基于學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的英語閱讀理解試題命制

高2023基于學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的英語閱讀理解試題命制——

以高考英語全國卷為例

內(nèi)容要點01020304題項編寫技巧命題工具介紹閱讀命題流程文本改編方法

閱讀命題流程Part01劉潤清武尊民曾用強鄒申（李筱菊，2001）閱讀理解命題流程選材改編找考點寫題干寫答案編干擾項1.選材：選什么？

英語試題的設(shè)計要充分考慮英語語言在現(xiàn)實生活中的使用情況。在選擇語言素材的時候，要盡量使用真實、地道、典型的當(dāng)代英語素材?？梢愿鶕?jù)考試的目的和學(xué)生的實際語言水平，對真實的語言材料就行適當(dāng)?shù)膭h減和改寫。語言材料的題材和體裁要豐富多樣（教育部，2017）。

試題所選擇的語言素材和所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語言運用情景要充分考慮到高中學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗和所處的社會環(huán)境。試題內(nèi)容和載體的選擇以及題型的設(shè)計要與學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平相適應(yīng)。要避免因?qū)W生的生活經(jīng)歷的明顯差異而影響試題的公正性和合理性。另外，試題的設(shè)計盡量使學(xué)生能夠結(jié)合親身經(jīng)歷或體驗來答題（教育部，2017）。命題流程:選材

（What/Where)1.選材：選什么？

1.真實性：語料真實、地道、當(dāng)代（時效性）2.多樣性：題材、體裁多樣3.長度要合適：中等以上測試300字左右最理想4.難度要合適：生詞率3%；復(fù)雜句子控制5.內(nèi)容有新意：忌諱老生常談6.信息點充分：信息密度不高，可能湊題目7.內(nèi)容要健康：避免引起政治、民族、宗教、

地區(qū)、性別等爭議糾紛（價值導(dǎo)向）。（劉潤清，韓寶成，2000）1.文段體裁：多樣2.文段題材：適應(yīng)考生年齡特點和生活經(jīng)歷

3.文段長度：高中200~300，高考略長4.文段考點：不低于3個5.文段數(shù)量：多個文段，考點分布不集中6.文段難度：與考生語言能力相當(dāng)7.文段中數(shù)字信息：特定文段數(shù)字題不宜多8.文段簡化：確保語言內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)完整和信息連貫和邏輯性；可不改編加低于3%漢語注釋。（武尊民，2008）(Heaton,1988)命題流程:選材“5.0社會”

材料特點：立德樹人2016.命題選材豐富多樣，落實立德樹人任務(wù)2017.落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)，凸顯高考思想性和育人功能2018.落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)，強化高考育人功能和價值導(dǎo)向2019.立足全面發(fā)展育人方向，加強德智體美勞全面考查2020.體現(xiàn)立德樹人時代特性，促進德智體美勞全面發(fā)展2021.落實立德樹人，引導(dǎo)德智體美勞全面發(fā)展2022.落實立德樹人，發(fā)揮學(xué)科育人功能2023.堅持立德樹人，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生全面發(fā)展1.選材：選什么？篇目體裁題材主題語境育人價值A(chǔ)應(yīng)用文名人介紹：古今歷史上女性名醫(yī)人與社會

勇敢堅毅，舍己為人B記敘文攝影經(jīng)歷：尋找最佳拍攝點獲取獨特景色人與自我了解不同職業(yè)的艱辛；樹立積極樂觀人生態(tài)度

C說明文飲食節(jié)目：對英國人飲食習(xí)慣的影響人與社會拓展視野，了解異域文化D議論文人類文明：文獻和文物相結(jié)合才有可能還原更加真實的歷史人與社會批判性思維全面客觀地看待事物7選5說明文自然生態(tài)：種植室內(nèi)植物有益于提高人們的生活質(zhì)量人與自然關(guān)注自然及周圍環(huán)境養(yǎng)成健康的生活方式

2023年

全國

乙卷

材料特點：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？篇目體裁題材主題語境育人價值A(chǔ)應(yīng)用文綠色出行：自行車租賃服務(wù)人與社會

綠色出行；環(huán)保/健康意識B記敘文環(huán)境保護：利用微生物治理污水人與自然與自然和諧共處；觀察自然，實踐創(chuàng)新

C說明文健康生活：數(shù)字極簡主義人與自我健康的生活方式D說明文群體智慧：小組討論，集體決策可以消

除個體偏見，提高估計的準(zhǔn)確性人與社會科學(xué)精神前沿新知7選5說明文自我原諒：學(xué)會適度自我原諒，羅列優(yōu)點和做過的好事增強自信人與自我自尊自愛自信的心理素質(zhì)積極樂觀看待自己

2023年

全國I卷

材料特點：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？篇目體裁題材主題語境育人價值A(chǔ)應(yīng)用文旅游休閑：羅馬四個旅社介紹人與社會滲透中外文化B記敘文音樂經(jīng)歷：鋼琴家的翻樂譜助手人與自我終身學(xué)習(xí)，刻苦練習(xí)

C說明文動物保護：聯(lián)邦鴨票-北美水禽保護歷史人與自然倡導(dǎo)人與自然和諧共處D說明文社會現(xiàn)象：大眾對情商的誤解，情商的

本質(zhì)，對情商未來研究的期望

人與社會

鼓勵關(guān)注未來，關(guān)注前沿新知

7選5記敘文

夾敘夾議旅游休閑：巴黎一周游的經(jīng)歷人與社會

體驗文化差異，培養(yǎng)思辨意識2022年

全國I卷

材料特點：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？中華優(yōu)秀文明（優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，中華文化）人類命運共同體/人與自然和諧共處時代發(fā)展(科學(xué)知識/科技發(fā)展)和諧人際關(guān)系

體美勞教育

材料特點：立德樹人1.選材：選什么？

材料特點：立德樹人(中華文化)2021.09.092023新高考I卷

飲食特點：小籠包2023新高考I卷

獨特動物：柏林動物園教英語

熊貓2023新高考乙卷：歷史遺跡：北京新舊共存1.選材：選什么？

材料特點：立德樹人(人類命運共同體/人與自然和諧共處)

材料特點：立德樹人(時代發(fā)展)2022.08.24

2017I科學(xué)實驗

如何在野外自制便攜式太陽能蒸餾器獲取飲用水2017II科學(xué)技術(shù)

國外飛行汽車的最新進展2017III科學(xué)技術(shù)

幫助老人獨立自主生活的輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)

材料特點：立德樹人(和諧人際關(guān)系)

材料特點：立德樹人(體美勞教育)

材料特點：立德樹人(體美勞教育)2.選材：哪兒選？書報雜志網(wǎng)站2.選材：哪兒選？報紙上找：外刊報紙外刊上找：外刊雜志

電子版或網(wǎng)站網(wǎng)站上搜：關(guān)鍵詞搜索；固定網(wǎng)址材料改編：國內(nèi)他人外刊命題文章或者國內(nèi)英語學(xué)習(xí)報文章1.

The

Los

Angeles

Times

《洛杉磯時報》

2.

The

New

York

Times

《紐約時報》

3.

Washington

Post

《華盛頓郵報》

4.

The

Wall

Street

Journal

《華爾街日報》

5.Dailymail

《每日郵報》 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ushome/index.html6.TheChristianScienceMonitor《基督教科學(xué)箴言報》

常用命題材料

報紙1.

《時代周刊》(TIME)

：2.《新聞周刊》(NEWS

WEEK)：

www.N3.《美國新聞與世界報道》(U.S.

NEWS

&WORLD

REPORT)：

4.《讀者文摘》(READER’S

DIGEST)

：5.《商業(yè)周刊》(Business

Week)

：6.《財富》(Fortune)：

7.

《經(jīng)濟學(xué)家》(The

Economist)：

8.

《發(fā)現(xiàn)》(Discovery)

：9.

《自然》(Nature)

中國地區(qū)自然雜志網(wǎng)址：/ch/gta/10.

《科學(xué)通訊》(Science

News)：

11.《科學(xué)美國人》（ScientificAmerican）/常用命題材料

外刊雜志1.

美國國家公共電臺

NPR

/

2.

澳大利亞網(wǎng)站

nowtolove

.au/4.

關(guān)于美國人生活

/

5.

校園生活類

6.

心靈雞湯類

/7.

科技

8.

科技

/8.

新聞

9.環(huán)保

10.HowStuffWorks

/11.WIKIHOW

/Main常用命題材料網(wǎng)站“中文期刊

外刊話題文章介紹”文本改編方法Part022.改編：怎么改？2.改編：怎么改？1.段落：刪除、合并、拆分2.句子：刪除、改述、合并3.詞匯：刪除、替換、注釋2.改編：怎么改？改編理據(jù)1：了解文本的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

記敘文？說明文？

不同體裁文本的信息核心（語篇結(jié)構(gòu)）應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文議論文信息核心（篇章結(jié)構(gòu)）·所需信息（緊扣說明對象

根據(jù)閱讀目的

抓住所需信息）·記事文

（5W1H）·人物傳記（身世、事跡、對他的情感態(tài)度）·說明的事物

·說明的道理

·論點·論證（正反分析；

邏輯推理；

列舉事實）·結(jié)論（劉松，2003）2021.12.19

記敘文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

1/2（李秀萍，2022）（楊文彬，2022）

記敘文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

2/2（楊文彬，2022）

說明文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

1/21.問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993;MichaelHoey,2001）

LanguageasDiscourse;DiscourceInteraction

說明文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

2/21.問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993;MichealHoey,2001）

LanguageasDiscourse;DiscourceInteraction2019，全國I

說明文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

2/2問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

2.提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）2019，天津生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的運行機制？物種數(shù)量分布差異的原因？科學(xué)家建立食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)模型

說明文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

2/2問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA3.一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）

說明文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

2/2問題—解決模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提問—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA3.一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林曉研，2022；李秀萍，2022；張兵，2019）2020，全國IMainlyabout:Theclassificationofthepopular.

說明文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

2/2

議論文

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)

（Hypothetical-real）

段落改編：怎么改？改編理據(jù)2：

文本解讀，確定考點(主要信息)

對于文本太長的語篇，可以選取其中信息內(nèi)容完整、邏輯清晰的文本片段，用以考查學(xué)生。如：2018全國卷I-C“人類發(fā)展導(dǎo)致語言的減少”；2018全國卷III-D“Livemorewithless”。對于主要信息單一集中的文本，進行適當(dāng)?shù)膭h減。在進行段落刪除前，需要確定素材的主要信息和次要信息，再刪除不影響文章內(nèi)容完整性的次要信息及補充說明信息的段落。這樣才能使文本在簡化的同時，不影響后期文本考點的設(shè)置。“一篇文章必然有一個主信息。閱讀測試，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考點”（李筱菊,2001)。1.段落刪除

2023QGI-B背景實驗過程原理分析應(yīng)用嘗試應(yīng)用1應(yīng)用2應(yīng)用3未來計劃1.段落刪除

2023QGII-B現(xiàn)象背景內(nèi)容好處2.句子刪改

在刪除含次要信息的段落，初步簡化文本后，文本的長度變短，接下來的工作就是對段落內(nèi)的句子進行刪改簡化。Allen(2009)提出了句子簡化過程的三種方式，即：減少信息、增加信息、結(jié)構(gòu)簡化和詳述。就2023年全國卷而言，句子的改編涉及到刪除信息和句子重組。2.句子刪改

Thenonprofit,whichJaramilloandanotherteacherlaunchedin2004,aimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.It’soneofagrowingnumberofsuchprogramsacrossthecountry;Californiarecentlywentsofarastoallocate$15millionforgrantstosupportschoolgardens.（2023QGII-D）2.1刪除信息（次要/補充/并列/重復(fù)的信息）

2.句子刪改

Somestudentsgetsohookedongardeningthattheybringhomeseeds,pottedplants,orwormbinsforcomposting.（2023QGII-D）

JohnToddwasoneofthosekidswhodidn'tlikeschool.Buthedidlikenature—andhelikedinventingthings.

（2023QGI-B）

Asachild,growingupinCanada,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems...

2.1刪除信息（次要/補充/并列/重復(fù)的信息）

interestedinWhenJohnToddwas2.句子刪改

源文：Lastyear,aftershootingsnearoneofthemiddleschools,studentsseemedcalmedbytheirworkinthegarden,asthoughithadatherapeuticbenefit.ThisisespeciallyapparentwithJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents.（2023QGII-D）改編：Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents.2.2句子重組（簡化句子）

2.句子刪改

源文：OnMarch7,1907—almost111yearsagototheday—theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapeculiarobservation.AtacountyfairheldinPlymouth,800visitorshadparticipatedinacompetitiontoguesstheweightofanox.Whilemostpeople'sestimatesweretoohighortoolow—fallinganaverageof37lbs.awayfromthetrueweightof1,198lbs.—themedianofeveryone'sguesswasoffbyonly9lbs.,orlessthan1percentofthetrueweightoftheox.Thisexampleillustrateswhathascometobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds"effect.Insomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescanbequiteaccurate,evenwhentheestimatorshavenospecialexpertise.（2023QGI-D）

2.3句子重組（簡化句子;增加連貫）

paper,whichcouldTheexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthat

2.句子刪改

2.3句子重組（簡化句子;增加連貫）

“There'sinstructionsonthepagefromthecomposeraboutloudandsoftandquickandslowandsoon,”MrTittertonexplained.

"There’salotofskillsinvolved;you’vegottobeabletoturnthepageandthat'sharderthanitsounds. “Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonce,makesureyoudon'ttipitintoherlap,makesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.”

（2022QGI-B）“Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.3.詞匯刪改注

3.1詞匯刪除由于真實語料源文本的目標(biāo)讀者非我們的高中學(xué)生，在遣詞上會使用一些我們超出了我們的考綱3500詞的生詞。我們需要對該部分超綱詞匯用同義詞進行替換；無法找到合適的替換詞匯時，可以考慮添加中文注釋、或在不影響句子主干意思的前提下將其刪除（呂平，2018）。在2023年全國卷閱讀文本中，部分詞匯被替換、加注或刪除。3.詞匯刪改注

3.1詞匯刪除

(超綱；簡潔)

Afterstudyingagriculture,tropicalmedicine,fisheries,andoceanographyincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnaturedirectlyandaskingallkindsofquestions.（2023QGI-B）Didtheygowiththeanswersofthosewhoweremostconfidentabouttheirestimates?（2023QGI-D）3.詞匯刪改注

3.2詞匯替換

(超綱)

“ThekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofhotCheetosand32-ouncebottlesofCoke,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesaregross,dirtisgross,wormsaregross.”

.

（2023QGII-B）snackslargesoftdrinksawfulawfulinsectsawful3.詞匯刪改注

3.2詞匯加注

(超綱)

加注的詞數(shù)每篇文章不超過3個。2023年全國I,II卷加注詞匯如下：全國I：brake(剎車),gears(排擋);bacteria(細(xì)菌),sludge(污泥),sewage(污水);

cultivate(培養(yǎng)),solitude(獨處);twist(轉(zhuǎn)折);err(犯錯),cliche(陳詞濫調(diào))全國II：trail(小徑),canyon(峽谷);;portray(描繪),intellect(才智);coding(編碼);sketchbook(素描本),feedback(反饋)超綱詞：“標(biāo)注、考點、不標(biāo)注”（劉慶思，2008）合成/派生：詳見

指難針

分析題項編寫技巧Part03研高考方向，做細(xì)處文章細(xì)節(jié)理解：事實細(xì)節(jié)，詞匯猜測，細(xì)節(jié)推理，觀點態(tài)度主旨大意：基本結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨大意

3.考點怎么定？“一篇文章必然有一個主信息。閱讀測試，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考點”（李筱菊,2001)。3.考點怎么定？

(2023QGI-A)BikeRental&GuidedToursWelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Yousee...WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,

...Prices...GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoversThetourdepartsfromDamSquare...,....buyyourticket...21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewith...?23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?3.考點怎么定？

(2023QGI-B)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoods...Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedto...Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Why...?Whichkindsoffish...?...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructed...tanks...Thenhebroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested...背景過程24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?3.考點怎么定？

(2023QGI-B)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”應(yīng)用原理26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?3.考點怎么定？

(2023QGI-C)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,including...andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’sright...Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwith...Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyouto...Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,...Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle...Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestyle目的PartIPartII28.Whatisthebookaimedat?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”in...mean?30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepractices

offeredinparagraphtwo?3.考點怎么定？

(2023QGI-D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustrated...the“wisdomofcrowds”effect...Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeople...Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout...Butanewstudy...offeredaninterestingtwistonthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroups...haveadiscussion,theaverages...weremoreaccurate...Thediscussiongroups...moreaccuratethan...from20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudy...,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion...Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,...resultedinaglobalreductioninerror....limitations...potentialimplications...發(fā)現(xiàn)原理新發(fā)現(xiàn)原理32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif___.34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?4.題干怎么編？

高考英語閱讀理解題干表述的“指向性”如何？2022-05-0123:55標(biāo)題和出處單個的名詞短語同義轉(zhuǎn)述的名詞短語多個名詞短語關(guān)鍵詞的重心位于動詞短語狀語從句4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-A)4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-A)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(剎車),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排擋),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.

4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-A)22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?

4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-A)23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytour

start?GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,theRijksmuseum,HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.YoucanbuyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)25.WhydidJohn

putthesludgeintothetanks?...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)26.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)28.Whatisthebook

aimedat?Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingout

yourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitudeandthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances..4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudy

focuson?Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.4.題干怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?

AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-A)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?

B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.

出處：Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake,bikeswithhandbrakeandgears,bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.同義轉(zhuǎn)述5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-A)24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

B.Hehadaninquiringmind.

出處：WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems....Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?...推理提煉5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?

D.Totesttheeco-machine.

出處：...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallan

eco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults...推理提煉5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?

B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.

出處：Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.

推理提煉5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.

出處：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”同義轉(zhuǎn)述5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.

出處：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”同義轉(zhuǎn)述5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.

出處：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”同義轉(zhuǎn)述5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)28.Whatisthebookaimedat?

B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

出處：Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.”同義轉(zhuǎn)述5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

C.Practicalexamples.

出處：Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

推理提煉5.答案怎么編？

(2023QGI-C)31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.

出處：Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourpa