新gre-argument歸類和提綱

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77/169題號(hào)后面括號(hào)里的三項(xiàng)分別是：題目討論的題材/結(jié)論的性質(zhì)/主干論證過(guò)程。題目中帶下劃線的局部為題目背景信息；斜體局部為題目假設(shè)；無(wú)任何標(biāo)記局部為一般論據(jù)；黑體局部為題目結(jié)論。題目中括號(hào)里的數(shù)字說(shuō)明這句話表達(dá)的是提綱中第幾號(hào)缺陷。題目后面的星星數(shù)量表示題目論證難度，星數(shù)越多題目越難。題目后面的數(shù)字為論證結(jié)構(gòu)與之類似的其他題目題號(hào)，可以參考準(zhǔn)備。提綱中具體缺陷后面括號(hào)里斜體縮寫(xiě)表示該缺陷所屬的類型，缺陷后面的星號(hào)表示該缺陷在此題的嚴(yán)重程度，星數(shù)越多缺陷越嚴(yán)重。題目順序以新東方寫(xiě)作教程第一章題庫(kù)順序?yàn)闇?zhǔn)。符號(hào)索引：V.D:vaguedata

I.I:incompleteinformation

U.C:unrelatedconcepts

C.S:changingscopes

F.A:falseanalogy

I.C:incompletecomparison

F.D:falsedilemma

I.T:incompletethought

NCR:noncausalrelationship

I.E:insufficientevidence

U.A:unwarrantedassumptionAdv:disadv:failingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughlyP→F/P→C/C→F/C→P:inferringfuture(current/past)conditionfrompast(current)condition1〔考古/論斷/大并列小遞進(jìn)〕WovenbasketscharacterizedbyaparticulardistinctivepatternhavepreviouslybeenfoundonlyintheimmediatevicinityoftheprehistoricvillageofPaleaandthereforewerebelievedtohavebeenuniquetothePaleanpeople.Recently,however,archaeologistsdiscoveredsucha"Palean"basketinLithos,anancientvillageacrosstheBrimRiverfromPalea.TheBrimRiverisverydeepandbroad(3),andsotheancientPaleanscouldonlyhavecrosseditbyboat(1),butthereisnoevidencethatthePaleanshadboats.AndboatscapableofcarryinggroupsofpeopleandcargowerenotdevelopeduntilthousandsofyearsafterthePaleanpeopledisappeared.Moreover,Paleanswouldhavehadnoneedtocrosstheriver(5)—thewoodsaroundPaleaarefullofnuts,berries,andsmallgame(4).TheauthorfailstoconsiderthepossibilitythatthePaleansmayarrivedinLithosthroughothermeans.(I.T)★★★★ThePaleanbasketcouldarriveotherplacethroughmanypossiblemethodssuchastrade,orboatspossessedbyotherculture.(I.T)★★★★InPaleantimes,theBrimRivermaynotbeasdeepandbroadasitiscurrently.(C→P)ThefactthatthereareabundantresourcescurrentlydoesnotindicatethatthoseresourcesalsoexistedinPaleantimes.(C→P)★★★Otherreasonsotherthanfoodshortagesmaywellresultinthemigrationofaculture.(I.E)★★★23227,〔城市，社會(huì)/提議/并列〕Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinalocalnewspaper."InordertoattractvisitorstoCentralPlazadowntownandtoreturntheplazatoitsformerglory(5),thecityshouldprohibitskateboardingthereandinsteadallowskateboarderstouseanareainMonroePark(2).AtCentralPlaza,skateboardusersareabouttheonlypeopleoneseesnow,andlitteranddefacedpropertyhavemadetheplazaunattractive(1).Inarecentsurveyofdowntownmerchants(3),themajoritysupportedaprohibitiononskateboardingintheplaza.Clearly,banningskateboardinginCentralPlazawillmaketheareaaplacewherepeoplecancongregateforfunorforrelaxation(4,6).Theauthorunfairlyassumesthatitisthepresenceofskateboardersthatresultinthecurrentsituationoftheplaza.(confusingthecauseandtheeffect)★★★★★TheremaybesomenegativeimpactsofallowingskateboarderstousepartofMonroePark.(adv:disadv)Thesurveywasbasedonlyondatafromdowntownmerchants,thuscouldnotberepresentativeofallcitizens.(selectivesample)★★★★TheauthorunfairlyassumesthatbanningskateboardinginCentralPlazawouldsufficetomaketheplazaanattractiveplace.(sufficiencyofthesolution)Theauthorfailstoconsiderotherpossiblemeanstoregaintheplaza’sprosperity.(necessityofthesolution)★★★Skateboardingmayactuallybehelpfulforachievingthecity'sobjectiveofprovidingafunandrelaxingplaceforpeopletocongregate.(adv:disadv)★★★4〔商業(yè)，地產(chǎn)/建議/比照+并列〕ThefollowingwaspostedonanInternetrealestatediscussionsite."Ofthetwoleadingrealestatefirmsinourtown—AdamsRealtyandFitchRealty—Adamsisclearlysuperior.Adamshas40realestateagents.Incontrast,Fitchhas25,manyofwhomworkonlypart-time(1,2,5).Moreover,Adams'revenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch,andincludedhomesalesthataveraged$168,000,comparedtoFitch's$144,000(3,4,6).HomeslistedwithAdamssellfasteraswell:tenyearsago,IlistedmyhomewithFitchandittookmorethanfourmonthstosell;lastyear,whenIsoldanotherhome,IlisteditwithAdams,andittookonlyonemonth(7).Thus,ifyouwanttosellyourhomequicklyandatagoodprice,youshoulduseAdams."★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ThefactthattheaveragesalespriceofahomesoldbyAdamsishigherthantheaveragepriceofahomesoldbyFitchdoesnotindicatethatAdamsismoreeffectiveinsellinghomesthanFitch.(NCR)★★★★Thedisparityinthespeedofasaleisexplainablebyotherplausiblefactorsthatwouldchangethroughthetime,orsomeessentialdifferencesofthetwoproperties.(F.A/I.C/P→F)★★★★★5〔交通平安/提議/類比〕ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheBalmerIslandGazette."ThepopulationofBalmerIslandincreasesto100,000duringthesummermonths.Toreducethenumberofaccidentsinvolvingmopedsandpedestrians(4),thetowncouncilofBalmerIslandshouldlimitthenumberofmopedsrentedbyeachoftheisland'ssixmopedandbicyclerentalcompanies(5)from50perdayto30perday(6)duringthesummerseason(7).★★★★★★★Theauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthesamerestrictionsthatservedtoreducetheincidenceofall"mopedaccidents"by50%wouldalsoservetoreducetheincidenceofaccidentsinvolving"mopedsandpedestrians"by50%.(U.C)★★★WedonotknowwhatpercentageofmopedsinBalmerIslandisrentedbythesixcompanies.(V.D)Theauthorfailstoprovideaccuratedataaboutthecurrentnumberofmopedsrentedbythesixcompaniesperday.(I.I)★★Theproposedregulationmaynotbenecessaryfortheauthor’spurpose.(necessityofthesolution)★★★645,〔動(dòng)物/推測(cè)/并列〕Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinawildlifejournal."ArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregion.Theysearchforfoodbymovingovericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseofayear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeed,andcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortunately,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters(1),thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Sincethesereportscoincidewithrecentglobalwarmingtrends(2)thathavecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthedeclineinarcticdeerpopulationsistheresultofdeerbeingunabletofollowtheirage-oldmigrationpatterns(4)acrossthefrozensea(3)."★★★★★★★★★Theglobalwarmingtrendsmayhavenoeffectsonthespecificregionmentionedbytheeditorial.(C.S)★★★★Alternativeexplanationscanalsoaccountforthedeclineinarcticdeerpopulation.(NCR)★★★★Thechangeinclimatepatternsdoesnotnecessarilyleadtothedeclineindeerpopulation,deermayadaptthemselvestothenewweatherbycertainmeans.(NCR)★★★★744,〔經(jīng)營(yíng)/決策/大并列小遞進(jìn)〕ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthebusinessmanagerofMonarchBooks."MonarchBooksshouldopenacaféinitsstore(5)toattractmorecustomers(3)andbettercompetewithRegalBooks,whichrecentlyopenedacafé(1,2).Monarch,whichhasbeeninbusinessatthesamelocationformorethantwentyyears,hasalargecustomerfollowingbecauseitisknownforitswideselectionofbooksonallsubjects.Openingthecaféwouldclearlyattractmorecustomers.Thecaféwouldrequirerelativelylittlespace.Spacecouldbemadeforthecafébydiscontinuingthechildren'sbooksection(4),whichwilllikelybecomelesspopular(8)giventhatthelastnationalcensus(6)indicatedasignificantdeclineinthepercentofthepopulation(7)whoareunderageten."★★★★★WearenotinformedaboutthepossiblechangeintheprofitandnumberofcustomersofRegalBooksafterRegalhasopenedthenewcafé.(I.I)★★★★NoevidencecouldguaranteethatopeningacaféatMonarchwillattractsubstantiallymorecustomers.(I.E)★★★Themanagerfailstoconsiderthenegativeeffectsofcuttingoutchildren’sbooksectionandopeningthecafé.(adv:disadv)★★★★★Themanagerfailstoconsiderthepossiblecostofopeningthecafé.(adv:disadv)★★★Theresultofanationalcensusmaynotbeproperlyappliedtoacertainregion.(C.S)★★★★Althoughthepercentofchildreninthegeneralpopulationhasdeclined,thetotalnumberofchildrenmayincrease.(V.D)★★★Grantedthatthenumberofchildrenwhoareunderagetenhasdecreased,wecannotensurethatthenumberofchildrenwhogotoourbookstore,ortheneedforchildren’sbookwillalsodecline.(NCR)★★★(chong98)(chong99)8〔學(xué)校建設(shè)/提議/并列〕ThefollowingappearedinamemowrittenbyadeanatBuckinghamCollege."Toservethehousingneedsofourstudents,BuckinghamCollegeshouldbuildanewdormitory(4).Buckingham'senrollmentisgrowingand,basedoncurrenttrends(1),shoulddoubleoverthenextfiftyyears,thusmakingexistingdormitoriesinadequate.Moreover,theaveragerentforanapartmentinourtownhasincreased(3)inrecentyears(2).Consequently,studentswillfinditincreasinglydifficulttoaffordoff-campushousing.Finally,anattractivenewdormitorywouldmakeprospectivestudentsmorelikelytoenrollatBuckingham(5,6)."Thedeanassumeswithoutjustificationthatthetrendsofincreasingenrollmentwillcontinueinthefuture.(C→F)★★★Thedeanunfairlyassumesthattherentforoff-campusapartmentwillcontinuetoincreaseinthefollowingyears.(C→F)★★★Wedonotknowiftheaveragerentforoff-campusapartmenthasincreasedtoanextentthatstudentscannotafford.(I.I/confusingcomparisonwithvariation)★★★ThedeanfailstoillustratethatcurrentdormitoriesinBuckinghamcouldnotmeetstudents’housingneeds.(necessityofthesolution)★★★Anewdormitorywouldbeneithersufficientnornecessaryforattractingprospectivestudents.(sufficiency/necessityofthesolution)★★★Thedean’sassumptionthatmoreprospectivestudentswillenrollatBuckinghamconflictsthedean’spurposeofsolvingthehousingproblem.(negativeevidence)★★★9(chong88)(chong90)10〔人類學(xué)/論斷、預(yù)言/——〕ThefollowingappearedinanarticlewrittenbyDr.Karp,ananthropologist."Twentyyearsago(5)Dr.Field,anotedanthropologist,visitedtheislandofTertiaandconcludedfromhisobservationsthatchildreninTertiawererearedbyanentirevillageratherthanbytheirownbiologicalparents.However,myrecentinterviewswithchildrenlivinginthegroupofislandsthatincludesTertia(2)showthatthesechildrenspendmuchmoretimetalkingabouttheirbiologicalparents(1)thanaboutotheradultsinthevillage.ThisresearchprovesthatDr.Field'sconclusionaboutTertianvillagecultureisfalse,andthusthattheobservation-centeredapproachtostudyingculturesisinvalid(3).Becausetheyareusingtheinterview-centeredmethod,myteamofgraduatestudentsworkinginTertiawillestablishamuchmoreaccurateunderstandingofchild-rearingtraditionsthereandinotherislandcultures.(4)Talkingmoreabouttheirbiologicalparentsdoesnotindicatethatthosechildrenwererearedbytheirparents.(U.C)★★★★★WedonotknowhowmanyofthechildreninterviewedbyDr.KarpwereactuallyfromislandofTertia.(I.I)ThefactscitedbyDr.Karpdonotnecessarilyprovethattheobservation-centeredmethodusedbyDr.Fieldisinvalid.(I.E)★★★★(I.E)★★★★★TheremayhavebeendramaticchangesinnurturingpatternsofTeriachildrenduringthepast20years.(P→F)★★★1112〔教育/提議/遞進(jìn)〕ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromadeanatOmegaUniversity."Fifteenyearsago,OmegaUniversityimplementedanewprocedurethatencouragedstudentstoevaluatetheteachingeffectivenessofalltheirprofessors(1).Sincethattime,Omegaprofessorshavebeguntoassignhighergradesintheirclasses,andoverallstudentgradeaveragesatOmegahaverisenbythirtypercent.(2)PotentialemployersapparentlybelievethegradesatOmegaareinflated;thiswouldexplainwhyOmegagraduateshavenotbeenassuccessfulatgettingjobsashavegraduatesfromnearbyAlphaUniversity(3,7).Toenableitsgraduatestosecurebetterjobs,Omega★★★211,238★★★★★★★★★★★★★MerelyterminatingtheevaluationsystemmightnotsufficetoenableOmega’sgraduatestosecurebetterjobs.(sufficiencyofthesolution)★★★★★★★★★Thegraduatesfromthetwouniversitiesmaynotbecomparable.(F.A)★★13〔道路交通/提議/大并列小類比小遞進(jìn)〕ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialinaPruntyCountynewspaper."Inanattempttoimprovehighwaysafety,PruntyCountyrecently(1)lowereditsspeedlimitfrom55milesperhourto45onallmajorcountyroads.Butthe55mphlimitshouldberestored,becausethissafetyefforthasfailed.Mostdriversareexceedingthenewspeedlimit(4)andtheaccidentratethroughoutPruntyCounty(2)hasdecreasedonlyslightly(3).Ifwewanttoimprovethesafetyofourroads,weshouldinsteadundertakethesamekindofroadimprovementprojectthatButlerCountycompletedfiveyearsago(7):increasinglanewidthsandresurfacingroughroads(8).Today,majorButlerCountyroadsstillhavea55mph★★★★★★★★★★★★TheauthorunfairlyimpliesthatthehigherspeedlimitinButlerCountyhasnotservedtoincreasetheincidenceofroadaccidentsinthatcounty.(lackofcontrolledexperiment)Thecitedstatisticinvolvesonly"reported"accidentsinButlerCounty,wedonotknowthepercentageofaccidentswhicharegoingunreportedinthatcounty.(I.I)ThesituationatPruntyCountyandButlerCountymaynotbecomparable.(F.A)TheauthorfailstodemonstratethatroadimprovementwillbebothsufficientandnecessarytoguaranteefeweraccidentsinPruntyCounty.(sufficiency/necessityofthesolution)14194,〔社會(huì)，就業(yè)/建議/比照〕Arecentstudysuggeststhatpeoplewhoareleft-handedaremorelikelytosucceedinbusinessthanareright-handedpeople.Researchersstudiedphotographsof1,000prominentbusinessexecutives(3)andfoundthat21percentoftheseexecutives(1)wrotewiththeirlefthand(2).Sothepercentageofprominentbusinessexecutiveswhoareleft-handed(21percent)isalmosttwicethepercentageofpeopleinthegeneralpopulationwhoareleft-handed(11percent).Thus,peoplewhoareleft-handed(5)wouldbewelladvisedtopursueacareerinbusiness(4),whereaspeoplewhoareright-handedwouldbewelladvisedtoimitatethebusinesspractices(6,7,8)exhibitedbyleft-handers(9).★★★★★Theauthorfailstoindicatewhatfractionofallbusinesspersonsareleft-handed.(V.D)★★★Peoplewhowritewiththeirlefthandarenotnecessarilyleft-handed.(U.C)★★★The1,000executivesfromthestudyarenotnecessarilyrepresentativeoftheoverallpopulationofprominentbusinessexecutives.(aretherespondentsrepresentative?)★★Thephotographsinthemselvesprovelittleaboutthecausalrelationshipbetweenleft-handednessandtheabilitytosucceedinbusiness,manyprominentexecutivesmighthaverisentotheirstatusnotbywayoftheirachievementsorbusinessacumenbutthroughothermeans.(NCR)★★★★Thefactscitedbytheauthordonotindicatethatallpeoplewhoareleft-handedaresuitableforpursuingcareersinbusiness.(C.S)★★★Theauthorunfairlyassumesthatpeoplewhoareright-handedalsohavestrongwilltosucceedinbusiness.(U.A)★★★Merelyimitatingthebusinesspracticesexhibitedbyleft-handersmaynotsufficetoguaranteebusinesssuccess.(NCR/sufficiencyofthesolution)★★★★Somebusinessactivitiesexhibitedbyleft-handerscouldnotbeeasilyimitated.(feasibilityoftheconclusion)★★★Theauthorassumeswithoutsubstantiationthatthewayinwhichleft-handedpeopleconductbusinessistheonlywaytosucceedinbusiness.(necessityofthesolution)★★★15(chong51)16137,〔城市，生活休閑/預(yù)言/遞進(jìn)+并列〕ThefollowingappearedinaneditorialintheMasonCitynewspaper."Atpresent,MasonCityresidentsseldomusethenearbyMasonRiverforanykindofrecreationalactivity,eventhoughsurveysoftheregion'sresidentsconsistentlyrankwatersports(swimming,fishing,andboating)asafavoriteformofrecreation.Sincetherehavebeencomplaintsaboutthequalityofthewaterintheriver,residentsmustbeavoidingtheriverbecausetheythinkthatitisnotcleanenough(1).Butthatsituationisabouttochange:theagencyresponsibleforriversinourregionhasannouncedplanstocleanupMasonRiver(2).Therefore,recreationaluseoftheriverislikelytoincrease(3),(NCR)()★★★★★★★★Theauthordoesnotprovideevidencetoillustratethenecessityofincreasingbudgetforimprovementstothepubliclands.(necessityofthesolution)★★★1718〔傳媒/決策/并列〕ThefollowingisamemorandumfromthebusinessmanagerofWLSStelevisionstation."Overthepastyear,ourlate-nightnewsprogramhasdevotedincreasinglymoretimetocoveringnationalnewsandlesstimetocoveringweatherandlocalnews.Duringthesametimeperiod,mostofthecomplaints(1,4)wereceivedfromviewerswereconcernedwiththestation'scoverageofweatherandlocalnews(2,3).Inaddition,severallocalbusinessesthatusedtorunadvertisementsduringourlate-nightnewsprogramhavejustcancelledtheiradvertisingcontractswithus(5).Therefore,inordertoattractmoreviewerstoournewsprogramsandtoavoidlosinganyfurtheradvertisingrevenues,weshouldexpandthecoverageofweatherandlocalnewsonall(7)ournewsprograms(6)."★★★173()★★★★★★★★★★★★★★Themanagerunjustifiablyassumesthatitisthechangeinourcoverageofnewsthatcausedthosebusinessestocanceltheircontractwithus.(NCR)★★★★Themanagerignoresmanyotherpossiblemethodstoattractmoreviewersandtoincreaseadvertisingrevenues.(necessityofthesolution)★★★Thenecessityofexpandingthecoverageofweatherandlocalnewsonallournewsprogramsisopentodoubt.(C.S)★★★19(chong17)20(chong18)21(chong10)22242,〔教育/建議/類比+并列〕ThefollowingappearedasaneditorialinthestudentnewspaperofGrovetonCollege."Tocombattherecentlyreporteddramaticriseincheatingamongcollegeanduniversitystudents,theseinstitutionsshouldadopthonorcodes(8)similartoGroveton's(9,10),whichcallsforstudentstoagree(1)nottocheatintheiracademicendeavorsandtonotifyafacultymemberiftheysuspectthatothershavecheated(2).Groveton'shonorcodereplacedanold-fashionedsysteminwhichstudentswerecloselymonitoredbyteachersandanaverageofthirtycasesofcheatingperyearwerereported.Thehonorcodehasprovenfarmoresuccessful:inthefirstyearitwasinplace,studentsreported(5)twenty-onecasesofcheating;fiveyearslater(6),thisfigurehaddroppedtofourteen(3,4).Moreover,inarecentsurveyconductedbytheGrovetonhonorcouncil(7),amajorityofstudentssaidthattheywouldbelesslikelytocheatwithanhonorcodeinplacethanwithout."★★Theassumptionthatstudentswillkeeptheirpromiseundertheexistenceofthecodesisunwarranted.(U.A)★★★★TheauthorunfairlyassumesthatGrovetonstudentsarejustascapableofdetectingcheatingasfacultymonitors,andthatthesestudentsarejustaslikelytoreportcheatingwhenevertheyobserveit.(U.A)★★TheauthorfailstoillustratethatthenumberofcasesofcheatingatGrovetonwouldbehigherifwedidnotadoptthehonorcode.(lackofcontrolledexperiment)★★★★OtherfactorscouldalsoexplainthedecreasingnumberofcasesofcheatingatGroveton.(posthoc,ergopropterhoc)★★★★★Theauthorfailstoinvestigatethenumberofcasesofcheatingwhichwerenotreported.(I.I)★★★★Wedonotknowthesituationofcheatinginotheryears.(I.I)★★★Ifthestudentswillbeforthrightunderthecircumstancesinwhichthesurveywassetissuspicious(aretherespondentsbeingforthrightwhenansweringthequestions?)★★★★Theauthorfailstoconsiderthenegativeeffectsofadoptingsuchhonorcodes.(adv:disadv)★★★ThehonorcodemaynotbeassameeffectiveatothercollegesanduniversitiesasitwasatGrovetown.(C.S)★★★Othermeasurescouldbetakentocombatcheating.(necessityofthesolution)★★★23(chong10)24(chong28)25(chong100)(chong102)(chong164)26(chong28)27〔〕28〔食品，保健/預(yù)言/并列〕ThefollowingappearedinthesummaryofastudyonheadachessufferedbytheresidentsofMentia."Salicylatesaremembersofthesamechemicalfamilyasaspirin,amedicineusedtotreatheadaches(1).Althoughmanyfoodsarenaturallyrichinsalicylates,forthepastseveraldecadesfood-processingcompanieshavealsobeenaddingsalicylatestofoodsaspreservatives.Thisriseinthecommercialuseofsalicylateshasbeenfoundtocorrelatewithasteadydeclineintheaveragenumberofheadachesreportedbyparticipantsinourtwenty-yearstudy(2).Recently,food-processingcompanieshavefoundthatsalicylatescanalsobeusedasflavoradditivesforfoods(3).Withthisnewuseforsalicylates,wecanexpectacontinuedsteadydeclineinthenumberofheadachessufferedbytheaveragecitizenofMentia.(4,5)"★★★★Salicylatesmaynothavethesameeffectasaspirinintreatingheadachesalthoughtheyareofthesamechemicalfamily.(F.A)★★★★Otherfactorsmayalsoleadtothedeclineinthenumberofheadachesinthestudymentionedabove.(NCR)★★★★★TheauthordoesnotinformuswhatfractionoffoodsconsumedbycitizensofMentiacontainssalicylates,andhowmanyofthecitizensprefersuchkindoffoods.(I.I)★★★Theauthorfailstoconsiderfactorsotherthanfood,suchasenvironment,lifestyle,etc.thatmayresultintheincreasein(I.T)★★★Grantedthatsalicylatesareeffectiveintreatingheadaches,wecannothastilyinferthattheywouldalsobeeffectiveinpreventingheadaches.(U.C)★★★29〔〕3031214,〔教育，城市，社會(huì)/論斷/比照〕IneachcityintheregionofTreehaven,themajorityofthemoneyspentongovernment-runpublicschooleducationcomesfromtaxesthateachcitygovernmentcollects.Theregion'scitiesdiffer,however,inthevaluetheyplaceonpubliceducation.Forexample,ParsonCitytypicallybudgets(1,2)twiceasmuchmoneyperyearasBlueCitydoesforitspublicschools—eventhoughbothcitieshaveaboutthesamenumberofresidents(3,4).Itseemsclear,therefore,thatParsonCityresidentscare(5)moreaboutpublicschooleducationthandoBlueCityresidents.Thecity’sbudgetforitspublicschoolsisnotanaccurateindicationofthevalueitplacesonpubliceducation.(U.C)★★★★Theauthorfailstoinformuswhatfractionofthetotalbudgetareusedforpublicschoolsineachcity,thuswecannotevaluatewhichcitycaresmoreaboutpublicschooleducation.(V.D)★★★★ManyotherdifferencesbetweenParsonCityandBlueCitymayalsocontributetothedifferencesintheamountofmoneytheybudgetfortheirpublicschools.(I.C)Wedonotknowtheamountofstudentswhogotopublicschoolsinthetwocities,thuswecouldnotevaluatetheargument.(I.I)★★★★Theamountofcitybudgetsforpublicschoolsmaynotrepresentresidents’attitudetowardspublicschooleducation.(U.C)★★★★★32〔生產(chǎn)，勞動(dòng)平安/對(duì)策/先并列后遞進(jìn)〕ThefollowingappearedinamemofromavicepresidentofAltaManufacturing."Duringthepastyear,AltaManufacturinghadthirtypercentmoreon-the-jobaccidents(2,4)thannearbyPanoplyIndustries,wheretheworkshiftsareonehourshorterthanours(5).Expertsbelievethatasignificantcontributingfactorinmanyon-the-jobaccidentsisfatigueandsleepdeprivationamongworkers.Therefore,toreducethenumberofon-the-jobaccidentsatAlta(6)andtherebyincreaseproductivity(1),weshouldshorteneachofourthreeworkshiftsbyonehoursothatouremployeeswillgetadequateamountsofsleep(3)."★★181★★★★★★★★★★★★★ThepresidentfailstoconsiderpossibledifferencesbetweenAltaandPanoplywhichrenderthemincomparable.(F.A)★★★★Merelyshorteningtheworkshiftsmightnotsufficetoreducethenumberofon-the-jobaccidents.(sufficiencyofthesolution)★★★33〔社會(huì)，能源/預(yù)言，論斷/并列〕Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromtheplanningdepartmentofanelectricpowercompany."Severalrecentsurveysindicatethathomeownersareincreasinglyeagertoconserveenergy(1)andmanufacturersarenowmarketingmanyhomeappliances(2),suchasrefrigeratorsandairconditioners,thatarealmosttwiceasenergy-efficientasthosesoldadecadeago.Also,newtechnologiesforbetterhomeinsulationandpassivesolarheating(2)arereadilyavailabletoreducetheenergyneededforhomeheating.Therefore,weanticipatethatthetotaldemandforelectricityinourareawillnotincrease(3),andmaydeclineslightly.Sinceourthreeelectricgeneratingplantsinoperation(5)forthepast20yearshavealwaysmetourneeds,constructionofnewgeneratingplantsshouldnotbenecessary(4)."★★★Theauthorprovidesnoevidencethathomeownerswhoareeagertoconserveenergywouldpurchaseandusethoseenergy-efficienthomeappliances.(U.A)★★★Wearenotinformedaboutthepriceofthoseenergy-efficienthomeappliancesandthecostofemployingthenewtechnologies,thuscouldnotpredictifresidentscouldaffordusingthem,andiftheyarewillingtopayforthesetechnologies.(adv:disadv/feasibilityoftheconclusion)★★★Manyfactorscouldleadtotheincreaseinthedemandforelectricityinthefuture.(sufficiencyoftheconclusion)★★★★★Theauthorfailstoruleoutmanypossibilitieswhichmightrenderoneormoreadditionalgeneratingplantsnecessary.(C→F)★★★★★Theoldplantsmightbelessenergyefficientthananewplantusingnewtechnology,ormighthavesomenegativeeffectsonenvironmentandeconomic.(adv:disadv)★★34〔管理/提議/——〕ThevicepresidentforhumanresourcesatClimpsonIndustriessentthefollowingrecommendationtothecompany'spresident."Inanefforttoimproveouremployees'productivity(1),weshouldimplementelectronicmonitoringofemployees'Internetusefromtheirworkstations.EmployeeswhousetheInternetfromtheirworkstations(3)needtobeidentifiedandpunishedifwearetoreducethenumberofworkhoursspentonpersonalorrecreationalactivities(2),suchasshoppingorplayinggames(4).Byinstallingsoftware(6)todetectemployees'Internetuseoncompanycomputers,wecanpreventemployeesfromwastingtime,fosterabetterworkethic(