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第一講:冠詞、名詞、代詞I.冠詞1.概念冠詞是置于n.前、說明n.所指的人或事物的一種虛詞。冠詞也可以說是名詞的一種標(biāo)志,它不能離開名詞而單獨存在。2.種類:a/an,the3.定冠詞the的用法:特指雙熟悉,上文已提及世上獨無二,序數(shù)最高級某些專有名,習(xí)語及樂器1〕Whenwesawhisface,weknewwasbad.A.thenewsB.somenewsC.anewsD.news2)Doyouknowthegirlwhoisstandingthere?3)thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld4)ShanghaiissecondlargestcityinChina.A.aB./C.theD.one5)thePacificOcean,theYellowRiver,theUnitedStates6)playthepiano7)---Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone?---No,butitisreallymostusefulinvention.A.the,theB.a,aC.a,theD.the,a8)the+adj./done/doing表示一類人或物或某種抽象的概念therich,thewounded,theliving9)theSmiths10)Thepolicemanwaswoundedinknee,buthecaughtthethiefbyarm.A.the,hisB.his,theC.the,theD.his,his11)bythehour/day/meter/ton,但是,bylength/height/width12)totheleft,inthenorth但是,turnleft13)由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞,表建筑、報紙、雜志、三軍、船只、朝代等theGreatWall,theNewYorkTimes,theNavy,theMingDynasty14)Whichis,CanadaandAmerica?A.largeB.largerC.alargerD.thelarger15)bytheway,4.a/an的用法:1〕Whathonestboyyoursonisandwhatfunheis.A.a,aB.an,/C.an,aD.a,/2)Ihavebeenwaitingforhourand.A./,/B.the,aC.a,theD.an,a3)cowisusefulanimal.A.An,aB.The,theC.A,theD.The,a4)Asadoctor,heisgreatsuccess.A./B.aC.theD.an5)aMr.Wang,acertainMr.Wang,someMr.Wang6)Nextterm,we’lllearnsecondforeignlanguage.A.theB./C.aD.an7)---Howdidyoufindhersong?---Wonderful,Ihaveneverheardbettervoice.A.aB.theC./D.any8)Thereisnosuchthingasthatbetweenourselves.A.aB.theC./D.an9)such+a/an+adj.+n.so/too/as/how/however+adj.+a/an+n.many/what/half/such/rather/quite+a+n.10)singeranddancerhasacceptedtheinvitation.A.A,aB.The,theC.The,aD.The,/11)Hewasamedicalstudentbeforeheturnedengineer.A.aB.anC.theD./12)inaway,makeafuss,atatime5.不用冠詞的情況:以下情況應(yīng)免冠,代詞限定名詞前專有名詞不可數(shù),學(xué)科球類三餐飯復(fù)數(shù)名詞表泛指,兩節(jié)星期月份前顏色語種和國名,稱呼習(xí)語及頭銜1〕OneofhisfriendsstudiesatBeijingUniversity.A.theB.aC./D.an2)Thismorning,wehadbigbreakfast.A.theB.aC.anD./3)September10thisTeacher’sDay.A.theB.aC.anD./4)Hewaselectedchairmanofthesportsmeet.A.theB.aC.ofD.as5)Thetwowereliketeacherandstudentthoughtheywerethesameage.A./,theB./,/C.the,theD.a,a6)bybike/air/ship,onmybike,takeataxi,inink,inEnglishII.名詞1.n.分類:1)專有n.2)普通n.:個體n.集體n.(family,team,group;people,police,cattle)可數(shù)n.不可數(shù)n.:物質(zhì)n.apieceofcake,twopiecesofnews抽象n.(knowledge,friendship,success,danger)haveaknowledgeof,agreatsuccess2.n.單復(fù)數(shù):1〕-o結(jié)尾:negro/hero/potato/tomato+esradio/photo/piano/bamboo+szero/volcano+s/es-oo結(jié)尾:foot,tooth,goose2)–f/fe結(jié)尾:thief/wife/shelf/knife/leaf/wolf/halfchief/safe/gulf/cliff/roof+s3)–x/sh/ch/s結(jié)尾:box+es,但是,stomach+s4)輔音字母+y結(jié)尾:family---families4)單復(fù)數(shù)同形:sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,people,cattle,police5)Frenchmen,Germans,Russians,Americans,Canadians6)passers-by,lookers-on,editors-in-chief,sisters-in-lawgo-betweens,grown-ups,good-for-nothingswomendoctors,girlfriends7)不規(guī)那么:child,ox,mouse8〕以下短語中n.只能用復(fù)數(shù):taketurns,makesfriends,makerepairs,shakehands,indozens,asfollows以下短語中n.單復(fù)數(shù)均可:makefaces/makeaface,playjokes/playajokeonsb.9)單復(fù)數(shù)含義不同:arm/arms,good/goods,custom/customs,green/greens,damage/damageshaveawordwithsb./havewordswithsb.3.n.所有格:1)Mary’sroom,Women’sDay,TomandMary’sfather2)afriendofherfather’sthebarber’sanhour’swalktoday’snewspaper3)anybodyelse’sboys’,children’s4.名詞作定語:ashoefactory,roomnumber,goodstrain5.–ess:waitress,actress,empress-ee:employee,interviewee6.名詞與介詞的搭配:differencebetween;planfor,reasonfor,wishfor,chargefor;successin,beliefin;dependenceon,influenceon;advantageover;accessto;answerto;contactwith;chancetodo,attempttodoIII.代詞1.種類2.用法:1〕主語、表語、賓語、同位語2〕you:泛指一切人he:多用于指動物she:代月亮、船、汽車、飛機(jī)等3.位置:1)youandI,youandme2)myfriend/TomandI/me3)youandthey/them4)you,heandI5)Iandtheoldmanliving第二講:形容詞、副詞、介詞、數(shù)詞I.形容詞:1.adj.的位置:“〞、名詞所有格+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞觀:表特性、性質(zhì)形:形狀、長短、大小、上下〔little/big/long+red/white〕色:顏色國:國籍、地區(qū)、出處材:物質(zhì)、材料+用途、類別、目的e.g.abeautifullargegreenChinesecarpet2.形容詞的用法:1〕只能作前置定語的adj.:elder,other,latter,former,daily,wooden,golden,late,etc.e.g.herlatehusband2〕只能作后置定語的adj.:goodenough,peoplepresent,somethingimportant,sb.else,etc.theweathertomorrow,thewayout,thesentencebelow,thetripabroad,etc.themanalive/awake/asleep,etctwometershigh3〕表語adj.:alike,afraid,alive,asleep,alone,ashamed等一般只作表語、補足語;ill,well,worth,bound,sure,drunk,unable等.3.根據(jù)慣用法,有些adj.有特定的adv.修飾:1)fast/soundasleep,fallasleep,verywell,fully/quiteaware,fullyawake,quiteimpossible,wellprepared/received/informed,badlywounded,deeplymoved,muchafraid2)aheavyrain/snow,astrongwind,athickfog,aheavy/lighttraffic/sleeper3)quiteunderstand/see/know4.復(fù)合adj.:1)n.+adj.:sea-sick,ice-cold,world-wide2)n.+n.+ed:iron-willed,honey-mouthed,ox-eyed3)n.+p.p:machine-made,weather-beated,ice-covered4)adj.+n.:long-distance,second-hand5)adj./數(shù)詞+n.+ed:clean-minded,double-faced,three-legged6)adj.+doing/p.p:good-looking,new-laidII.比擬級、最高級:1.不規(guī)那么:1)good/well,many/much,bad/badly/ill2)older:laterfartherelder:latterfurther2.無比擬級、最高級:1)prefer,favorite,superior,perfect2)true,right,wrong,absolute,original,only3)woolen,wooden,monthly,square,round,4)dead,alive,living,asleep3.表比擬的結(jié)構(gòu):1)AisthreetimesasbigasB.AisthreetimesbiggerthanB.AisthreetimesthesizeofB.2)as---asnotas/so---as3)morethanmore---than4)nomorethannotmorethan5)moreandmorethemore---,themore---4.特殊用法:1)the+比擬級:---AorB---ofthetwo,2〕比擬級用于否認(rèn)句,表達(dá)最高級含義:Ihaven’theardabettervoice.Youcan’tgivemeanybettergift.3)much/even/still/abit/alittle/alot/rather/no/far/byfar/notany/slightly+比擬級Thepriceofthiscomputeristhanthatone.A.cheapB.muchcheapC.muchmorecheaperD.muchcheaper4)byfar/notquite/thevery/nearly/almost+最高級5〕straightly/alikely/fastlyIII.特殊句型:1)somany/much/little/few+n.---that2)such+a/an+adj.+n.so/too/as/how/however+adj.+a/an+n.3)so+adj./such置句首,倒裝Soshallowwastheriverthateveryonecouldswimacrossit.Suchisourhomeinthefuture.4)too---to---:表否認(rèn)、肯定IV.同義詞比擬:1)exciting/excited,interesting/interested,moving/moved,surprising/surprised2)high/highly,deep/deeply,close/closely3)common/ordinary/usual/generalrather/fairly/quite/prettyworth/worthy/worthwhile第五講:虛擬語氣、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型I.虛擬語氣的類型:1.if條件句:if從句謂語主句謂語將來did/wereto/should+dowould/could/might+do現(xiàn)在did/werewould/could/might+do過去haddonewouldhavedone1)IfIthejob,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.A.woulddoB.doC.shalldoD.weretodo2)thetruth,hewouldn’thavelentheranymoney.A.JackhasknownB.IfJackknownC.ShouldJackknowD.HadJackknown3)IfIhadfollowedyouradvice,Iinsuchtroublenow.A.wouldn’thavebeenB.wouldbeC.wereD.wouldn’tbe2.suggest/insist/order/demand/command/urge/recommend1)Thecitycouncilorderedspittingonthestreet.A.wasprohibitedB.isprohibitedC.beprohibitedD.beprohibited2)Allthedoctorsinsistedthathebadlywoundedandthatheatonce.A.shouldbe,beoperatedonB.were,mustbeoperatedonC.was,shouldbeoperatedD.was,beoperatedon3.wishJanewishesthatsheforeigntradeinsteadofliteraturewhenshewasincollege.A.didB.haddoneC.hadstudiedD.couldstudy4.asif1)HetalkedasifhetoJapan.A.hasgonetoB.wentC.hadgoneD.hadbeen2)Thistimeincameafatman.Herubbedhishandsallthetimeasifhethem.A.waswashingB.haswashedC.wouldhavewashedD.washed5.given/provided/without/butfor1)Givenmoretimeandmoney,hebetterthanwhatitis.A.didB.haddoneC.couldhavedoneD.woulddo2)Withoutyourencouragementandsupport,we.A.shouldnotsucceededB.wouldnotsucceedC.wouldhavesucceededD.wouldnothavesucceeded6.Itis+necessary/important/essential/strange/advisable---thatsb.(should)do---Itisnecessarythatauniversitystudentatleastoneforeignlanguage.A.learnsB.learnC.mustlearnD.learned7.Itis(high/about)sb.did---Ithinkit’shightimethechildrentoschool.A.goB.aregoingC.willgoD.went8.wouldrathersb.did---I’dratheryoujustinbedandanythingforatleasttwoweeks.A.stayed,didB.stay,don’tC.stayed,don’tdoD.stayed,didn’tdo第三講:時態(tài)、語態(tài)、定語從句I.時態(tài):1.一般現(xiàn)在時的用法:1〕表習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作,常與usually,often,sometimes,everyday等時間狀語連用。2〕表示主語具備的性格、特征、能力等。Heisgoodatcomputer.3〕表示客觀事實、真理。TheteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundtheSun.4〕表示按照時刻表將要發(fā)生的事情。(go,come,leave,stay,start,begin,arrive,return,etc.)Myflightleavesat7:00.
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