英國勞工行業(yè)市場前景及投資研究報(bào)告-培訓(xùn)課件外文版2024.5

POLITICS

&

SOCIETYIndustrialActionintheUKCHAPTER

01OverviewNumberoftradeunionsintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999to2023NumberoftradeunionsintheUK1999-202325020015010050237226216213206193

192

193185179176172166

166160

16015315114214113913713112401999

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

20233Description:Therewere124tradeunionsintheUnitedKingdomasof2023,comparedwith131inthepreviousyear.Between1999and2023,thenumberoftradeunionsintheUKhasfallenby113.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1999to2023Source(s):TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersintheUnitedKingdomfrom1892to2021(in1,000s)NumberoftradeunionmembersintheUK1892-202114,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,00004Description:Asof2021,thereover6.73millionpeoplethatwerepartofatradeunionintheUnitedKingdom,comparedwith6.66millioninthepreviousyear.Duringtheprovidedtimeperiodthelate1970sandearly1980ssawthehighestlevelsoftradeunionmembershipintheUK,withover13.2millionemployeesamemberofaunionin1980.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1892to2021Source(s):GOV.UKPercentageofemployeesthataremembersofatradeunionintheUnitedKingdomfrom1995to2022TradeuniondensityintheUK1995-202234%32.4%31.4%30.7%29.9%32%30%28%26%24%22%20%29.8%29.7%29.3%29.3%28.8%28.8%28.6%28.3%28%27.5%27.4%26.6%26.1%26%25.6%25%24.7%23.5%23.7%23.5%23.4%23.3%23.1%22.3%1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20225Description:TheshareofemployeesthatweremembersofatradeunionintheUnitedKingdomin2022was22.3percent,awhencomparedwiththepreviousyear.In1995,theshareofemployeeswhoweremembersofatradeunionwas32.4percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1995to2022Source(s):GOV.UKNumberoftradeunionmembersintheUnitedKingdomin2021/22,bytradeunionNumberoftradeunionmembersintheUK2021/22,bytradeunionNumberofmembers200,000

400,0000600,000800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000UNISON:ThePublicServiceUnionUnitetheUnion*1,394,8921,246,129GMB571,127498,638445,601369,437302,407184,083RoyalCollegeofNursingoftheUnitedKingdomNationalEducationUnionUnionofShopDistributiveandAlliedWorkersNationalAssociationofSchoolmastersUnionofWomenTeachersCommunicationWorkersUnionPublicandCommercialServicesUnionBritishMedicalAssociation183,422162,346Prospect149,367UniversityandCollegeUnion122,104Unionswithlessthan100,000members969,9586Description:Asof2021/22,thebiggestTradeUnionintheUnitedKingdomwasUNISON,whichhadjustunder1.4millionmembers,withUnitetheUnionbeingthesecond-largesttradeunion,atover1.24millionmembers.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2020to2022;*UnitetheUnionsfiguresarefor2020/21ReadmoreSource(s):TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersintheUnitedKingdomin2022,byindustry(in1,000s)NumberoftradeunionmembersintheUK2022,byindustryNumberofmembersinthousands02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,800Humanhealthandsocialworkactivities1,5451,532EducationPublicadministrationanddefence;compulsorysocialsecurityTransportationandstorage997453Manufacturing360353Wholesaleandretailtrade;repairofmotorvehiclesandmotorcyclesProfessional,scientificandtechnicalactivitiesConstruction169137Financialandinsuranceactivities124InformationandcommunicationAdministrativeandsupportserviceactivitiesOtherserviceactivities107898482Arts,entertainmentandrecreation7Description:In2022over1.54millionpeopleworkinginthehumanhealthandsocialworkactivitiessectorweremembersoftradeunionsintheUnitedKingdom,themostofanyindustry.Additionally,therewereover1.53millionpeopleworkingineducationwhoweretradeunionmembers.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2022;*FiguresarebasedonStandardIndustrialClassification2007andarenotseasonallyadjusted.ThisstatisticisusingoriginaldatafromtheGovernmentDigitalServiceandincludesSource(s):GOV.UKmaterialfrom?Crown,[...]

ReadmoreTradeunionmembershipdistributionintheUnitedKingdomin2022/23TradeunionsmembershipdistributionUK2023Number

ofmembersUnder100Number

ofUnionsMembership277618151613114100-4994435500-999111661,000-2,4992,500-4,9995,000-9,99910,000-14,99915,000-24,99925,000-49,99950,000-99,999100,000-249,999250,000andoverTotal25755456248028152876108198123300595250826801322358210253533824561168Description:In2022/23,thereweresixtradeunionsintheUnitedKingdomwhichhad250,000ormoremembers,accountingforthemajorityoftradeunionmembersinthisyear.Ofthe5.35milliontradeunionmembers,3.58millionbelongedtotheselargesttradeunions,withjust277belongingtothesixtradeunionswhichhadfewerthan100members.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,2022toMarch31,2023Source(s):TradesUnionCertificationOfficerAveragehourlyearningsintheUnitedKingdomfrom1995to2022,bytradeunionmembershipstatus(inGBP)AveragehourlyearningsoftradeunionmembersintheUK1995-2022MembersNon-members1917151311918.1117.517.1616.4316.4916.3915.8215.6315.6515.0713.2414.8713.0414.8914.7812.6714.4114.4812.4312.4214.5113.7514.1914.0513.6311.8813.0711.6212.7412.412.0211.9911.9410.2811.389.7511.039.3611.0210.729.0910.6510.258.899.648.39.157.878.877.488.577.078.366.788.276.57751995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20229Description:In2022workersintheUnitedKingdomthatweremembersofaTradeUnionearnedapproximately0.61Britishpoundsanhourmorethanworkerswhowerenotinaunion.Thelargestdifferenceduringthisperiodwasin2011whenmembersofunionsearned2.20Britishpoundsmoreperhourthannon-members.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;1995to2022Source(s):GOV.UKCHAPTER

02StrikesNumberofworkingdayslostduetolabordisputesintheUnitedKingdomfromJanuary2022toJuly2023(in1,000s)NumberofworkingdayslostduetolabordisputesintheUK2010-2023900800700600829553500424393400300200100035933131628120821016013193863632232015Jan22

Feb22

Mar22

Apr22

May22

Jun22

Jul22

Aug22

Sep22

Oct22

Nov22

Dec22

Jan23

Feb23

Mar23

Apr23

May23

Jun23

Jul2311Description:InJuly2023,approximately281,000workingdayswerelostduetoindustrialactionintheUnitedKingdom.Since2022,theUKhasexperiencedawaveofindustrialdisputes,resultinginaround829,000workingdayslostduetolabordisputesinDecember2022.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;January2022toJuly2023;*DatanotcollectedbetweenFebruary2020andJanuary2022ReadmoreSource(s):OfficeforNationalStatistics(UK)NumberofworkersinvolvedinlabordisputesintheUnitedKingdomfromJanuary2022toJuly2023(in1,000s)NumberofworkersinvolvedinlabordisputesintheUK2022-20233503002503032372001741681551501461391501005011898996053311285310Jan22

Feb22

Mar22

Apr22

May22

Jun22

Jul22

Aug22

Sep22

Oct22

Nov22

Dec22

Jan23

Feb23

Mar23

Apr23

May23

Jun23

Jul2312/statistics/1350911/uk-industrial-action-workers-involvedInJuly2023,anestimated139,000workersintheUnitedKingdomwereinvolvedinindustrialdisputes.Since2022,theUKhasexperiencedawaveofindustrialdisputes,resultinginapproximately303,000workersinvolvedinlabordisputesbyMarch2023.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;January2022toJuly2023Source(s):OfficeforNationalStatistics(UK)Aretradeunionsabletotakestriketooeasily?(August2019toMay2023)SupportforrestrictionsontradeunionstakingstrikeinGreatBritain2019-2023TherearetoomanyrestrictionsThecurrentbalanceisaboutrightDon'tknowThereshouldbemorerestrictions40%35%30%25%20%15%Aug2019Feb2020Aug2020Jan2021Jul2021Dec2021Jun2022Nov2022May202313Description:InMay2023,approximately34percentofpeopleinGreatBritainthoughtthattradeunionswereabletostriketooeasily,comparedwith26percentwhothoughtthereweretoomanyrestrictions.Since2022,theUnitedKingdomhasexperiencedawaveofindustrialdisputes,resultinginaround826,000workingdayslostduelabordisputesinDecember2022ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom(GreatBritain);August2019toMay2023;1,630-3,326perwave;18yearsandolder;GBAdultsSource(s):YouGovShareofpeopleinGreatBritainwhoagreethat"tradeunionsareabletotakestrikeactiontooeasilyandthereshouldbemorerestrictionsuponthem"from2019to2023,byvotingintentionSupportforrestrictionsonunionsstrikinginBritain2019-2023,bypoliticalpartyConservativeLabourLiberalDemocrats70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%59%58%45%44%41%16%39%38%37%37%33%13%28%14%23%9%20%9%19%8%17%9%14%7%13%10%Aug2019Feb2020Aug2020Jan2021Jul2021Dec2021Jun2022Nov2022May202314Description:InMay2023,59percentofpeoplewhointendedtovotefortheConservativepartyinGreatBritainthoughtthattradeunionswereabletostriketooeasily,comparedwithjust14percentofLabourvoters.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom(GreatBritain);August2019toMay2023;1,630-3,326perwave;18yearsandolder;GBAdultsSource(s):YouGovShareofpeopleinGreatBritainwhoagreethat"tradeunionsareabletotakestrikeactiontooeasilyandthereshouldbemorerestrictionsuponthem"from2019to2023,byagegroupSupportforrestrictionsonunionsstrikinginBritain2019-2023,byagegroup18-2425-4950-6465+55%50%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%51%50%38%36%25%35%21%35%23%34%29%31%22%31%29%27%26%21%21%21%18%21%18%21%20%14%20%18%14%13%11%11%10%Aug2019Feb2020Aug2020Jan2021Jul2021Dec2021Jun2022Nov2022May202315Description:InMay2023,50percentofpeopleaged65oroverinGreatBritainthoughtthattradeunionswereabletostriketooeasily,comparedwithjust21percentof18to24yearoldvoters.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom(GreatBritain);August2019toMay2023;1,630-3,326perwave;18yearsandolder;GBAdultsSource(s):YouGovShareofpeopleinGreatBritainwhoagreethat"tradeunionsareabletotakestrikeactiontooeasilyandthereshouldbemorerestrictionsuponthem"from2019to2023,bygenderSupportforrestrictionsonunionsstrikinginBritain2019-2023,bygenderMenWomen40%35%30%25%20%15%35%33%34%28%27%25%24%21%23%19%22%19%21%20%20%19%Aug2019Feb2020Aug2020Jan2021Jul2021Dec2021Jun2022Nov2022May202316Description:InMay2023,34percentofmenandwomenbothagreedthattradeunionswereabletostriketooeasily,comparedwithAugust2019whenmenwerefarmorelikelytoagreewiththissentiment.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom(GreatBritain);August2019toMay2023;1,630-3,326perwave;18yearsandolder;GBAdultsSource(s):YouGovNetsupportforworkersgoingonstrikeintheUnitedKingdomin2022,bysectorNetsupportforworkersgoingonstrikeintheUK2022,bysectorNetsupport30%0%10%20%40%50%60%70%NursesTeachers64%55%54%52%51%50%50%PostalworkersBusdriversRefusecollectorsRailwayworkersDoctorsAviationworkersCivilservants42%39%38%LocalgovernmentstaffBarristers33%17Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinOctober2022,64percentofpeopleintheUnitedKingdomsupportednursesgoingonstrike,comparedwithjust33percentwhosupportedbarristersgoingonstrike.Throughout2022,theUKhasexperiencedawaveofindustrialdisputes,resultinginaround356,000workingdayslostduelabordisputesinAugust2022ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;2,081respondents;18yearsandolder;UKadultsSource(s):BBC;SavantaCHAPTER

03TradeUnionsNumberoftradeunionmembersofUniteintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2020/21UnitetradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2021UnionfortheFinanceIndustryAmalgamatedEngineeringandElectricalUnionUniteGraphicalPaperandMediaUnionTransportandGeneralWorkersUnionManufacturingScienceandFinanceUnionAmicus2,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,000019Description:UnitetheUnionisoneofthethelargesttradeunionsintheUnitedKingdom,at1.25millionmembersin2020/21.Itssize,however,isn'tduetoorganicgrowthbutinsteadaseriesofmergersfrom2002to2007.Before2002,UnionfortheFinanceIndustry(UNIFI),GraphicalPaper&MediaUnion(GPMU),ManufacturingScience&FinanceUnion(MSF),AmalgamatedEngineering&ElectricalUnion(AEEU)andTransport&GeneralWorkersUnion(T&G)wereallactingasseparateentities.On[...]ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2021Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofUNISONintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22UNISONtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-20221,600,0001,400,0001,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,000200,000020Description:In2021/22,theUNISONtradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhadapproximately1.39millionmembers,comparedwith1.42millioninthepreviousreportingyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofGMBintheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22GMBtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022800,000700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000021Description:In2021/22,theGMBtradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad571,127members,comparedwith601,907inthepreviousreportingyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofRoyalCollegeofNursing(RCN)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22RoyalCollegeofNursingtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000022Description:In2021/22,theRoyalCollegeofNursingtradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad498,638members,comparedwith483,683inthepreviousreportingyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofNationalEducationUnion(NEU)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22NationalEducationUniontradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022NationalUnionofTeachersAssociationofTeachersandLecturersNationalEducationUnion700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,000023Description:In2022/23,theNationalEducationUniontradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhadapproximately445,601members,comparedwith457,368inthepreviousreportingyear.Thisunionwasformedin2017whentheNationalUnionofTeachers,andtheAssociationofTeachersandLecturersmergedintooneunion.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofUSDAW(UnionofShopDistributiveandAlliedWorkers)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22USDAWtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022500,000450,000400,000350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,000024Description:Asof2022,theUnionofShopDistributiveandAlliedWorkers(USDAW)intheUnitedKingdomhadapproximately369,437members,comparedwith309,811in2000.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofNASUWT(NationalAssociationofSchoolmastersUnionofWomenTeachers)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22NASUWTtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022400,000350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,000025Description:In2021/22,theNationalAssociationofSchoolmastersUnionofWomenTeachers(NASUWT)tradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad302,407members,comparedwith252,021in1999/00.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersoftheCWU(CommunicationWorkersUnion)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22CWUtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,000026Description:In2021/22,theCommunicationWorkersUnion(CWU)tradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad302,407members,comparedwith281,472in1999/00.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersofthePCS(PublicandCommercialServicesUnion)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22PCStradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,000027Description:In2021/22,thePublicandCommercialServicesUnion(PCS)tradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad183,422members,comparedwith258,278in1999/00.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersoftheBMA(BritishMedicalAssociation)intheUnitedKingdomfrom1999/00to2021/22BMAtradeunionmembershipintheUK1999-2022180,000160,000140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,000028Description:In2021/22,theBritishMedicalAssociation(BMA)tradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad162,346members,comparedwith110,206in1999/00.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersoftheProspectintheUnitedKingdomfrom2002/03to2021/22ProspecttradeunionmembershipintheUK2002-2022160,000140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,000029Description:In2021/22,theProspecttradeunionintheUnitedKingdomhad149,367members,comparedwith105,480in2002/03.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerNumberoftradeunionmembersoftheUCU(UniversityandCollegeUnion)intheUnitedKingdomfrom2006/07to2021/22UCUtradeunionmembershipintheUK2006-2022140,000129,174126,529122,062

122,398122,104121,463120,564119,259116,977

117,597117,039115,818120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,0000106,288105,447104,512

103,9852006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16

2016/17

2017/18

2018/19

2019/20

2020/21

2021/2230Description:In2021/22,theUniversityandCollegeUnion(UCU)intheUnitedKingdomhad122,104members,comparedwith116,977in2006/07.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedKingdom;April1,1999toMarch31,2022Source(s):GOV.UK;TradesUnionCertificationOfficerCHAPTER

04InternationalComparisonAnnualpercentageofworkforcemembersoflaborunionsintheG7countriesandOECDfrom1960to2020LaboruniondensityintheG7countriesandOECDfrom1960to2020CanadaFranceGermanyItalyJapanUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesOECDAverage55%50%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%196019621964196619681970197219741976197819801982198419861988199019921994199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202032Description:Laborunions,alsoknownastradeunions,reachedtheirpeakintheadvancedindustrialcountriesoftheG7andOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD)inthelatetwentiethcentury;sincethe1980showever,theirmembershipshavedeclineddrastically,insomecountriesbyasmuchas50percent.Thelabormovementaroseinthenineteenthcenturytorepresentworkers'interestsincollectivebargainingandtoprotestsagainstpoorwagesandwork[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1960to2020Source(s):OECDCountrieswiththehighestpercentageshareoftheirworkforcebeingmembersoflaborunionsworldwideasof2020LaborUnions:countrieswithhighestshareofworkforceunionizedworldwidePercentageofworkforceunionized0102030405060708090100Iceland(2019)Cuba(2008)91.481.4Denmark(2019)Sweden(2019)Finland(2019)Norway(2019)Vietnam(2018)Belgium(2019)Kazakhstan(2017)China(2017)6765.258.850.449.649.146.944.243.341.9Cyprus(2016)Malta(2020)Tunisia(2019)38.133Description:Laborunions,ortradeunionsastheyareknowninEurope,areorganizationsformedbyworkersinordertorepresenttheircollectiveinterests,particularlyinrelati