2023年全球建筑和施工狀況報告（英）

BeyondfoundationsMainstreamingsustainablesolutionstocutemissionsfromthebuildingssectorGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?2024UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-4131-5Jobnumber:CLI/2621/NAThispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-profitserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,unep-communication-director@.DisclaimersThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.?Maps,photosandillustrationsasspecifiedSuggestedcitation:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2024).GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction:Beyondfoundations:Mainstreamingsustainablesolutionstocutemissionsfromthebuildingssector.Nairobi./10.59117/20.500.11822/45095.Production:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)andGlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)AcknowledgementsTheGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstructionwaspreparedbyProf.IanHamiltonandDr.HarryKennardfromUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)andColumbiaUniversity,OliverRapf,Dr.JersonAmorocho,Dr.SybilSteuwer,Dr.JuditKockatandDr.ZsoltTothfromtheBuildingsPerformanceInstituteEurope(BPIE),withcontributionsfromDr.ChiaraDelmastro,Dr.RafaelMartinezGordonandDrKseniaPetrichenkofromtheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),whoprovideddataonkeyenergy,emissionsandactivitymetricsforthebuildingssector.OthercontributorstothereportareDrHarshJatkarandDrShih-CheHsufromUCL;JadeSi-AhmedandDanielEidafromColumbiaUniversity;DrSilkeKrawietzfromSETANetwork;DrLilianaCamposArriagafromDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,CatrionaBrady,RebeccaMoir,AudreyNuget,CarolinaMontano-Owen,SaraKawamuraandStephenRichardsonfromWorldGreenBuildingCouncil(WGBC);ChloeDecazes,AliciaRegodonPuyaltoandGeoffreyMorganfromUNOfficeforProjectServices(UNOPS);AngelicaOspinafromColombiaGreenBuildingCouncil.SupportwasprovidedbyJonathanDuwyn,MonaMohammed,MarvinLauenburg,andYijunCuifromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)/GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC).ThecontentsofthisreportdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesofUNEPorcontributoryorganizations.MentionofacommercialentityorproductinthispublicationdoesnotimplyendorsementbyUNEP.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationsofmaterialdonotimplytheexpressionsofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNEPorcontributoryorganizationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundariesorthedesignationofitsname,frontiers,orboundaries.ThementionofacommercialentityorproductinthispublicationdoesnotimplyendorsementbyUNEP.Theauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingmembersandpartnerswhosupportedthisreportwiththeirimportantcontributions,input,commentsandreviews:MarthaSofíaNi?oSulkowska,SecretaríadeMedioAmbienteyRecursosNaturales,MexicoAudreyNugent,WorldGreenBuildingCouncilMinaHasman,ClimateFrameworkLuisAlbertoVega,AlianzaporlaEficienciaEnergéticaCarlosCarrazco,AlianzaporlaEficienciaEnergéticaCarlosBohorquez,MunicipalityofMedellin,ColombiaMosesItanola,BIMAfricaRobynPender,HistoricEngland,ClimateHeritageNetworkRolandHunziker,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)YorkOstermeyer,CUESFoundationMelissaLott,CentreonGlobalEnergyPolicy,ColumbiaUniversityVincentMartinez,Architecture2030AshrafKamal,HousingandBuildingsNationalResearchCentre,EgyptPeterGraham,GlobalBuildingsPerformanceNetworkJér?meBilodeau,BuildingsDivision,OfficeofEnergyEfficiency,GovernmentofCanadaLudwigLabuzinski,DeutscheEnergie-AgenturGmbH(dena)GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)|?UNEP?|?iii?ForewordTheworldisnotontracktoachievetheParisAgreementgoals,astarkfacthighlightedbyUNEP’sEmissionsGapReport2023.Itunderscoredtheurgencyoftacklingtheclimatecrisis,withrecentyearsseeingadisturbingaccelerationinthenumber,speedandscaleofbrokenclimaterecords.Thistroublingstateofaffairsisreflectedinthebuildingsandconstructionsector.Foryetanotheryear,theGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstructiontellsusthatoverallenergydemandandemissionsofthebuildingssectorcontinuedtogrow,risingbyabout1percentfrom2021.Theneedtotakeactionhasneverbeengreater:about60percentofthebuildingsthatwillexistby2050havenotbeenbuiltyetand20percentofexistingbuildingstockneedstoberenovatedtozero-carbon-readyby2030.AtCOP28,twenty-eightcountrieslaunchedtheBuildingsBreakthrough,committingtomakenear-zeroemissionandresilientbuildingsthenewnormalby2030.Thereismuchtodo.Thereisastillalackofinvestmentindecarbonizingbuildings,whilecurrentglobaleconomicinstabilityisfurtherslowinggreenbuildinginvestment.Innovativebusinessmodelsandwell-definedmetricstoguidedecisionmakingareneeded,alongwithdigitalizationtoimprovedata.Theintroductionofreportingrequirementsforthefinancialsectorthroughregulationwillalsoincentivizegreeninvestments.Whileenergyefficiencymeasuresareahighpriority,theymustbecombinedwithmaterialefficiencystrategies.Embodiedcarbonemissionsstillrepresentmorethanaquarterofthesector’semissionsandaresettogrow.Thechallengesofachangingclimatealsoneedtobetakenonboard–retrofittingexistingbuildingsanddesigningnewoneswithclimateextremesinmindisessential.Asperarticle4.9oftheParisAgreement,everycountrymustcommittonewnationalclimateplansalignedwiththe1.5°Climitby2025.MostNationalDeterminedContributions(NDCs)stilllackclearactionsandtargetstowardsbuildingenergyefficiencyandadaptationmeasures.LetusseizethismomenttoraiseambitionlevelsinNDCsthroughactionsinthebuildingsandconstructionsector.DechenTseringDirectora.i.,ClimateChangeDivisioniv?|?UNEP?|?GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)TableofContentsAcknowledgementsiiiForewordivTableofContentsvListoftablesviListoffiguresviListofboxesviAbbreviationsviiSupportstatementsviiiExecutiveSummaryixChapter1:Buildingsandconstructionsectorinreview:Arealitycheck1Chapter2:Globalbuildingsandconstructionstatus192.1Buildingconstructiontrends192.1.1SocialImpactacrosstheBuiltEnvironment222.2Energyinthebuildingsandconstructionsectortrends242.2.1Improvementsinbuildingheatingandcoolingtechnologiescontinuetoexpand272.3Emissionsinthebuildingsandconstructionsectortrends29Chapter3:Sustainablebuildingsandconstructionpolicies313.1Leadingnationalpolicies313.2Buildingcodes323.2.1Modernisationbuildingenergycodes353.3NationallyDeterminedcontributionsupdates383.4Buildingcertificationsystems41Chapter4:Investmentandfinancingforsustainablebuildings434.1Energyefficiencyinvestmentinbuildings444.2Financingofenergyefficiencyandzerocarbonbuildings:acasestudyoftheEuropeanUnion46Chapter5:GlobalBuildingsClimateTracker49Chapter6:Buildingsclimatepolicygapreview536.1Emissions546.1.1Buildingssectorenergyrelatedemissions546.2Impact556.2.1Buildingsectorenergyintensity556.2.2Renewableshareinfinalenergydemandinbuildings566.3Action576.3.1Cumulativeenergyefficiencyinvestmentinbuildings576.3.2Greenbuildingcertification586.3.3NDCconsideringbuildingsextensively596.3.4BuildingcodesZEB-aligned60Chapter7:Deepdive-Adaptationandresilientconstructionmethods617.1Buildingawater-resilientfutureforeveryone,everywhere637.2ResilienceinBuildingCodesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean65Chapter8:DeepDive-Innovationsinbusinesscases(renovationandgreenbuildingconstructionindustry)668.1Addressingrootcauses:centralplanningandcoordinationoftherenovation668.2Completelydigitalizedandstandardizedrenovationprocesses668.3Reducingrisksofinvestments:buildingsperformancecontracting67Chapter9:Deepdive-NatureBasedSolutionsandBiophilicDesign689.1ExploringNBSTechnologies699.2BiophiliaandBiophilicDesign69Chapter10:Roadmapsforbuildingsandconstruction7010.1AnewframeworkforBuildingsandConstructionRoadmapdevelopment7210.2NationalImplementation:ColombiaNationalRoadmaptoNetZeroBuildings7410.3BuildingNationalcoalitionsfordecarbonizingbuildingsinMexico75Chapter11:BuildingsBreakthrough79Chapter12:Keyrecommendationsforpolicymakersanddecisionmakers80Bibliography82Annex:GlobalBuildingsClimateTrackerMethod96Adjustmentstoindicators97GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)|?UNEP?|?v?ListoffiguresFigure1.ShareofbuildingsintotalFigure10.COemissionsinbuildingsFigure21.Observationsofthecumulativeinvestmentinenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandpathtogetontrack2finalenergyconsumptionsin2022andshareofbuildingsinglobalenergyandprocessemissionsin202222010-2022andshareofbuildingsinglobalenergyandprocessemissionsin2022Figure11.GlobalbuildingenergycodesbytypeandstatusFigure22.ObservationsofthegrowthingreenbuildingcertificationsFigure2.GlobalbuildingenergycodesbytypeandstatusxandpathtogetontrackFigure12.MentionsofbuildingsinNationallyDeterminedFigure3.Figure4.GBCTdecarbonisationindexxFigure23.ObservationsofNDCsconsideringbuildingsextensivelyandpathtogetontrackContributions(NDCs)ChangeinconstructionactivitiesinselectedG20Countries,2015-2023Figure13.NumberofuniqueNDCsmentioningbuildingsbylevelofdetailFigure24.ObservationsofaggregatedZEB-alignedenergycodesFigure5.Emerginganddevelopmenteconomies(EMDE)marketconstructionactivityandfinancialconditionsFigure14.InvestmentinenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandconstructionandpathtogetontrackFigure25.ThreatstobuildingsunderclimatechangeandavailableadaptionmeasuresFigure6.Figure7.SocialimpactframeworkFigure15.GBCT’sindicatorsweightsFigure16.GBCTdecarbonisationindexEnergyconsumptioninbuildingsbyfuel,2010-2022andshareofbuildingsintotalfinalenergyconsumptionsin2022Figure26.ScalesofwateruseinthebuiltenvironmentFigure17.GBCTobservationsandpathtogetontrackby2030Figure27.PrinciplesofwatermanagementforthebuiltenvironmentFigure18.ObservationsoftheCO2emissionoftheglobalFigure8.Figure9.Totalfinalenergyconsumptioninbuildingsbuildingstock’soperationandpathtogetontrackFigure28.GlobalroadmapsforbuildingsandconstructionResidentialspacecoolingconsumptioncoveredbyminimumenergyperformancestandardsbyregion,2000-2022Figure19.ObservationsoftheCOFigure29.GlobalABCRoadmapActionFramework2emissionoftheglobalbuildingstock’soperationandpathtogetontrackFigure30.RoadmapimplementationprocessFigure20.ObservationsoftherenewableshareinfinalenergydemandinbuildingsandpathtogetontrackListoftablesTable1.MentionsofbuildingsinNDCsTable2.ChangesovertimeofTable3.Table4.GBCT’sindicatorsobservationssummary,2015-20222atthetimeofpublicationoftheBuildingsGlobalStatusReport2mentionsofbuildingsintheNDCs2GBCT’sindicatorsgoals2ListofboxesBox1.Box2.Box3.EmbeddinggenderequalityintheconstructionsectorBox4.Box5.GreenBuildingCertificatesinspecificregionsEmissionsfrombricksandglassBuildingssustainabilityanddecarbonisationactivitiesacrossMexicoClimateactionandthepathtonet-zero:NewYorkCityandTokyovi?|?UNEP?|?GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)AbbreviationsBECsBuildingEnergyCodesEPBDESCosIEAEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirectiveEnergyServiceCompaniesInternationalEnergyAgencyIDBInter-AmericanDevelopmentBankIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeGlobalAlianceforBuildingsandConstructionGlobalBuildingClimateTrackerGreenhouseGasIPCCGlobalABCGBCTGHGMEPSNbSMinimumEnergyPerformanceStandardsNature-basedSolutionsNDCsNZENationallyDeterminedContributionsNetZeroEmissionsUAEUnitedArabEmiratesUNEPUNFCCCUNOPSWorldGBCZEBUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUnitedNationsO?ceforProjectServicesWorldGreenBuildingsCouncilZeroEmissionsBuildingGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)|?UNEP?|?vii?SupportstatementsIt’sconcerningthatinvestmentsinbuildingenergye?ciencyaredeclining.Theengagementofgovernmentstooffer?nancialincentivesandenforcepolicyregulationsiscrucial,toaccomplishourobjectivesinthissector.Climatechangewillraiseenergycosts,especiallyaffectingJordanianhouseholds.Energy-e?cientbuildingssaveindividualsfromenergypovertyandguaranteethestabilityoftheirlivelihoods.WehighlyvaluetheGlobalStatusReportandtheknowledgebaseitprovides.RasmiHamzehDirectorJordanRenewableEnergyandEnergyE?ciencyFund(JREEEF)/MinistryofEnergyandMineralResources(MEMR),JordanEveryyear,theGSRprovidescrucialevidence,insightsandrecommendationsthatinformstakeholders′effortstoincreaseambitioninthebuildingsandconstructionsectorandtoaccelerateimplementationofthepoliciesandinitiativesthatwillhelpusachieveourcollectiveclimategoals.GermanyisverygladtocontinuetosupporttheGlobalABC′simportantworkinacceleratingthetransformationanddecarbonizationofthebuildingssector.BertholdGoekeDirectorGeneralforClimateActionFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateAction(BMWK)GermanyIraqissuedcodes(TheGreenArchitecture,ThermalInsulationandNaturalLighting).EnergyE?ciencyinBuildingCodewillbeprepared.Ithasbegunimplementingsustainablecities,whichcontaingreenspacesandtakeintoaccountthermalinsulationinwalls,windows,androofs.Itwillcompleteabuildingthathas(PREEAM).Repairinggovernmentinstitutionsandmakingsustainable.HassanMiddibDirectorPresidentofTechnicalDirectorate/ArchitectEng.MinistryofConstructionandHousing&MunicipalitiesPublic,RepublicofIraqLeSénégal,s’engagedepuis2017danslapromotiondesbatimentsdurables.Depuisunan,notrecollaborationavecGlobalABCactenotredéterminationàintégrerlesmeilleurespratiquesinternationalesenmatièredebatimentsdurables.Leministèresoutientl’initiativeBuildings-GSR,essentiellepourstructurerlesecteur.Lacollaborationétendueviseàcréerunréseaufortpourunimpactaccrudanslaluttecontrelechangementclimatique.AmadouThiamDirecteurGénéraldelaConstructionetdel’HabitatMinistèredel’urbanismedulogementetdel’hygiènepublique,Sénégalviii?|?UNEP?|?GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)ExecutiveSummaryKeymessagesBuildingsandconstructionsectorinreviewThebuildingsandconstructionsectorcontributessigni?cantlytoglobalclimatechange,accountingforabout21percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.In2022,buildingswereresponsiblefor34percentglobalenergydemandand37percentofenergyandprocess-relatedcarbondioxide(CO2)emissions.Despitea3.5percentreductioninenergyintensity,overallenergydemandandemissionsrosebyaboutonepercentfrom2021.Sincethe2022GlobalBuildingsStatusReport,theconstructionsectorhasseensigni?cantchanges.Post-pandemicrecoveryhasspurredconstructionactivities,drivenbyeasedsupplychaindisruptionsandareboundinhousingdemand.However,in?ationandglobalinterestratehikeshavetemperedgrowth,particularlyaffectingdevelopingcountrieslikeChina,Mexico,IndonesiaandIndia.Geopoliticaltensionsandcon?ictshaveaddedtoglobalenergymarketinstability,affectingtheconstructionsector.Despitethesechallenges,globaleffortstomitigatethesector’sclimateimpacthavebeennotable,withinitiativesliketheBuildingsBreakthroughatCOP28aimingforanet-zero,resilientandinclusivebuildingssector.PolicyprogressisevidentwithmorecomprehensiveclimateactionplanscoveringbuildingsandconstructioninNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs).However,fewalignwithnet-zerooperationalemissions,andwhileover81countrieshavebuildingenergycodes,manyareoutdated.InvestmentinbuildingdecarbonisationexceededUS$285billionin2022butisexpectedtodeclinein2023,largelyduetoalessfavourableinvestmentenvironmentduetorisingcosts.Thenecessaryincreaseininvestmentsfallsshortofthenet-zerotargetsfornewandexistingbuildingsby2030and2050,respectively.Lookingforwardto2024,thefocusmustbeontangibleemissionreductions,enhancingbuildingperformance,increasingrenewableenergyuseandaddressinghousingandenergyaccessdisparities.Despitethecomplexities,strategicpartnershipscanfacilitatetheshifttoane?cient,resilientandwholelifenet-zerocarbonglobalbuildingstock.The2022updateoftheGlobalBuildingsClimateTracker(GBCT)paintsaconcerningpicture:thegapbetweenthecurrentstateandthedesireddecarbonisationpathissigni?cant.TheGBCTindicatesthattoalignwiththe2030milestone,anannualincreaseoftendecarbonisationpointsisnowrequired,asubstantialjumpfromthesixpointsanticipatedperyearstartingin2015.Toreachthegoalsofnet-zerocarbonemissionbuildingsfornewbuildingsby2030andexistingbuildingsby2050,strongerpoliciesareneededtoenhanceenergye?ciencyandaddresscarbonemissionsfrombuildingmaterialsandconstruction.Nationaleffortsarecrucial,withcountriesformingcoalitionstosharebestpracticesandpromotelow-carbonconstruction.GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)|?UNEP?|?ix?GlobalbuildingsandconstructionstatusIn2022,theglobalbuildingssectorwasamajorenergyconsumer,accountingfor30percentofthe?nalenergydemand,primarilyforoperationalneedslikeheatingandcooling.Includingtheenergyforproducingconstructionmaterials,this?gureroseto34percent.Energydemandinthesectorhasgrownbyjustoveronepercentannually,withelectricityuseinbuildingsincreasingfrom30percentin2010to35percentin2022oftotal?nalenergydemand,inparallelwithashifttowardsrenewables.CO2emissionsfrombuildingoperationsandconstructionreachednewhighsin2022,makingup37percentoftotalglobalCOemissionstojustunder10gigatonnes(Gt)CO,duetoemissions22frombuildingsoperationsandmaterialproduction.Thisre?ectedagrowthinindirectemissionsrelatedtoelectricityuseto6.8GtCO2,whiledirectemissionsfrombuildingshavedeclinedslightlytothreeGtCO2.Theproductionofmaterialsusedintheconstructionprocessforcement,steelandaluminiumaddedafurther2.5GtCO2,withbrickandglassproductioncontributingaround1.2GtCO2.Energyintensitypersquaremeterimprovedby3.5percentfrom2021to2022,thankstobetterbuildingcodesandfabricperformance,especiallyincolderclimates.However,asigni?cantnumberofcountriesarestilllackbuildingenergycodes.Retro?tratesmustincreasesigni?cantlytomeettheParisAgreement’stargetofa50percentreductionincarbonemissionsby2030.Figure1Shareofbuildingsintotal?nalenergyconsumptionsin2022(left)andshareofbuildingsinglobalenergyandprocessemissionsin2022(right)ENERGYDEMANDBYSECTOR2022EMISSIONSBYSECTOR2022Residential(direct)6%Residential(indirect)11%3%7%7%21%Residential63%Transport,Otherindustry,otherNon-residential(direct)Other66%9%4%Non-residentialNon-residential(indirect)BuildingsconstructionindustryBuildingsconstructionindustry3%Bricksandglass(Source:IEA2023a.Adaptedfrom‘TrackingCleanEnergyProgress’)Notes:Buildingsconstructionindustryreferstomaterialsusedinconstruction,includingconcrete,steelandaluminium.Othermaterialsshownseparately.x?|?UNEP?|?GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)SustainablebuildingsandconstructionpoliciesTheglobalpolicyenvironmentforbuildingsustainabilityisdiverseandevolving.Whilesomenationslackcomprehensivestrategiesforemissionsreduction,anincreasingnumberareimplementingregulationstonotexceedthe1.5°Cglobaltemperatureincreasethreshold.TheEuropeanUnion,forinstance,hasreviseditsEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EPBD)tomandatezeroemissionstandardsfornewbuildingsby2030,andplanstophaseoutfossilfuelboilersby2040.India,attributing40percentofitsCO2emissionstobuildings,enactedlegislationin2022toinitiatecarbontradingandsustainablebuildingcodes.By2023,theglobalnumberofbuildingcodeshasgrownto81forresidentialand77fornon-residentialstructures,with80percentbeingmandatory.However,over30percentofthesecodeshavenotbeenupdatedsince2015,potentiallyfallingshortofhigh-performancestandards.With80percentof?oorareagrowthby2030expectedindevelopingeconomies,manylackstringentenergycodes,presentinganopportunityforimprovedenforcementandalignmentwithnet-zeroCO2goals.RecentupdatesinvariouscountriesarealigningwiththeParisAgreementandtheEuropeanUnion’sEPBD.Examples(seeSection3.2)includeFrance’sRE2020,Denmark’s2023regulations,California’s2022standards,theUnitedKingdom2021BuildingRegulations,Singapore’s2021CodeforEnvironmentalSustainability,China’slatestenergyperformancecode,andSriLanka’sEnergyE?ciencyBuildingCode2020.UndertheParisAgreement,governmentsareexpectedtoenhancetheircommitmentsevery?veyearsthroughtheirNDCs.AsofDecember2023,194countriesandtheEuropeanUnionhavesubmittedNDCs,with48updatessince2022.However,only11updatesexpandedonbuilding-relatedactions.Forexample,theUnitedArabEmiratestargetsa56percentreductioninbuildingemissionsby2030throughupdatedcodesandrenewableenergyinitiatives.Despitetheseefforts,G20nationslackextensivebuildingscoverageintheirNDCs,andoverallprogressremainsmodest.Figure2Globalbuildingenergycodesbytypeandstatus(Source:IEA2023)Note:Countrieswithdark‘red’outlinehaveadoptedupdatedbuildingenergycodessince2021.Investmentand?nancingforsustainablebuildingsGlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandConstruction?GlobalAllianceforBuildingsandConstruction(GlobalABC)|?UNEP?|?xi?Transitioningtonet-zerobuildingsnecessitatesstrategicuseofpolicyand?nancialtools.Byusingpolicytools,suchascapacitydevelopment,mandatesandincentivesincollaborationwith?nancialtools,suchasgrants,equityinstruments,riskmitigationtools,contracts,asset?nancemodelsandothers,investmentbarriersinenergy-e?ciencyandlow-carbontechnologiescanbeovercome.Globalinvestmentinbuildingenergye?ciencyrosebyapproximately14percentin2021,toUS$285billion.TheincreasewaslargelydrivenbypublicinvestmentandEurope’sresponsetoenergyinsecurity.MajormarketsliketheUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA),GermanyandItalysigni?cantlycontributedtothisincrease.However,somecountrieslikeChina,FranceandtheUnitedKingdomexperiencedadecreaseine?ciencyspendingduetoaslowingconstructionsectorandchangesingovernmentprograms.Projectionsfor2023suggestapotentialslowdowninspendingduetoincreasedborrowingcosts,economicuncertaintyandgeopoliticalcon?icts.TheinvestmentisexpectedtodroptoUS$270billionin2023.Nevertheless,energye?ciencyinvestmentsofferawaytomitigateriskexposuretoenergycostvolatilityandreduceemissionsatthesametime.Despitetheprojectedreductionine?ciencyspending,investmentsareincreasinglybeingdirectedtowardstechnologiesthatenablenet-zerocarbon-readybuildings.However,thelackofknowledgearoundenergye?ciencyinvestmentremainsabarriertoadoptingstrategiesthatreduceperceivedrisksassociatedwiththeseinvestments.GlobalBuildingsClimateTrackerLaunchedin2020,theGBCTassessesprogressinthedecarbonisationofthebuildingsectorfrom2015,theyeartheParisAgreementwasestablished.The2022updateoftheGBCTpaintsaconcerningpicture:Thegapbetwee