語法專題定語從句和狀語從句課件高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

定語從句和狀語從句高考專題

定語從句定語從句是修飾主句中某一名詞（短語）或代詞（有時(shí)也可以修飾整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分）的從句，被修飾的對(duì)象稱為先行詞，一般由關(guān)系詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）引導(dǎo)，作用相當(dāng)于形容詞。Ifyouhaveafriend

[

whoknowsyourheart],distancecan'tkeepyoutwoapart.先行詞關(guān)系詞

限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句特點(diǎn)起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，不可省略，否則會(huì)造成句意不完整僅作補(bǔ)充或說明，若省略，句意不發(fā)生改變形式一般緊跟先行詞，且中間不加逗號(hào)用逗號(hào)與主句隔開先行詞名詞（短語）或代詞名詞（短語）、代詞、整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系代詞（作賓語時(shí)可省略）、關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞（不包括that,且作賓語時(shí)不可省略）、關(guān)系副詞（不包括why）示例Hehastwosisterswhoareworkinginthecity.他有兩個(gè)在這座城市工作的妹妹。(他可能還有別的不在這座城市工作的妹妹)Hehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity.他有兩個(gè)妹妹,都在這座城市工作。1.

定語從句的分類2.

關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞用法示例that只用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,先行詞指人或物,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語時(shí)可省略Heisamanthat/whomeanswhathesays.他是一個(gè)說話算數(shù)的人。(指人,作主語)Heisnolongertheboythat/whohewastwentyyearsago.他再不是20年前的那個(gè)男孩子了。(指人,作表語)Thebook(that/which)youarereadingiswrittenbyMarkTwain.你正在讀的那本書是馬克·吐溫寫的。(指物,作賓語)Footballisagamethat/whichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多數(shù)男孩喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(指物,作主語)Theman(who/whom/that)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.你剛才遇見的那個(gè)人是我的老朋友。(指人,作賓語)which先行詞指物,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語,作賓語時(shí)可省略who先行詞指人,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語時(shí)可省略whom先行詞指人,在從句中作賓語,一般可省略2.

關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞用法示例whose先行詞指人或物,在從句中作定語(可與ofwhom/which互換)Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhose/ofwhomhomeshadbeendestroyed.工人們?yōu)榧覉@被毀的幸存者修建避難所。(指人)Inthisarticle,we'lltalkaboutatypeofcomfortfoodwhose/ofwhichpowermainlyliesintheassociationsitcallstomind.在本文里,我們要講一類治愈系食物,它的力量主要在于它所喚起的聯(lián)想。(指物)2.

關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞用法示例as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，先行詞指人或物，通常與such、thesame等連用，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語；引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，先行詞只能是整個(gè)主句SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.我所讀過的書都是些經(jīng)典著作。(指物,作賓語)Mytroubleisthesameasyoursis.我的困難同你的一樣。(指物,作表語)Shebecameangry,asmanycouldsee.她生氣了,許多人都看得出。(非限制性定語從句)（1）that和which當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞既可以用that，又可以用which。但下列幾種情況下宜用that不用which：3.

易混關(guān)系代詞辨析情況示例當(dāng)先行詞是everything、anything、nothing、all、none、few、little、some等不定代詞，或被every、any、all、some、no、little、few、much等修飾時(shí)Thereislittle

thatIcandoforyou.幾乎沒有什么我能為你做的了。Haveyoutakendowneverything

thatMr.Lisaid?李老師說的話你都記下來了嗎?當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasBigBen.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。（1）that和which當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞既可以用that，又可以用which。但下列幾種情況下宜用that不用which：3.

易混關(guān)系代詞辨析情況示例當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.這是我看過的最好的電影。當(dāng)先行詞被thevery、theonly等修飾時(shí)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcarwastheonlythingthat

heowned.家里發(fā)生火災(zāi)后,那輛舊車是他唯一擁有的東西。當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)Theytalkedaboutthepeopleandthings

thattheysawinthatcountry.他們談?wù)撛谀莻€(gè)國家見到的人和事。

aswhich從句位置可置于句首、句中、句末從句一般只能置于先行詞后先行詞只能是整個(gè)主句可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是整個(gè)主句或主句的部分內(nèi)容意義通常表示對(duì)主句內(nèi)容的評(píng)論或解釋,意為“正如,好像”表示對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明（2）as和whichas、which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，區(qū)別如下：3.

易混關(guān)系代詞辨析

aswhich示例AsAristotlesaid,noonewouldchoosetolivewithoutfriends,evenifhehadallothergoods.正如亞里士多德所說:沒有人愿意過百善俱全而獨(dú)缺朋友的生活。(置于句首)Overeating,asisknowntoall,isthemaincauseof

obesity.眾所周知,吃得過多是肥胖癥的主要原因。(置于句中)Thenighthasturnedcold,asisusualaroundhere.夜晚變得很冷,這一帶經(jīng)常如此。(置于句末)Inthesameyear,goldwasdiscoverednearSanFrancisco,whichstartedagoldrush.同年,舊金山附近發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金,引發(fā)了淘金熱。(先行詞是整個(gè)主句)Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,came

outinfullsplendor.整天躲在云層里的太陽又光芒四射了。(先行詞是名詞sun)（2）as和which3.

易混關(guān)系代詞辨析當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)，常將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前，構(gòu)成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，又可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用whom；先行詞指物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用which。此時(shí)，whom和which不可省略。4.

介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whomThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter.這是我寫這封信用的那支鋼筆。(限制性定語從句)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson,towhomshecouldturnforhelp.在黑暗的街道上，她無人可以求助。(非限制性定語從句)關(guān)系副詞用法示例when先行詞通常是表示時(shí)間的詞語,在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(可與at/in/on/duringwhich互換)Therecomesatimewhen/inwhichtheoldmustgivewaytothenew.新舊更替的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來。Autumnistheseasonwhen/inwhichtreesshedtheirleaves.秋天是樹木落葉的季節(jié)。where先行詞通常是表示具體地點(diǎn)的詞,也可以是表示抽象地點(diǎn)的詞語(如degree、point、situation、stage等),在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(可與at/inwhich互換)Inmanyoftheplaceswhere/inwhichthebutterflycanbefound,peoplearedestroyingthenaturalenvironment.在許多可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這種蝴蝶的地方,人們正破壞那里的自然環(huán)境。(具體地點(diǎn))Shehadgottothepointwhere/atwhichshefeltthatshecould

nottakeanymore.她已經(jīng)到了忍無可忍的地步。(抽象地點(diǎn))Hegotintoasituationwhereitishardtodecidewhatisright

andwrong.他陷入了難以判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)的境地。(抽象地點(diǎn))5.

關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞用法示例why先行詞是reason,在從句中作原因狀語(可與forwhich互換)Tellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyouwereabsentyesterday.告訴我你昨天缺席的原因。5.

關(guān)系副詞1.Thestatuesfillonlyonepartoftheemperor'shugetomb,

stillhasnotbeen

completelyunearthed.(人教B1U2)2.Peopleinmoderntimescanreadtheclassicworks

werewrittenbyChinese

inancienttimes.(人教B1U5)3.

theChinesesayinggoes,“Akind-heartedpersonlivesalonglife.”(外研B3U2)4.Afterseveralmonths,Ryanhadraisedthe$2,000,with

awellwasbuilt

nearaprimaryschoolinUganda.(外研B3U2)whichthat/whichAswhich即練即清35.Overtheyears,thesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,asitwasatime

peopleweredividedgeographically,leadingtomanyvarietiesofdialectsandcharacters.

(人教B1U5)6.InPrague,Wintonsawpeoplelivinginterribleconditionsand

liveswerein

danger.(外研B3U2)7.Thenumberofpeople

werekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmore

than400,000.(人教B1U4)8.Asyougothroughyourdailylife,youwillencountermanydifficultsituations

thingsmaygowrong.(譯林XB4U1)whenwhosethat/whowhere即練即清3狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例時(shí)間狀語從句when、while、asAsitgrewdarker,itbecamecolder.天漸黑,越發(fā)冷起來了。(隨著)As/Whenhefinishedthespeech,theaudienceburstintoapplause.他講話結(jié)束的時(shí)候,聽眾掌聲雷動(dòng)。(接短暫性動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作前后發(fā)生)He'sbeenwatchingTVas/when/whilehiswifehasbeenwateringtheflowers.他妻子在澆花的時(shí)候,他一直在看電視。(接延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)before、afterHerushedoutoftheofficebeforeIrealizedwhatwashappening.我還沒意識(shí)到發(fā)生了什么事,他就沖出了辦公室。Thehousewasemptyaftertheymovedout.他們搬走后,這座房子就空了。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例時(shí)間狀語從句till/untilShestoodtheretill/untilhepassedoutofsight.她站在那里,直到望不見他的身影。Untiltheyhadfinishedthework,theydidnotgohome.他們直到工作完成了才回家。(置于句首時(shí),一般不用till)sinceIfeelmuchhappiersinceIstartedmynewjob.自從我開始了新工作,我感覺快活多了。onceYoucan'tcancelthecontractonceyou'vesigned.你一旦簽了字就不能取消合同。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例時(shí)間狀語從句assoonas、thefirsttime、themoment等ThesummerheathitmeassoonasIgotofftheflight.一下飛機(jī),就有一股暑熱襲來。Mycathaddisappearedthemomentthestormhit.暴風(fēng)雨襲來的那一刻我的貓就失蹤了。IfellinlovewithDream

of

the

Red

Chamber

thefirsttimeIreadit.我第一次讀到《紅樓夢》時(shí)就喜歡上了它。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例條件狀語從句if、unlessIfwewantlight,wemustconquerdarkness.如果我們想要光明,就得征服黑暗。Ishallgotomorrowunlessitrains.如果明天不下雨,我就要走了。as/solongas、incaseAslongasyoukeepontrying,youwillsurelysucceed.只要你繼續(xù)努力,你就必定會(huì)成功。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.萬一我忘了這件事,請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐摇iventhat、onconditionthat等GiventhatIhaveenoughmoney,I'lltravelaroundtheworld.鑒于我有足夠的錢,我要去周游世界。HeagreedtolendmehiscaronconditionthatIreturnitbytomorrow.他同意借給我他的車,但條件是在明天之前歸還。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例原因狀語從句because、since、asYoushouldn'tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.不應(yīng)該僅僅因?yàn)橛腥苏f你的壞話就生氣。(直接原因,語氣最強(qiáng))Sincetheroadiswet,itmusthaverained.路是濕的,一定是下過雨了。(表示附帶說明,語氣弱于because)Asitwasgettinglate,Idecidedtobookintoahotel.由于天色已晚,我決定去一家旅館住宿。(語氣最弱)四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例原因狀語從句now(that)、inthat、considering

(that)等Now(that)theygottoknoweachotheralittlebetter,theygetalongjustfine.由于彼此之間有了進(jìn)一步了解,他們相處得不錯(cuò)。Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionforpractice.理論之所以有價(jià)值,就在于它能給實(shí)踐指出方向。Considering(that)therearesomanychallengestodealwith,areyoustilloptimisticaboutthefutureofVR?考慮到需要應(yīng)對(duì)這么多挑戰(zhàn),你對(duì)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)的未來還抱有樂觀心態(tài)嗎?四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例讓步狀語從句although、though、as、whileHonestadvicebenefitsconductthough/althoughit'sunpleasanttotheear.忠言逆耳利于行。Happyas/thoughtheywere,therewassomethingmissing.盡管他們很快樂,但總?cè)鄙冱c(diǎn)什么。(as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須倒裝,though可倒可不倒)WhileI'mwillingtohelp,Idon'thavemuchtimeavailable.盡管我愿意幫忙,但是沒有多少時(shí)間。(while通常置于句首)eventhough/ifTheInternethasmadeitpossibleforfriendstokeepintoucheasilyeventhough/iftheyareonoppositesidesoftheworld.即使天各一方,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也能使朋友輕松保持聯(lián)系。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例讓步狀語從句疑問詞+-ever、nomatter+疑問詞等Youcanstayintouchwithfriendsnomatterwhereyouareorwhatyouaredoing.無論你在哪里,在做什么,都可以和朋友保持聯(lián)系。Wecandownloadsoftware,documents,andimageswheneverweneed

them.在任何需要的時(shí)候,我們可以下載軟件、文檔和圖片。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例目的狀語從句sothat、inorderthatItisveryimportanttoprotectwildlivessothathumankindcanstillliveonearth.保護(hù)好野生生物極為重要,這樣人類才能繼續(xù)在地球上生存。(往往有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)Wetalkedquietlyinorderthatweshouldnotdisturbtheotherpassengers.我們小聲說話,以免打擾別的旅客。incase、forfearthat等Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.帶把傘,以防下雨。Theyhidthemselvesbehindsomebushesforfearthattheenemyfoundthem.他們躲在樹叢后面,以防被敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例結(jié)果狀語從句sothat、so...that、such...that等Hemadeawrongdecision,sothathalfofhislifetimewaswasted.他做了錯(cuò)誤的決定,結(jié)果毀掉了半生。ShespokesoquietlythatIcouldhardlyhearher.她說話輕得我?guī)缀趼牪灰姟tisexpandingatsucharatethatwecanonlyimaginewhatitwillcompriseinthefuture.它飛速擴(kuò)張,我們只能想象它將來會(huì)包含什么。方式狀語從句asDoasyouwouldbedoneby.你要人家怎樣待你,你就要怎樣待人。asif/thoughThelittleboyspokeasifhewereagrown-up.那小男孩說起話來像個(gè)大人似的。四、狀語從句1.

各類狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞分類引導(dǎo)詞示例比較狀語從句as...as...、notas/so...as...It'snotas/sosmoothasIthought.這沒有我想象的那么順利。thanThetimeavailableislessthanwehadhopedfor.可利用的時(shí)間比我們?cè)认Ｍ纳?。地點(diǎn)狀語從句where、wherever等Wherethereislife,thereishope.有生命就有希望。We'llgowhereveryousay.你說去哪兒我們就去哪。Imaginehersurprisewhenshesawthegoldcoinswherethestonehadbeen!想象一下,當(dāng)她看到原先石頭所在之處的金幣時(shí)有多么驚訝!情況示例當(dāng)狀語從句主語與主句主語一致,且謂語中含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí),常省略從句主語和be動(dòng)詞When(hewas)askingtheteacher,hewaspolite.他向老師問問題時(shí)很有禮貌。Sendthegoodsnowif(theyare)ready.貨物如已備好,請(qǐng)立即郵寄。Agreatman,though(heis)dead,yetlives.偉大的人雖死猶生。當(dāng)從句主語是it,且謂語中含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí),常省略it和be動(dòng)詞I'llgotheremyselfwhen(itis)possible.可能的時(shí)候我會(huì)親自去那里。Putacommawhere(itis)needed.在需要的地方加上逗號(hào)。Thematter,if(itis)wellhandled,willbenefitusalot.這件事如果處理得好,會(huì)對(duì)我們大有益處。有些狀語從句有時(shí)會(huì)省略與主句相同的成分Ishallgoshoppingifyoudon't(go).如果你不去購物,我就去。2.

狀語從句的省略溫馨提示after、before、because引導(dǎo)的狀語從句無此用法。1.MyadviserrecommendedthatIshouldsignupforadvancedliterature

IlikeEnglishandI'mgoodatit.(人教B1U1)2.

Chinaplaysagreaterroleinglobalaffairs,anincreasingnumberofinternationalstudentsarebeginningtoappreciateChina'scultureandhistorythroughthisamazinglan-guage.(人教B1U5)3.Hehadmetwonderfulteachersfromsmallvillagesduringhisearlyschoolyearsandhewasinspiredbythemtogoandteach

hewasneededthemost.(北師大B1U1）4.

itisover500yearsold,itlooksasfreshandfulloflifeasthedayitwascreated.(人教XB3U1)5.

wedon'tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbe

gone.because/since/asAswhere即練即清4Although/Though/WhileIf1.Andifyoustudyfestivalscarefully,youmaybesurprisedtofind

differentculturesactuallyhavealotincommonafterall.(人教B3U1)2.Overtime,

thepopulationgrew,peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.3.PerhapsthebestexampleisshownbyUNESCO,

runsaprogrammethat

preventsworldculturalheritagesitesaroundtheworldfromdisappearing.(人教B2U1)4.Thesedisastersmadeeveryonesadanddisappointed,butthedesiretoexplorethe

universeneverdied.Thisis

peoplebelieveintheimportanceofcarryingon

spaceexplorationdespitethehugerisks.(人教B3U4)thatas/whenwhichbecause5.Whenthetrainarrivedatthestation,theytookataxitoLakeLouise,

the

bluewaterliterallytooktheirbreathawaywithitsexceptionalbeauty.(人教XB2U4)6.

thestudentscamefromdifferentcountries,theygotalong

quitewellinthesummercamp.7.However,whatweeatisn'tthemostimportantthing.What'simportantis

weeatitwith.(北師大B1U3)8.Itdatesbackseveralthousandyearstotheuseoflonggu—animalbonesandshellson

symbolswerecarvedbyancientChinesepeople.(人教B1U5)whereAlthough/Though/Whilewho/whomwhich9.Thereisconcern

theconstructioncompanythatbuiltthetowerblockhadnotfollowedfiresafetyrules.(譯林XB2U1)10.ThemajorityofresidentsinChinatownarestillethnicChinese,manyof

donotspeakEnglishfluently.(人教B3U3)11.Attheinformationdeskattheentrance,Iaskedalady

theshoesection

was.(外研B1U2)12.Ihadbeenwaitingwithmyfellowgraduatingstudentsforthemoment

I

wouldwalkoutontothestagetoreceivemydegreecertificate.(譯林XB4U4)13.Shehasthewindowopen,

colditisoutside.thatwhomwherewhenhowever14.Onewomantrippedoverthestone

herwaterpotwentcrashingtotheground.(人教B3U2)15.Theseterraces(梯田)alsoprovideaperfectenvironmentforbirdsandfish,someof

feedoninsectsthatcanharmthericecrops.(外研B1U6)16.Whetherbigorsmall,whatallourchoiceshaveincommonis

theyleadto

specificconsequences.(外研XB4U1)17.TheyarerecordingandcollectingdigitalimagesofculturalrelicsfromtheMogao

Caves,

wereakeystopalongtheSilkRoadthroughoutChina'sancienthistory.(人教B2U1)andwhichthatwhich18.Itremainstobeseen

thenewlyformedcommittee'spolicycanbeputintopractice.19.TheAmazonRiver,from

therainforestgetsitsname,iscloseto6,400kilo-metresinlength.(譯林B3U1)20.Putmoresimply,whilepeoplecontinuetoargueover

ornotfattyfoodis

dangerous,wealreadyknowthatsugarisakiller.(人教XB2U3)21.Today,thecavesarejustasinternationalastheywereatthetime

people

travelledtheSilkRoad.(人教B2U1)22.Grandmapointedtothehospitalandsaid,“That's

Iwasborn.”whetherwhichwhetherwhenwhere23.Actually,thefilmyouseeonthescreenistheproductofahugeamountofhardwork,mostof

takesplacebehindthes