高中英語語法講解-定語從句（素材）

高中英語語法講解——定語從句

一、先行詞、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞

1.先行詞(antecedent)就是被定語從句所修飾的名詞。在英語中，定語從句跟在被修飾詞之后，所以

被修飾詞就是“先行”的詞。

eg.Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldlady.

Shelivesnextdoortoourschool.

-?Thelovelygirlwholivesnextdoortoourschooloftenhelpstheoldlady.

-?Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldladywholivesnextdoortoourschool.

Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldlady.

Youmetheratschoolyesterday.

-?Thelovelygirl(whom)youmetatschoolyesterdayoftenhelpstheoldlady.

-?Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldlady(whom)youmetatschoolyesterday.

2.連接定語從句，要用關(guān)系代詞(relativepronoun)和關(guān)系副詞(relativeadverb)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞與

連接詞不完全相同，因?yàn)樗鼈兂诉B接主句和定語從句，還在定語從句中代替一定的成分。

eg.ThebookwhichIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.

—Thebookisveryinteresting.Iboughtthebookyesterday.

IhavevisitedthehousewhereAndersenwroteTheEmperoY3Clothes.

—Ihavevisitedthehouse.AndersenwroteTheEmperorsfNewClothesinthehouse.

二、關(guān)系代詞

1.who的先行詞是“人”，在從句中代替主語。

eg.ThestudentwhostudiesveryhardcomefromTibet.

Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithourheadmaster?

Thosewhowanttoseethefilmstararewaitingpatientlyatthegate.

注意：代替從句中的主語，who不能省略。who的單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞決定。但是要注意“oneof+先行

詞”與“theonlyoneof+先行詞”的情況。

eg.Tom是我們班喜歡打籃球的男生之一。

Tomisoneoftheboysinourclasswholiketoplaybasketball.

Jane是我們班唯一喜歡打籃球的女生。

Janeistheonlyoneofthegirlinourclasswholikestoplaybasketball.

2.whom的先行詞是“人”，在從句中代替賓語。

eg.Thefriendwhomwemetinthelibrarycanhelpyouwiththeproblem.

TheprofessorwhomyouwillseelatercomesfromtheUnitedKingdom.

Doyourememberthemanwhomweworkedwithtogetherlastyear?

whom在從句中經(jīng)常可以省略，但如果在介詞后面，則不能省。

eg.Doyourememberthemanwithwhomweworkedtogetherlastyear?

3.which的先行詞是“物”，在從句中可以代替主語或賓語。

eg.Heownsastorewhichopens24hours.

IamlookingforsomebookswhichdealwiththecustomsinSouthAfrica.

Jackyactstheherointhefilmwhichwesawyesterday.

CanIhavealookatthebookwhichyouborrowedthismorning?

Haveyouseenthepeninthemuseumwithwhichthepresidentsignedthepeacetreaty?

which代替主語時，不能省略，代替賓語時則經(jīng)常省略，但如果在介詞后面，那么也不能省略。

which代替主語時，它的單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞決定。

which的先行詞有時還可以是前面的整個句子，這時它總是看成單數(shù)，也不能省略。

eg.Thebamboostemsarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.

Jennywaslateagain,whichmakesherteacherveryangry.

4.that的先行詞可以是“人”，也可以是“物”，在從句中可以代替主語或者賓語。

eg.Thecutthetreesthatblockedtheview.

Whoisthemanthatjustleftfromthemeetingroom?

ThedressthatJessieboughtformesuitsmeperfectly.

that代替主語時，不能省略，代替賓語時則經(jīng)常省略。

that不能用在介詞之后。

在一些特定的先行詞,如：1）先行詞是不定代詞如anything,something,all等詞，或由all,every,little,

any,much,thevery等詞所修飾；2）先行詞前有最高級形容詞或序數(shù)詞所修飾；3）先行詞是由and連接

的兩個詞，分別指“人”和“物”的情況下，一般多用thato

eg.IsthereanythingthatIcandohere?

ThisistheverypresentthatIamlookingforwardto.

Thisisthehottestsummerthatwehavehadinthirtyyears.

Thesecondbookthathewrotewasnotaspopularasthefirstone.

HetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisitedinBritain.

5.whose的先行詞可以是“人”，也可以是“物二在從句中代替定語。

eg.Thestudentwhosepronunciationisthebestinourclasshasenteredforthecompetition.

「Thestudenthasenteredforthecompetition.Hispronunciationisthebestinourclass.

Shementionedabookwhosetitlehasslippedmymemory.

-Shementionedabook.Itstitlehasslippedmymemory.

whose不能省略。如果先行詞是“物”，我們也可以用sth.ofwhich代替whose。

eg.Shementionedabookthetitleofwhichslippedmymemory.

yShementionedabook.Thetitleofthebookslippedmymemory.

6.as的先行詞是“such+名詞”，或者"thesame+名詞”，在從句中代替主語或者賓語。

eg.Letchildrenreadsuchbooksaswillmakethembetterandwiser.

—Letchildrenreadsuchbooks.Thebookswillmakethembetterandwiser.

Ihavemetwiththesameproblemasyouhave.

—Youhave(metwith)theproblem.Ihavemetwiththesameproblem.

as不能省略。

as的先行詞有時還可以是一個句子，這個句子可以放在as之前，也可以放在as之后。

eg.Hesucceededinpassingtheexam,asIhadexpected./AsIhadexpected,hesucceededinpassing

theexam.

—Hesucceededinpassingtheexam.Ihadexpectedthathewouldsucceededinpassingtheexam.

三、關(guān)系副詞

1.when的先行詞是表示時間的名詞，如time,day,year,century等，when在從句中代替時間狀語。

eg.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoschool.

—Iwillneverforgettheday.Ifirstcametoschoolonthatday.

when一般不能省略。定語從句中，when可以用“介詞+which”代替。

eg.IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstcametoschool.

Theweekwhenweworkedinthecountrysideisunforgettable.

Theweekinwhich/duringwhichweworkedinthecountrysideisunforgettable.

注意：表示時間的名詞后面并不都是用when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，也可以是由which或that引導(dǎo)的定

語從句。試分析：

IstillrememberthedaywhenheamvedinShanghai.

—Istillremembertheday.HearrivedinShanghaionthatday.

Istillremembertheday(which/that)wespenttogetherinthelab.

-Istillremembertheday.Wespentthedaytogetherinthelab.

2.where的先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place,room,house,school,factory等,where在從句中代替地

點(diǎn)狀語。

eg.ThisisthevillagewhereLincolnwasbom.

—Thisisthevillage.Lincolnwasborninthevillage.

where一般不能省略。定語從句中，where可以用“介詞+which”代替。

eg.IsthereashopnearherewhereIcanbuypostcards?

=IsthereashopnearhereinwhichIcanbuypostcards?

注意：表示地點(diǎn)的名詞后面并不一定都是用where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,也可以是由which或that引導(dǎo)

的定語從句。試分析：

Wewillvisitthefactorywherehisfatherworks.

yWewillvisitthefactory.Hisfatherworksinthefactory.

Wewillvisitthefactorywhich/thatwasbuilt100yearsago.

—Wewillvisitthefactory.Itwasbuilt100yearsago.

3.why的先行詞是reason。

eg.Pleasetellmethereasonwhyheisabsenttoday.

Theprincipalwantedtoknowthereasonwhytheteacherbecamesoangry.

why一般不省略。reason為先行詞的時候，也可能是由which或that引導(dǎo)的從句。

試分析：

Ijustcan'tbelievethereasonwhytheboyfailedagain.

Ijustcan'tbelievethereason(which/that)hegaveme.

四、限制性和非限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句跟主句的關(guān)系比較密切，如果缺少，對方將不明白你要表達(dá)的確切的意思，它跟

主句之間不用逗號隔開，中文翻譯的時候，常把從句放在名詞之前。非限制性定語從句只出現(xiàn)在書面，

一般情況下，沒有這個定語從句，對方也不會誤解，或者說，這類定語從句只是一種補(bǔ)充說明，它與主

句之間要用逗號隔開，翻譯成中文時，常為兩個句子。非限制性定語從句經(jīng)常是用在先行詞是專有名詞

的時候，或先行詞表示的“人”或“物”是“獨(dú)一無二的"。非限制性定語從句不能用that連接。

eg.Themanwhowrotethisessayisajournalist.

Frank,whowrotethisessay,isajournalist.

Theearth,whichmovesroundthesun,isaplanet.

Aheavenlybodywhichmovesroundthesunisaplanet.

Helivedallhislifeinasmallvillagewherehewasborn.

HelivedmorethanadecadeinEurope,wherehecouldbeinclosecontactwithotherfamouspainters.

MybrotherwhoworksinBeijingUniversitywillcometovisitus.

Mybrother,whoworksinBeijingUniversity,willcometovisitus.

ImetMary,whowasmydesk-mateintheprimaryschool.

ImetMarywhowasmydesk-mateintheprimaryschool.

考研真題試析：

He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.

A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why

選A。這是一個帶有定語從句的復(fù)合句。關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中代替狀語，相當(dāng)于inthesituation,

整個句子解釋為：“他使自己陷入一個危險(xiǎn)的狀況，在這種狀況中，他很可能失去對飛機(jī)的控制。”

Alecaskedthepolicemanheworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.

A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom

選C。句子中的withwhomheworked是定語從句，修飾policeman。在從句中，關(guān)系代詞whom代替

先行詞policeman作介詞with的賓語。本句的意思是“艾立克請跟他一起工作的那個警察無論何時有事

故都要和他聯(lián)系二

IcanthinkofmanycasesstudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn't

writeagoodessay.

A.whyB.whichC.asD.where

選D。我們選用where,因?yàn)樵诙ㄕZ從句中，關(guān)系副詞where代替的是地點(diǎn)狀語“inthecases（意思為

'在這些例子中'）"。本題可以用inwhich代替where,句子也正確。

Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeonetheycantalkfrequently.

A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom

選D。因?yàn)閺木渌揎椀南刃性~是“人”，同時從句中的動詞talk是不及物動詞，要表達(dá)“和某人談

話”，必須用talkwith這一司組，所以選用D。

AfastfoodrestaurantistheplaceJustasthenamesuggests,eatingisperformedquickly.

A.whichB.whereC.thereD.what

選Bo因?yàn)樵诒揪渲校刃性~是place,同時我們還可以看到后面的從句eating