(語法詞匯)同等學(xué)歷英語輔導(dǎo)

語法和詞匯專項訓(xùn)練分冊目錄第一部分語法第一講名詞和代詞…………（4）第二講時態(tài)和語態(tài)…………（7）第三講虛擬語氣……………（9）第四講各類從句及連詞……………………（13）第五講形容詞、副詞及其比較級和最高級………………（16）第六講倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)……………（19）第七講一致關(guān)系……………（22）第八講非謂語動詞…………（24）第九講并列結(jié)構(gòu)……………（28）第十講情態(tài)動詞……………（31）第二部分詞匯第一講出題思路與解題技巧………………（32）第二講常見前綴后綴………………………（38）第三講常見單詞辨析………………………（39）第四講詞匯綜合練習(xí)………………………（50）第一部分語法同等學(xué)力英語測試語法的主要題型為辨錯題，另外在完型填空中也會涉及到一些。本部分主要針對辨錯題對重點語法知識進(jìn)行歸納講解，旨在幫助考生了解試題的命題意圖及辨錯思路，并借助該部分的語法學(xué)習(xí)提高閱讀、寫作等綜合能力。第一講代詞和名詞?？贾R點：名詞代詞所有格的構(gòu)成及用法。注意雙重所有格和復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格：雙重所有格：a(this,that,some,no…)+名詞+所有格名詞；復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格：字尾有s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞+’;字尾無s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞+s’。it的用法。it作為代詞，可指代事物，可以表示天氣、時間、距離等。尤其要注意it可以作為形式主語或形式賓語代替實際充當(dāng)主語或賓語的不定式、動名詞短語或從句。反身代詞與代詞賓格的區(qū)別。表示自己對自己發(fā)出的動作時，要用反身代詞。注意常見易混修飾名詞的形容詞或代詞：few/afew+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)little/alittle+不可數(shù)名詞anamountof+不可數(shù)名詞注意other與another和區(qū)別:theother=thesecondoftwo另一個；others=otherpeople其他人（范指）；theothers=therest其他的人或物（一定范圍內(nèi)）;another=onemore/differentthing(person)=alsoone;one…theother…：兩者當(dāng)中的一個與另一個；one…another…：三者或三者以上中的一個與另一個。6、注意one(ones)和that的用法：one可用來指代可數(shù)名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)為ones；其本身替代的是無定的名詞，如特指，前面要用限定詞the,these,those,this,that等；that可用來指代不可數(shù)名詞，也可指代可數(shù)名詞；其指代名詞多是有定的，但只能帶后置修飾語，不能帶前置修飾語。二、真題解析：Sample1(2002年)ThereisfewevidencethatchildreninlanguageclassroomslearnforeignlanguagesanybetterABCthanadultsinsimilarclassroomsituations.DNote:答案為A。fewevidence應(yīng)改為littleevidence.evidence為不可數(shù)名詞，故不可以用few修飾。應(yīng)注意區(qū)分little和few的用法。Sample2(2000年)Alloftheperformersintheplaydidwell.TheaudienceapplaudedtheactorsexcellentABCDperformance.Note:答案為D。actors應(yīng)改為actors’。此題的考查點為名詞所有格，即漢語中“…的”。這里需要注意的是，當(dāng)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式變?yōu)樗懈裥问綍r，其表達(dá)形式應(yīng)為“復(fù)數(shù)形式+’”(后面的s省)。Sample3(2002年)ThenewtechnologyhasmadepossibleforthedoctortomakediagnoseswithoutseeingtheABCpatientinperson.DNote:答案為A。madepossible應(yīng)改為madeitpossible。it是形式賓語，指forthedoctortomakediagnoses(醫(yī)生確診)這件事情。Sample4(1998年)Evidentlywedidn’tunderstanddirections,forwemadeawrongturnandfounduslost,ABCconfusedastowhichwayweshouldgo.DNote:答案為C。us應(yīng)改為ourselves?！拔覀兠月妨恕保荒苷f“Wefounduslost”,而應(yīng)當(dāng)說“Wefoundourselveslost”。三、專項訓(xùn)練1.Whencuttingflowersforarranging,leavetwohealthyleavesandremainingstemstohelptheABCplantmaintainit’svigor.D2.Whathesaidinthemeetingwasnoteasytounderstandit.ABCD3.ThoseofuswhousecomputersdayinanddayoutshouldhavetheireyesexaminedatregularABCintervals.D4.Throughhisessays,poems,andlectures,RalphWaldoEmersonestablishedhimasamajorABthinkerofhistimeandasaleadingfigureofAmericanliterature.CD5.Unlikeanotherbloodcells,whitecellshaveanucleusthatenablesthemtodivideandABCDreproduce.6.MembersoftheassociationwereshockedbyCathywinningthegamesoeasily.ABCD7.ThisyearwillbedifficultforthisorganizationbecauseithaslessmoneyandvolunteersthanitABChadlastyear.D8.Therewillcomeadaywhenallofuswillbelivingincitiesquiteunlikeonesofthepresent.ABCD9.That’stimeyouandIcametoanunderstandingaboutourduties.ABCD10.AtthisperiodthearmywasmaintainingquitehighstandardsfortheircandidatesforofficerABCDtraining.參考答案：1.D錯，it’s應(yīng)改為its2.D錯，it應(yīng)去掉，多余3.C錯，their應(yīng)改為our4.B錯，him應(yīng)改為himself5.A錯，another應(yīng)改為other6.C錯，Cathy應(yīng)改為Cathy’s7.C錯，lessmoneyandvolunteers應(yīng)改為lessmoneyandfewervolunteers8.D錯，ones應(yīng)改為theones或those9.A錯，That’s應(yīng)改為It’s10.D錯，their應(yīng)改為its第二講時態(tài)和語態(tài)?？贾R點掌握與某個特定時態(tài)連用的時間狀語：現(xiàn)在時：everyday,always,usually,sometimes,twiceaweek,often等；現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時：recently,lately,since,already,sofar,uptonow,for,thelast(past)two(three…)years(months…),thisday(week,month…)/thesedays(weeks,months…),allthisday(week,month)等；將來完成時：by/bytheendof+將來時間，when,before,until等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句；過去完成時：by/bytheendof+過去時間，when,before,until等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句；hardly/scarcely+過去完成進(jìn)+when+過去時；nosooner+過去完成時+than+過去時。測試時態(tài)的試題常同時測試語態(tài)（主動或被動），應(yīng)全面考慮。動詞短語做謂語的被動語態(tài)中，注意不要將介詞丟掉。二、真題解析：Sample1(2000年)ThisisthelongestflightIhaveevertaken.BythetimewegettoLosAngeles,wehadflownABCfor13hours.DNote:答案為C。hadflown應(yīng)改為willhaveflown。句中的by（到…為止）短語作狀語，常與完成時搭配使用。而過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成時或?qū)硗瓿蓵r則取決于后面的時間。本題顯然是指將來的時間。Sample2(2002年)CustomersareaskedtoensurethattheyhavegivencorrectchangebeforeleavingtheshopasABCmistakescannotbeafterwardsremedied.DNote:答案為B。havegiven應(yīng)改為havebeengiven,因為customers不應(yīng)該是“找錢”動作的發(fā)出者，應(yīng)是“接受者”，故使用被動語態(tài)。Sample3(1999年)MorethanthreeyearsaftermovingfromAustraliatothisremotepointofEngland,wearestillABClearninghowthingshavedonehere.DNote:答案為D。havedone應(yīng)改為aredone。首先，賓語從句…h(huán)owthingshavedone中things與do之間是被動的關(guān)系；其次，句中的arestilllearning暗示動作還在進(jìn)行，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成，故不應(yīng)用完成式。三、專項練習(xí)Theotherday,IfoundmywalletwhereIhadbeenleavingitsomeweeksago.ABCD2.Itwasthefirsttimehehasbeenatasummerschoolandhethoroughlyenjoyedit.ABCD3.Ilistenedtotheradiowhenyourangthebellthefirsttime,andthat’swhyIdidnothearyou.ABCD4.ThechemistryteachertoldthepupilsthatnoothersubstanceintheworldwasaslightasABCDhydrogen.5.ItexpectedthattheelectricitysupplyindustrywillberunningintosurpluscapacitybynextABCDyear.6.Hewantedthemtotreattheinformationasconfidential,butitmadepublicatapressABCDconference.7.Hesaidthathewillhavelivedinthatcityfor4yearsbytheendoftheyear.ABCD8.NottoomanyyearsagomymotherjoggedinthealleybehindourhousebecauseshewasABembarrassedtoseejogginginpublic.CD9.Whenhehurriedtotheairport,hefound,tohisgreatdisappointment,histicketandpassportABChavebeenleftathome.D10.ThecommitteearediscussingtheproblemforthewholedaybuttheyhavenotyetreachedABCDanagreement.參考答案：1.C錯，hadbeenleaving應(yīng)改為hadleft2.A錯，hasbeen應(yīng)改為hadbeen3.A錯，listenedto應(yīng)改為waslisteningto4.D錯，was應(yīng)改為is5.A錯，expected應(yīng)改為isexpected6.C錯，made應(yīng)改為wasmade7.B錯，willhavelived應(yīng)改為wouldhaveLived8.C錯，tosee應(yīng)改為tobeseen9.D錯，havebeenleft應(yīng)改為hadbeenleft10.B錯，arediscussing應(yīng)改為havebeendiscussed。第三講虛擬語氣?？贾R點：1、if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中：（1）熟記虛擬語氣的主從句常規(guī)搭配形式：假設(shè)類型從句謂語動詞形式主句謂語動詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞過去式（be動詞were）Would+動詞原形與過去事實相反had+過去分詞Wouldhave+過去分詞與將來事實相反should+動詞原形wereto+動詞原形Would(could,might)+動詞原形（2）、注意虛擬條件中的if省略，從句要求主謂部分倒裝；（3）、注意條件句與結(jié)果句兩部分時間所指不一致的情況（如條件是過去，結(jié)果是現(xiàn)在）,尤其注意時間狀語；2、表示命令、建議、意愿等的詞語（動詞或其派生出的形容詞、名詞），及表示必要性、重要性等的詞語（形容詞或名詞），后接that從句中謂語用（should+）動詞原形；if外的一些連詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，從句中謂語常用虛擬形式：asif/though,lest,forfearthat下列固定句型中需使用虛擬語氣：wouldrathertha…過去式；Itis(high/about)timethat…過去式；Ifonly…過去式/過去完成式；注意下列介詞或副詞所隱含的假設(shè)條件：butfor(要不是因為)，without/with,otherwise/or,orelse,but二、真題解析：Sample1(2003年)Ifwe’dfoughtthatelectiononthetradeunionagenda,wewouldwinalotmorevotesthantheABCcampaignissueschosenbytheprofessionals.DNote:答案為C。wouldwin應(yīng)改為wouldhavewon。虛擬語氣中，從句時態(tài)為過去完成式，主句應(yīng)為wouldhavedone的形式。Sample2(2000年)HisrecommendationthattheAirForceinvestigatestheUFOsightingwasapprovedbytheABCcommissionandreferredtotheappropriatecommittee.DNote:答案為A。investigates應(yīng)改為（should）investigate。同位語從句中的先行詞為recommendation,suggestion,proposal,insistence等詞時，從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用（should）do。Sample3(1999年)ShouldJohnresignandHenrysucceedhim,wewouldhavehadamorevigorousleadership.ABCDNote:答案為C。wouldhavehad應(yīng)改為wouldhave。本題要注意從句中省略了if，采用了倒裝形式，其謂語動詞形式為shoulddo形式，其相應(yīng)的主句應(yīng)用would(might,could)do的形式。Sample4(1998年)Thelight,whichotherwisedisturbedthepatient,wasexcludedfromhisroombymeansoftheABCDwindowblind.Note:答案為B。disturbed應(yīng)改為wouldhavedisturbed。這里要注意otherwise(否則)隱含了一個虛擬條件句，后面要接虛擬語氣。Sample5(1997年)IoftenwanderwhatmylifewouldbelikeifIdidn’tgotothebeachthatafternoonwhenIwas14.ABCDNote:答案為C。didn’tgo應(yīng)改為hadnotgone.本句要注意不能根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)來確定if虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式，而必須要看到從句中有個明顯的表示過去的時間狀語“whenIwas14”,因此從句的謂語動詞形式應(yīng)該是haddone的形式。三、專項練習(xí)1.ButfortheleadershipofourParty,wewillnothavesucceeded.ABCD2.Ifwehadpaidmoreattentiontotheseproblems,wewouldhavelargelyreducedtherisknow.ABCD3.IfitwerenotfortheguidanceofthePartycommittee,weshouldnothavegotsuchgreatABCDachievement.4.AnorderhascomefromBerlinthatnolanguagebutGermanwouldbetaughtintheschool.ABCD5.TheykeeptellingusitisofgreatimportancethatourrepresentativeissenttotheconferenceABConschedule.D6.Insectswillmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld,butfortheprotectionwegetfromABCinsect-eatinganimals.D7.Hadtheystayedathomeinsteadofgoingclimbingyesterday,theywouldn’thavebeensoABCtirednow.D8.Ididn’tknowhisnewtelephonenumber,otherwiseIwouldcalledhimthatday.ABCD9.ItishighlydesirablethateveryeffortistobemadetoreduceexpenditureandthateveryABmemberofthestaffeconomizewherepossible.CD10.Iwouldratherthattheytakeawalktogetherinsteadofwatchingtelevisionintheevening.ABCD參考答案：1.C錯，willnothave應(yīng)改為wouldnothave2.C錯，wouldhave應(yīng)改為would3.A錯，werenot應(yīng)改為hadnotbeen4.D錯，wouldbe應(yīng)改為(should)be5.C錯，issent應(yīng)改為(should)besent6.A錯，will應(yīng)改為would7.C錯，wouldn’thavebeen應(yīng)改為wouldn’tbe8.C錯，wouldcalled應(yīng)改為wouldhavecalled9.B錯，istobemade應(yīng)改為(should)bemade10.B錯，take改為took。第四講各類從句及連詞?？贾R點定語從句關(guān)系詞用that：先行詞是all,one,much,little,some,those,few,afew,anything,everything,nothing,或先行詞受any,no,only,thesame,very,或受形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞用that。非限定性定語從句：前面有逗號；先行詞是物或前面整個句子時，關(guān)系代詞用which，如果是人，用who或whom；注意that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中的用法：做定語，修飾名詞。關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)介詞的賓語：如介詞提前，此時，指物用which，指人用whom；此時還要注意不要漏掉或誤用介詞。as和which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，指代整個主句，其區(qū)別為：如果主句在前，用as/which均可；如果主句在后，只能用as,as也可插在主句之間。如果主語是reason，表語從句就不能用because引導(dǎo)，要用that,否則意思重疊。注意that和what引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句的區(qū)別：that在句子中不做成分，只起引導(dǎo)作用；what在從句中要做成分（主語、賓語或定語）。下列關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞不需要先行詞：whoever,whichever,whatever,wherever…注意不要將下列連接詞語混用：that-which;who-whom;that-what;unless-if;as/solongas-as/sofaras;such…that-such…as10、注意同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不在從句中做成分；而that引導(dǎo)定語從句必須在從句中充當(dāng)成分（主語或賓語）。11、注意下列起承接上下文作用的連詞或副詞：連詞：while,since,justas…so…(注意as和like表示像時的區(qū)別：as為連詞，like為介詞)；副詞：however,nevertheless,furthermore,moreover,therefore,thereby,otherwise,likewise二、真題解析Sample1(2000年)Thirteenhundredmedicalprofessionals,allofwhichhavebeentrainedtotreatdrugdependency,ABattendedtheannualconventionsponsoredbythesociety.CDNote:答案為B。allofwhich應(yīng)該為allofwhom。關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語，代指前面的“medicalprofessionals”,很明顯是指人，故應(yīng)用whom。Sample2(1998年)VincentVanGoghkilledhimselfwhenhewasonly37,butheleftbehindhimmorethan2000ABpaintingsanddrawings,thatestablishedhisreputationinawayhewouldneverhaveconsideredCDpossible.Note:答案為C。that應(yīng)改為which。本句為非限定性定語從句，不能用that。Sample3(2002年)ThefactwhichagoodteacherhassomeofthegiftsofagoodactordoesnotmeanthathewillABCindeedbeabletoactwellonthestage.DNote:答案為A。which應(yīng)改為that。fact后面的從句為同位語從句，不是定語從句，因此只能用that。Sample4(2000年)ThatthewomanwassayingwassoimportantthatIaskedeveryonetostoptalkingandlisten.ABCDNote:答案為A。That應(yīng)改為What。that引導(dǎo)主語從句時，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起引導(dǎo)作用；而本題中saying缺少賓語，故應(yīng)改為what。三、專項訓(xùn)練1.NancyandFredareaverycharmingcouple,inwhichhousewearegivingtheparty.ABCD2.Thiskindofanimalisfoundmostfrequentlyinwarm,humidregionswhichflowersandsmallABCinsectsabound.D3.ThesadtruthiswhatmostofushavebeenbroughtuptoeatcertainfoodsandwesticktothemABCDallourlives.4.Whendidheleavetheclassroomwasnotknowntotheteacherandtheotherstudents.ABCD5.Mostpeopleknowthatitisliketohavetheirbloodpressuretaken,butfewunderstandtheABCmeaningofthenumbersusedtorecordbloodpressure.D6.Thereasonwhichshegaveupthechancetostudyabroadisherownaffair.ABCD7.Whatisoftenthecase,thefoolthinksheisveryclever.ABCD8.Nomatterwhattiringadayshehashad,sheneverloseshergoodhumor.ABCD9.Nosoonerhadthewordsbeenspokenthatherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.ABCD10.Inproportiontoitssize,thehungriestanimalistheshrew,thatmustconsumeseveraltimesitsABCownweighteveryday.D參考答案：1.D錯，which應(yīng)改為whose2.C錯，which應(yīng)改為where3.A錯，what應(yīng)改為that4.B錯，didheleft應(yīng)改為heleft5.A錯，that應(yīng)改為what6.A錯，which應(yīng)改為why7.A錯，What應(yīng)改為That8.A錯，Nomatterwhat應(yīng)改為Nomatterhow9.B錯，that應(yīng)改為than10.B錯，that應(yīng)改為which第五講形容詞、副詞及其比較級和最高級常考知識點注意不要將形容詞副詞誤用。形容詞可作定語修飾名詞，作表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語；副詞修飾形容詞、分詞、動詞或整個句子。注意以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞：costly,friendly,leisurely,lonely,likely,brotherly,monthly,yearly,earthly等。注意一些含有否定意義的副詞：hardly,rarely,seldom,scarcely等。注意不要將more…than…結(jié)構(gòu)與as+形容詞或副詞原級+as兩種對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)混用。在同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)中so只能用在否定句中，即：notso…as…,而as既可用于肯定句也可用于否定句,即:(not)as…as….下列形容詞沒有比較級形式,表示比較是后面跟to,不跟than連用:inferiorminorseniorpriorsuperiormajorjuniorpreferable注意下列副詞、形容詞的位置和順序：so,as,too,how,however+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；如：toolargeahousesuch,what+a+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；如：Whatalargehouse!注意區(qū)分由-ing分詞和-ed分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的兩類形容詞。-ing分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞通常具有主動意義，多用于修飾物；-ed分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞通常含有被動意義，多用于修飾人。注意比較級與最高級的構(gòu)成方式，并注意區(qū)分the+最高級和the+比較級。最高級前面要加定冠詞或其它限定詞；比較級前一般不能加定冠詞，但如是兩者之間的比較，表示“哪一個更…”，此時要用定冠詞+比較級。注意習(xí)慣用語ratherthan,otherthan，雖然含有than，但并不表示比較，不必與比較級同時出現(xiàn)。注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中比較對象是否一致，是否采取相同形式。二、真題解析Sample1(2003年)Atthelocallevelindividualauthorities,whichhaverathergreaterfreedominplanningthantheirABCEnglishcounterparts,havebeenactivelyinencouraginginvestment.DNote:答案為D。actively應(yīng)改為active。been為系動詞，后應(yīng)接形容詞作表語，actively為副詞。Sample2(1999年)Althoughwehadbeenpresentatroughlythesametime,Mr.BrownsawthesituationquiteABdifferentfromthewayIsawit.CDNote:答案為C。different應(yīng)改為differently。本句中需要一個副詞來修飾前面的動詞saw。Sample3(2002年)Thisresearchprogramisfinancedbytwofunds,thelargestofwhichcouldlastfortwoyears.ABCDNote:答案為C。thelargest應(yīng)改為thelarger。根據(jù)前半句可知，是在twofunds兩者之間進(jìn)行比較，故應(yīng)用the+比較級。Sample4(2003年)WecannothardlyexpectadolescentstohaverespectforthepossessionsofothersiftheyhavenoABChopeofattaininganyoftheirown.DNote:答案為A。cannothardly應(yīng)改為canhardly。注意hardly本身含有否定意義，表示“幾乎不”，因此，cannothardly中not多余，應(yīng)去掉。Sample5(2001年)Overseastravelsoundsexcitedandsometimesexoticbutnoteveryonecanaffordit.ABCDNote:答案為B。excited應(yīng)改為exciting。過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)變來的形容詞excited的主語一般為人（或有生命的東西），意為“感到興奮、激動”；而本句中主語為物overseastravel，故應(yīng)用exciting，意為“令人激動、興奮的”。三、專項練習(xí)1.Itwasregardedinthepastthatwomenweremoreinferiorthanmen,butofcourseitprovedABCDwrong.2.SmokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsoverseventimespeopleeachyearthanABCDautomobileaccidents.3.Itwasanexcitedbutstressfultimeinmylife,forwhiletryingtoadjusttothenoveltyoftheABCunfamiliarsurroundings,Iwasstilllearningtocopewiththepainofmyfather’srecentdeath.D4.FewerpeopleresideinNewfoundlandasinanyotherCanadianprovinceexceptPrinceEdwardABCDIsland.5.TheradiowasofsoinferiorqualitythatItookitbackandaskedforabetterone.ABCD6.X-raysareabletopassthroughobjectsandthusmakevisiblydetailsthatareotherwiseABCimpossibletoobserve.D7.Beingthoughtofashavingmadetremendousachievementsinthefieldofeconomy,ChinaisABConeofthemostrapidchangingcountriesintheworld.D8.Withthegrowthofindependencebetweendifferentregionsoftheworld,itiseasytoseethatAanypermanentlyeconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyBCseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.D9.Despitethissimilaritywithothercreatures,theevolutionofhumankinddiffersfromotherABCspeciesinoneimportantanduniqueway.D10.Jupiteristhefifthplanetfromthesunandthebiggerplanetofthesolarsystem,withaABdiameterapproximatelyeleventimesthatoftheEarth.CD參考答案：1.C錯，moreinferiorthan應(yīng)改為inferiorto2.C錯，overseventimes應(yīng)改為overseventimesmore3.A錯，excited應(yīng)改為exciting4.B錯，as應(yīng)改為than5.A錯，so應(yīng)改為such6.C錯，visibly應(yīng)改為visible7.D錯，rapid應(yīng)改為rapidly8.B錯，permanently應(yīng)改為permanent9.C錯，otherspecies應(yīng)改為thatofotherspecies10.B錯，thebigger應(yīng)改為thebiggest。第六講倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)?？贾R點以否定詞或具有否定意義的短語開頭的句子，要求倒裝：no,not,neither,nor,never,nowhere;little,seldom,barely,hardly,scarcely,rarely;nolonger,noless,nomore,nosooner…than;notuntil,evenless,notonly…;undernocircumstances,innoway,bynomeans,onnoaccount,atnotime,innocase等。only+狀語（副詞、介詞短語或從句）位于句首時，要求倒裝：如：onlythen,onlyatthattime,onlywhen…as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，從句的狀語或表語要放在as前。虛擬語氣條件從句省略連詞if，主謂應(yīng)采用部分倒裝。so…that和such…that句型中的so和such位于句首時，句子要用部分倒裝。注意以wh-開頭的句子并不都是疑問句，而更多的是帶疑問詞的名詞性從句。語序應(yīng)為陳述語序。二、真題解析Sample1(2001年)Onlyoccasionallyonecouldtakeabreakoutofseason,gettingthebestbargainsthoughnotABCnecessarilythebestweather.DNote:答案為A。onecould應(yīng)改為couldone。本句應(yīng)采用倒裝語序，因為句首為only+副詞。Sample2(1999年)NeverbeforeIhaveseenanyonewhohastheskillJohnhaswhenherepairscars.ABCDNote:答案為A。Ihave應(yīng)改為haveI。因為否定詞及含有否定意義的短語位于句首時，句子要求部分倒裝。本句中neverbefore表示否定意義，位于句首，故應(yīng)用倒裝。Sample3(1997年)NotonlyinobvioussituationssuchaswarsandrevolutionsenemiesarenecessaryandveryusefulABasawaytofocustheattentionandenergyofourfriendsandfollowers,butinoureverydayCactivitiesaswell.DNote:答案為B。enemiesare應(yīng)該為areenemies。Notonly…butalso…句型中，notonly位于句首，其所在的句子要求倒裝。三、專項練習(xí)1.Hardlyhehadfinishedhisspeechwhentheaudiencestartedcheering.ABCD2.Onlythentheywereorderedtointensifytheirpatrolstoprotectourairspace.ABCD3.Notonlydidthegarageoverchargeme,buthadn’ttheydoneaverygoodrepairjobeither.ABCD4.UndernocircumstancesweshoulddoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsABCDofthestate.5.Sobadlyhewasinjuredintheaccidentthathewasdelayedinthehospital.ABCD6.Neverbeforesomanypeoplehavebeeninterestedinforeignlanguagesinourcountry.ABCD7.Thesedifferencesshouldnothinderusfromestablishingnormalstaterelations,stilllessABCtheyshouldleadtowar.D8.Themorecomplexasubjectbecomes,themorenecessaryisittobreakitupintoanumberofABCpartswhichthereadercanvisualize.D9.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,thereshouldbealoudnoise.ABCD10.Howeverhestudiedhard,hestillfailedintheentranceexam.ABCD參考答案：1.B錯，hehad應(yīng)改為hadhe2.B錯，theywere應(yīng)改為werethey3.C錯，hadn’ttheydone應(yīng)改為theyhadn’tdone。4.B錯，weshould應(yīng)改為shouldwe5.B錯，hewasinjured應(yīng)改為washeinjured6.C錯，somanypeoplehave應(yīng)改為havesomanypeople7.D錯，theyshould應(yīng)改為shouldthey8.B錯，isit應(yīng)改為itis9.D錯，thereshouldbe應(yīng)改為shouldtherebe10.B錯，hard應(yīng)移至however之后第七講一致關(guān)系一、?？贾R點1、注意貌似單數(shù)、實為復(fù)數(shù)的詞，包括data等不規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，和只用復(fù)數(shù)的名詞如police,及根據(jù)情況有時用做單數(shù)有時用做復(fù)數(shù)的集合名詞如family,committee等。2、注意貌似復(fù)數(shù)、實為單數(shù)的詞，包括表示學(xué)科或疾病的名詞如politics,measles,還有一些固定復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞如means,species等。3、動名詞短語、不定式短語和從句做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)；但如果用and連接上述相同成分時，謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)。4、主語帶有aswellas,accompaniedby,togetherwith,alongwith,suchas,but,except,lessthan,morethan,ratherthan,otherthan等附加成分時，該主語的數(shù)不受影響。注意兩組用法易混淆的含of的短語做主語時，謂語的數(shù)視名詞前的冠詞而定：不定冠詞，用復(fù)數(shù)；定冠詞，用單數(shù)。anumberof許多，大量avarietyof…:各種各樣的thenumberof…的數(shù)量thevarietyof…的種類6、注意oneof和theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句的謂語動詞數(shù)的不同：前面是oneof，從句中謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；前面是theonlyoneof，從句中謂語用單數(shù)。下列并列連詞連接主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于靠近動詞的主語，即遵循靠近原則：notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,either…or…,ormanya+單數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)；morethanone+單數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)；但二者均表示復(fù)數(shù)概念“許多”。注意and連接并列名詞，指兩種概念，用復(fù)數(shù)；指同一概念，用單數(shù)。通?？捎糜袩o定冠詞來確定。如：thesingeranddancer(同一個人),thesingerandthedancer(兩個人)。注意倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中及主語和謂語之間有定語從句或其它結(jié)構(gòu)修飾時的主謂一致問題。注意代詞與其所指代的名詞在人稱、數(shù)和格上的一致。二、真題解析Sample1(1999-1)Itistheinteractionbetweenpeople,ratherthantheeventsthatoccurintheirlivesthatarethemainABCfocusofsocialpsychology.DNote:答案為C。are應(yīng)改為is。此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的主語theinteractionbetweenpeople,因此that后面的謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該跟theinteraction一致，應(yīng)用單數(shù)。注意ratherthan后面的成分不影響主語的數(shù)。Sample2(1998-6)Perhapssurprisinglythemainobstaclestorealizethisdreamisneithertechnicalnorcommercial.ABCDNote:答案為D。is應(yīng)改為are。本句的主語為obstacles,故謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。注意不要受torealizethisdream的干擾，該不定式是obstacles的定語。三、專項練習(xí)1.ManyastudentandmanyateacherinthatschoolbuiltinthesuburbshaveseenthatthreeABCdimensionalfilm.D2.HeusuallydirectshisattentiontowardsproblemswhichhenoticeshasnosatisfactoryABCexplanation,andhiscuriositymakeshimlookforunderlyingrelationships.D3.Thereplacementofshopssuchasthegrocer’sandchemist’sbycafeshaveleftthehousewivesABCwithinsufficientfacilitiesforshopping.D4.JulianGodwin,socialworker,author,andspokeswomanforthepeaceandwomen’ssuffrageAmovements,receivemanyprizesforherhumanitarianachievements.BCD5.Thenewsofthelosssufferedbythefamilyweremuchworsethanwehadexpected.ABCD6.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhavebeenchanged.ABCD7.Everychangeofseason,everychangeofweather,indeed,everyhouroftheday,producesomeA