人教版高中英語選修8課件unit1AlandofdiversityGrammar

Unit1Alandofdiversity名詞性從句（一）人教課標(biāo)高二選修8Unit1Lookatthefollowingclausesinthesentencesandthinkaboutwhatroledotheseclausesplayinthesentences.WhatattractspeopletoCaliforniais itspleasantclimateandrelaxed lifestyle.主語RevisingusefulstructuresHowever,mostapplicantsknowthat theyhaveverylittlechanceofgettinga visa.賓語

Thisiswhyeachyearagreatnumber ofpeoplefromallovertheworldtryto immigratetoCalifornia.表語1.概念在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句(NounClauses)。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句(SubjectClause)、賓語從句(ObjectClause)、表語從句(PredicativeClause)和同位語從句(AppositiveClause)。名詞性從句2.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:

連接詞/從屬連詞

不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分連接代詞:

連接副詞:that,whether,if

what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which

when,

where,

how,

why3.不可省略的連詞：1)介詞后的連詞2)

引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。That

she

was

chosen

made

us

very

happy.We

heard

the

news

that

our

team

had

won.SubjectClause(主語從句)ObjectClause(賓語從句)PredicativeClause(表語從句)Nounclause一、主語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語,它可以位于句首,但常見的主語從句多放在句末,句首則用形式主語it。Thattheearthisroundistrue.=Itistruethattheearthisround.主語從句的用法(3)It＋不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句

Itseemsthat…似乎……Ithappenedthat…碰巧……Itappearsthat…似乎……(4)Itis＋過去分詞＋從句

Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道……Ithasbeenprovedthat…已證實(shí)…Itissaidthat…據(jù)說……thatsomeAmericanfriendswillvisitourschoolnextweek.thatwewereoutforawhetherIsayornot.walkyesterdayevening.★三、用帶–ever的引導(dǎo)詞(如whoever,whatever)引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般不后置。

Whoeverleavestheroomlastshouldclosethedoor.Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.四、it作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較

it作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語從句的連接詞有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:五、what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

what引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語、賓語、表語,而that則不然,即不擔(dān)任何成分。例如：

Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主句+連接詞(引導(dǎo)詞)+賓語從句連接詞:

從屬連詞that,whether,if

連接代詞who,whom,whose,which,what

連接副詞where,how,why,when賓語從句的用法Hehasgotapen.Ithink…Ithink(that)hehasgotapen.WheredotheystudyEnglish?Lilyasks…LilyaskswheretheystudyEnglish.

Willyouhelpme?Iask…Iaskifyouwillhelpme.一、連詞(引導(dǎo)詞)1.當(dāng)賓語從句是陳述句時(shí)(包括肯定句和否定句),連詞由that引導(dǎo),因?yàn)閠hat在從句中不作任何成分,也沒有任何具體意思,因此在口語或非正式文體中常省略。

Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.Janesaid(that)shewasn’tlateforthemeeting.2.當(dāng)賓語從句是特殊疑問句時(shí),由特殊疑問詞充當(dāng)連接詞,因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡栐~(即連接詞)在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意義,所以不可以省略。Doyouknowwhathesaidjustnow?Idon’trememberwhenwearrived.IaskedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.Pleasetellmewhowehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?Marywroteanarticleon______theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.thatIwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize___sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which3.當(dāng)賓語從句是一般疑問句時(shí),由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)(口語中常用if),因?yàn)閕f/whether翻譯成“是否”,具有一定的意義,所以不能省略。

Lilywantedtoknowif/whetherhergrandmalikedthehandbag.Let’sseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.

注意:

①關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if。表 示“是否”的情況如下：A.在表語從句和同位語從句中。如：

Thequestioniswhetherthefilmis worthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhas wonthematchisunknown.B.在主語從句中，只有用it作形式主語 時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句, 否則,也只能用whether。如:

Whetherweshallattendthemeeting hasn’tbeendecidedyet.Ithasn’tbeendecidedwhether(if)we shallattendthemeeting.C.在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)如:Italldepends(on)whethertheywill supportus.D.后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如：

Hedoesn’tknowwhethertostayornot.E.后面緊接ornot時(shí)。如：

Wedidn’tknowwhetherornot shewasready.②關(guān)聯(lián)詞if,whether均可使用的情況 如下：A.引導(dǎo)賓語從句。如：

Iwonderif(whether)thenewsistrueornot.B.在“be+形容詞”之后。如：

Hewasnotsurewhether(if)itisrightorwrong.4.跟在介詞后的賓語從句:賓語從句放在 介詞后作介詞的賓語,在使用這種結(jié)構(gòu) 時(shí)不能丟掉介詞。

Thereisnonewsaboutwhetheranew bridgewillbebuilt.Weareconsideringofwherethese treesshouldbeplanted.二、語序:連接詞＋陳述句合成一個(gè)句子：Hewouldbebackinanhour.Hesaid…

Hesaid(that)hewouldbebackinanhour.DotheyspeakEnglish?Wewanttoknow…

Wewanttoknowif/whethertheycanspeakEnglish.Whatishername?Heasksme…Heasksmewhathernameis.三、時(shí)態(tài)：如果主句是過去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)),那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。WhenwillProfessorLigiveusatalk?Wewantedtoknow…

WewantedtoknowwhenProfessorLiwouldgiveusatalk.Jimisagoodstudent.Theteachersaid…

Theteachersaid(that)Jimwasagoodstudent.HasMr.GreenbeeninBeijingforfiveyears?Heasked…

Heaskedif/whetherMr.GreenhadbeeninBeijingforfiveyears.★注:此種用法主句的主語必須是第一人稱I或we，而且它的反意疑問句的助動(dòng)詞由從句的助動(dòng)詞來定。

Idon’tthinkhecandoit,

?Idon’tthinkyouareright,

?

canhe

areyou

在suggest,insist,demand,order,require等表示建議,命令,要求的動(dòng)詞后,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。如:Iinsistedthathe(should)doitatonce.Shesuggestedthatthework(should)befinishedatonce.

注意:1.當(dāng)從句是客觀真理,定義,公理,定理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2.如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是ask時(shí),連詞不可能是that;如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是say時(shí),連詞用that。1)Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.2)HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.3.如果從句中含有or或ornot時(shí),只能用whether而不用if。

Doyouknowwhetherheisrightornot?Idon’tcarewhetherhe’llstayhereornot.Idon’tknowwhetheritisgoingtorainornot.★五、在接復(fù)合賓語的句子中,為了保持句子平衡,用it作形式賓語,將從句放于句尾,常接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有:make,find,see,hear,feel,think...Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.I

think

it

a

pity

to

waste

the

food.

在復(fù)合句中用作表語的從句是表語從句,引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后,有時(shí)用asif引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語+系動(dòng)詞+從句。

That’swhatweshoulddo.That’swhyIwanttoseeyou.表語從句的用法1.be,seem,look等動(dòng)詞后均可跟表語從句：

Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgoshopping.Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.

☆I(lǐng)tlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.

☆I(lǐng)twasbecauseIgotuplate.

☆ThereasonformyabsencewasthatIwasill.

☆Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathedidn’tcatchtheearlybus.

☆

Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhaveadiscussionaboutthismatterinsteadofjustsettingitaside.shouldhavesuggestion注意:在表語從句中,當(dāng)reason做主語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用that,不能用because。如:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathedidn’tcatchtheearlybus.他遲到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤]有趕上早班車。4.主句的主語是名詞idea,advice, suggestion,order,request, requirement時(shí),表語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語 氣。即:(should)+v.Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhave adiscussionaboutthismatterinstead ofjustsettingitaside.Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.

Ibelieve(that)heishonest.

Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextspeaker.

Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.

主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句高考鏈接

考點(diǎn)一：主語從句

[考例回顧]Itwasneverclear_____themanhadn’t reportedtheaccidentsooner.

（江蘇 2011）A.thatB.how C.when D.why[點(diǎn)撥]答案為D。根據(jù)句意“那個(gè)人為什么沒盡快匯報(bào)那起意外事故還沒弄清楚”可知D項(xiàng)符合語境。此句中，it為形式主語，真正的主語是why引導(dǎo)的主語從句。2.Beforeaproblemcanbesolved,itmustbeobvious_____theproblemitselfis.（湖南2011）

A.what B.that C.which D.why[點(diǎn)撥]答案為A。此句中it作形式主語，真正的主語為what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，what在從句中作表語。[點(diǎn)撥]答案為B。whoever在此引導(dǎo)主語從句，表示“無論誰”。

考點(diǎn)二：賓語從句

[考例回顧]1.Ourteachersalwaystellustobelievein_____wedoandwhoweareifwewanttosucceed.（四川2011）

why B.how C.what D.which[點(diǎn)撥]答案為C。根據(jù)從句wedo后缺少賓語可知選what。2.Itisnotalwayseasyforthepublictosee_____useanewinventioncanbeoftohumanlife.（重慶2011）

whose B.what C.which D.that[點(diǎn)撥]答案為B。whatuse作beof的賓語。3.We’veofferedherthejob,butIdon’tk