TypesofSemanticChange英語(yǔ)詞義的變化方式省公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)全國(guó)示范課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n

Lexicology

1/24TypesofSemanticChange

(詞義改變方式)2/241：Generalization(詞義擴(kuò)展)

又稱(chēng)：extension

Meaning:

Theword“generalization”isatermofLatinoriginreferringtothestretchingofmeaning.“picture”原義詞:onlyapainted.擴(kuò)展后意義:adrawing,aphotographandsoon.“thing”原義詞:apoliticalorjudicialassembly.(治會(huì)議或?qū)徟写髸?huì))擴(kuò)展后意義:asatinganeventuallythismeaningof“matter”.

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原義

擴(kuò)展后意義

1:bribery

給乞丐殘羹剩飯行賄；受賄2:economy

家庭料理經(jīng)濟(jì)3:influence

古代星占學(xué)家用來(lái)指一個(gè)從影響強(qiáng)大物質(zhì)星際降入人間

4:holidays

專(zhuān)指圣誕節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)等節(jié)日任何假日5:sanctuary

圣所、圣殿

避難所、呵護(hù)所

4/242:Specialization(詞義縮小)

Meaning:

“Specialization”isalsoatermofLatinoriginreferringofmeaning.

“deer”

原義:animal縮小后意義:deer“artillery”原義:munitionsofwar縮小后意義:

mountedguns(軍需品)

(安裝槍)5/24

原義縮小后意義1:hangar

棚飛機(jī)棚、飛機(jī)庫(kù)

2:garage安全地方汽車(chē)間3:stink

任何一個(gè)氣味臭氣4:poison

飲料毒藥5:hospital

供游者休息娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所醫(yī)院

6/24ElevationofmeaningDefinition:ElevationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningtopositionofimportanceChange:fromnegativetopositive

fromderogatorytoappreciative

fromneutraltoappreciativefromunimportanttoimportant7/24ElevationofmeaningExamplesOriginallyMeaningafterelevationMarshallHorse

servantMinisterCraftsmanapersongoodat

cheatingaworkerinaskilledtradeshrewdwicked;maliciouskeen-witted;Cleverorsharp8/24Change:frompositivetonegativefromappreciativetopejorativefromneutraltonegativefromimportanttounimportantDegenerationofmeaningDefinition:Itisaprocessbywhichwordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscomebeusedinderogatorysense9/24DegenerationofmeaningExamplesOriginallyMeaningafterdegeneration

VillainAfarmlaborScoundrelBoorAfarmerArough,ill-manneredperson

KnaveBoyDishonestperson

10/24Theuseoftheabstractfortheconcreteorviceversa.Thespecificmeaning

TheabstractmeaningE.g.“Threat”means“army”atfirst.

Laterextendedto"threat".11/24Theabstractmeaning

ThespecificmeaningE.g.“Proposition”means“suggested”or“offer”.

Butthiswordcanalsobeusedtorefertopeople.Itmeans“Difficulttodealwith”.12/24Common

wordsfrompropernames.

Alotofcommonnounsareevolvedfrompropernouns.

E.g.“DonJuan”isaSpanisharistocracy.Nowwecalledtheperson“aDonJuan”,itmeans“aphilanderer”.Thisprocessisalsocalled“antonomasia”.13/24Theplacepropernouns(Itfromthefeaturesoflocalnaming)E.g.“copper”

fromthe"Cyprus“.Becausetheareaisfamousforitscopperproduction.

14/24ThenamesofpropernounsE.g.“shrapnel”

wasinventedbyaBritishgeneralshrapnel.Itusuallycomesfromthenameoftheinventor.15/242.Someoneforthefirstorfindaneventtofame,afterintoacommonnoun.E.g.“sandwich”wasderivedfromacount.Inordertosavethetimeofgambling,heusedapieceofmeattoeatbreadclip.16/243.Afamousfigureinthenovel,asaresultoftheobviouscharacteristicsofthepersonreferredtothegeneral.E.g.Weuse"Tartuffe"tosay“hypocriticalpeople”.

Itisfromtheplaywrightmoliere'scomedycharacterthesamename.17/24ThetitleofpropernounsormovienameE.g.“radicalchic”

isthetitleofTomWolfe'sworks.

Nowwealsousedtoreferto"associatewithradicalfashion"18/24TransferenceofmeaningTheprocessbywhichthedifferencehasoccurredinthedevelopmentofalanguageiscalledtransferenceofmeaning19/24objectivemeaning(1)Subjectivemeaning.1e.g

“Shamekepthimsilent”

＆“shamefultreatment”20/24(3)Objectivemeaning(2)Subjectiveandobjectivetwokindsofmeaning.e.gKnowledge,theory,feelingAprofoundprofessor21/242ObjectivemeaningSubjectivemeaninge.g“f