortuneofothers(仁慈的;人道的;有人情味的)

human:showingthefeelings,esp.thoseofkindness,whichpeoplearesupposedtohave(人的;常人般的;有人性的;通人情的)e.g.1.It’shumannaturetowanttoloveandbeloved.2.

Thetoughpolicemanisreallyquitehumanatheart.

TextAnalysisTextAnalysis

MartinLutherKing,Jr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.(1929—1968)wasanAmericanBaptistministerandactivist,oneofthemostprominentleadersinthecivilrightsmovementfrom1955untilhisassassinationin1968.InfluencedbyGandhiandThoreau,hebelievedinnon-violenceandledthefamousboycottofcitybusesinMontgomery,Alabamainthe1950s,whichstartedthecivilrightsmovement.HewontheNobelPeacePrizein1964.In1968,KingwasplanninganationaloccupationofWashington,D.C.,tobecalledthePoorPeople’sCampaign,whenhewasassassinatedonApril4inMemphis,Tennessee.Hisdeathwasfollowedbynationalmourning,aswellasangerleadingtoriotsinmanyU.S.cities.

Theypreachthevirtuesofhumilitybecausethemorepeopletheycanpersuadetobehumble,themoreeasilytheycanbothpreserveandaddtothepowerthattheyhave.Theyadvocatehumilitypraisingitasanadmirablequalitybecausetheyknowthemorepeopletheymakehumble,themoreeasilytheycankeepandstrengthenthepowertheyhaveseized.addto:increasee.g.1.Thestormaddedtothedifficultyofthesailors.2.Theirgrandchildrenaddtothejoyintheiroldage.TextAnalysis

Whileitiseasytounderstandthatpeoplewhostriveforpowermaybecomedominantandhaveabetterchancetosurvive,mostofushavedifficultyacceptingthatthisneediswritteninourgenes.Thoughpeopleadmitthatthosewhostriveforpowerarelikelytogainadvantagesoverothers,mostofuscan’twillinglyaccepttheviewthatpowerisahumanneed,andthatitissomethingwehaveinheritedfromourancestors,ratherthansomethingweacquirelateron.(Inotherwords,mostpeoplerefusetoadmitthat,inonewayoranother,theyhavethedesireforpower,becausetheythinkpowerisbad.)TextAnalysis

Thattheirteachingshavebeenlargelyacceptedwhenwhattheyadvocateissoobviouslyself-servingisatributetohoweffectivetheyhavebeeningettingtheirmessageacross.Itissurprisingthatwhattheypropagateshouldbeacceptedbymany,forobviouslytheirpropagandaservestheirowninterests,helpingtomaintaintheirpower.Thisclearlyshowshoweffectivetheirpropagandamachineis.(Noticethesarcastictoneoftheauthor.)self-serving:interestedonlyingaininganadvantageforoneselfatributetosb./sth.:

sth.thatshowsthegoodeffectsorinfluenceofsb./sth.elsee.g.Ourgraduates’performanceisatributetothehigh-qualityeducationofouruniversity.TextAnalysis

Thattheirteachingshavebeenlargelyacceptedwhenwhattheyadvocateissoobviouslyself-servingisatributetohoweffectivetheyhavebeeningettingtheirmessageacross.getsth.across/getacross(tosb.):succeedincommunicatingsth.e.g.Ourmathteacherisknowledgeable,butnotgoodatgettinghisideasacross.TextAnalysis

Successfulpoliticiansaremastersofthisapproachandthesameexpertiseisnotunknowninbusiness,highereducationandevenreligion.Successfulpoliticiansareveryskillfulinusingthistechniqueofsharingalittlepowerwiththepeopleandthisapproachisalsousedbybusinessmen,leadersinhighereducationandeveninreligion.master:apersonwhoisskilledatsth.

e.g.mastersofdisguiseunknown:a.neverhappeningorexistingTextAnalysis

Ifyoulookaroundinanysociety,youcannotfailtoseetheall-pervasiveeffectofthisneed.Youcanfindwithoutfailthatthisneedforpowerisaffectingallsectionsofanysociety.(Intherestofparagraph,thewritergoesontoshowthispervasivenessofthehumanneedforpower.)TextAnalysis

Familiesbandtogetherforpower,butiftheysucceedinbecomingverypowerful,theytendinalmostallcasestofightamongthemselvesforthelion’sshareofwhattheyhave.Familymembersareunitedwhentheyarestrivingforpower,butwhentheygainwhattheyhavestrivenfor,theyarelikelytofightamongthemselvesbecausetheyallwanttogetthelargestorbestpart.TextAnalysis

Ratherthangooverwhatseemssoobvious,justaskyourselfonequestion:Whodoyouknowissocompletelysatisfiedwithhislifethathecangoaweekwithoutcomplainingthatsomeonehasgotteninthewayofwhathewantedtodo?Nobodyfeelscontentbecausetheythinktheyhaveachievedwhattheywanttogaininlife.Peopleareconstantlycomplainingthattheyarepreventedfromachievingtheirgoals.Actuallyyoucanhardlyfindapersonwhodoesn’tmakesuchcomplaintsbeforeaweekgoesby.ratherthan:insteadofgoover:examineorchecksth.carefullygetinthewayofsb.:preventsb.fromdoingsth.TextAnalysis

Mostofuscannotgetthroughadaywithoutcomplaint;tobesatisfiedwithhowothershavetreatedusforaweekwouldseemlikeaneternity.Mostofuscanfindsomethingtocomplainaboutdaily.Anyfeelingofsatisfactionwithhowwearetreatedwon’tlastaslongasaweek.seemlikeaneternity:(infml)beaperiodthatseemstobeverylongortoneverende.g.Afterwhatseemedlikeaneternity,amancameouttotellusthattheinterviewhadbeencanceled.TextAnalysis

Weareintenselycompetitive.Ifwethinkthatwehaveanychanceatalltomovebeyondbaresurvival,wearealmostallambitious.Wealltryhardtobebetterthanothers.Allhumanswantandaredeterminedtosucceedinonewayorantheriftheybelievethattheycanmanagemorethanmerelytokeepalive(surelyhumanprogressisatributetothisambition—ourneedforpower).Note:

Inthisparagraph,thewriteranalyzeshowhumanneedforpowerismanifestedineveryaspectofourlives.Hecitesmanyhumanemotionsasmanifestationsofourneedforpower.Wedon’thavetocompletelyagreewithhim,butwecandiscusshowthisneedisdisplayedinordinarypeople’sdailylife.TextAnalysis

Amongus,eventhehumblecompeteforwhocanbethehumblestofall.Competitionisacharacteristicofhumansociety,involvingallwalksoflife.Eventhosewhohavealowopinionofthemselvesstrivetobethehumblestofall.Thesentenceconcludesthediscussionofhowhumanneedforpowerisdemonstrated.Theremarkseemstobeironical,mockingatthosepoliticianswhotrytoappearhumble.TextAnalysis

Youcandecideforyourselfwhetherpowerisusedmoreforgoodthanforevil,butsimplyasageneticneedithasnomorality.Whateveropinionyouhaveaboutpower—whetheryouthinkitisgenera