三年（2022–2024）高考英語真題分類匯編（全國）專題12 閱讀理解說明文、議論文（解析版）23

專題12閱讀理解說明文、議論文年份卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題三年（68考）詞義猜測題三年（13考）主旨大意題三年（15考）推理判斷題三年（70考）體裁分布2024新高考I卷413C議論文;D說明文新高考II卷1113C/D說明文全國甲卷5115B/C說明文；D議論文浙江卷1月512C/D說明文2023新高考I卷2114C/D說明文新高考II卷225C/D說明文全國甲卷44C/D說明文全國乙卷2114C說明文；D議論文北京卷115C/D說明文天津第一次5113C/D說明文天津第二次811C/D說明文浙江卷1月222D說明文2022新高考I卷6114B/C/D說明文新高考II卷2114C/D說明文全國甲卷521C說明文；D夾敘夾議文全國乙卷53C說明文；D議論文北京卷2113C/D說明文天津卷37C說明文；D議論文浙江卷1月34B/C說明文浙江卷6月213B/C說明文命題趨勢分析近三年高考試卷，說明文一般作為全國卷閱談理解中的CD篇，通常有事物說明文（介紹新科技、新發(fā)明等）和事理說明文（說明新理論、新研究）。其中考查說明文居多。近三年說明文閱讀理解主要考查以下題型：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題、主旨大意題。從命題上看，議論文閱讀理解以考查細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷和主旨大意題為主，但不排除對觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的考查。通常議論文會采用三段論式結(jié)構(gòu)。首段引入話題，明確論點(diǎn)；文章的主體部分，會用兩個或兩個以上的段落引用事實(shí)和理論論據(jù)進(jìn)行論證，常用的論證方法有舉例、引用和對比。作者選用的論據(jù)，往往與細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查點(diǎn)相對應(yīng)。說明文和議論文中的長詞、長難句結(jié)構(gòu)劃分和拆解成為閱讀的難點(diǎn)。考點(diǎn)01說明文1.（2024年新高考I卷D篇閱讀理解）IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標(biāo)本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了斯坦福大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)字生物多樣性記錄存在偏見，建議應(yīng)用程序引導(dǎo)公民科學(xué)家獲取更好的數(shù)據(jù)?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.(今天，大多數(shù)生物多樣性記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式出現(xiàn)。)”可知，現(xiàn)在收集的物種記錄大多是以電子形式存在的。故選B?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標(biāo)本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?(這些觀察結(jié)果現(xiàn)在超過了來自物理標(biāo)本的原始數(shù)據(jù)，而且由于我們越來越多地使用觀察數(shù)據(jù)來研究物種如何應(yīng)對全球變化，我想知道：它們有用嗎?)”和第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學(xué)家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于觀察數(shù)據(jù)，即人們通過移動應(yīng)用記錄的物種觀察數(shù)據(jù)。故選C?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學(xué)家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草。”)”以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.(這是有道理的，因?yàn)樵谝苿釉O(shè)備上獲得觀察生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)的人通常是公民科學(xué)家，他們記錄了他們在附近地區(qū)與物種的接觸。)”可知，導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的原因是采樣方式的不當(dāng)。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.(生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序可以使用我們的研究結(jié)果來告知用戶樣本過多的地區(qū)，并將他們引導(dǎo)到樣本不足的地方，甚至是物種。為了提高觀測數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量，生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序還可以鼓勵用戶讓專家確認(rèn)他們上傳的圖像的身份。)”可知，Daru建議生物多樣性應(yīng)用應(yīng)該給公民科學(xué)家提供指導(dǎo)。故選D。2.（2024年新高考II卷C篇閱讀理解）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。【8題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”可知，巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）進(jìn)一步縮短了從農(nóng)場到餐桌的距離。故選C?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，還有一個便捷的應(yīng)用程序，可以實(shí)時提供增長數(shù)據(jù))”可知，這個便捷的應(yīng)用程序提供了植物生長的實(shí)時數(shù)據(jù)。故選B?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?！?”可知，BMF員工具有強(qiáng)烈的環(huán)保意識。故選D?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通過云連接，對BMF進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控。此外，還有一個方便的應(yīng)用程序可以實(shí)時提供不斷增長的數(shù)據(jù)。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動化的，因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水，而是為每株植物提供合適的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?！?”可知，文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A。3.（2024年新高考II卷D篇閱讀理解）GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes. B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions. D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.【答案】12.C13.B14.C15.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書。該書作為應(yīng)對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)?！?2題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(這樣一本書可能會像驅(qū)動人工智能的計算機(jī)代碼一樣復(fù)雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾撰寫的這本書是通俗易懂的，如果別人寫這本書的話可能就不是這樣了，推測劃線短語表示“如果是由能力較差的人寫的”。故選C項(xiàng)。【13題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾在書中將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容，這本書的特點(diǎn)是通俗易懂，推測它采用了接地氣的寫作風(fēng)格。故選B項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.(她說，我們必須保持對人工智能的控制，否則就有被邊緣化甚至更糟的風(fēng)險)”和文章最后一段“WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Such

structuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.(我們需要考慮我們希望人工智能的未來如何發(fā)展。這種結(jié)構(gòu)化的思維，加上全球監(jiān)管，將使我們走向偉大，而不是走向衰敗)”可知，坎貝爾敦促人們保持對人工智能的控制，考慮人工智能的未來應(yīng)如何發(fā)展，所以關(guān)于人工智能的發(fā)展，坎貝爾敦促人們共同努力將其控制住。故選C項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence

comesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapractical

roadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

(考慮到人工智能改變我們生活的驚人潛力，我們都需要采取行動來應(yīng)對人工智能驅(qū)動的未來，這正是AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence的用武之地。卡特里奧娜·坎貝爾撰寫的這本引人入勝的新書是一本實(shí)用的路線圖，旨在應(yīng)對即將到來的人工智能革命帶來的挑戰(zhàn))”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.(人工智能將影響我們所有人，如果你只讀一本關(guān)于這個主題的書，那就是這本書)”可知，本文主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書，該書作為應(yīng)對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)，所以作者寫這篇文章的目的是推薦一本關(guān)于人工智能的書。故選A項(xiàng)。4.（2024年全國甲卷B篇閱讀理解）Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!4.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.5.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.6.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.7.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【答案】4.A5.C6.D7.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了貓通過叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物來表達(dá)需求、評估環(huán)境和展示愛意。【4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.(動物可以用很多方式來表達(dá)他們的需求。例如，幾乎所有的動物都有獨(dú)特的聲音，它們依靠這些聲音來尋求幫助，嚇跑危險的動物或?qū)ふ冶幼o(hù)。)”和“Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother’sattentionandbefed.(貓寶寶一出生就開始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是為了引起媽媽的注意和被喂食。)”可知，貓叫聲是一種生存技能。故選A?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.(貓有許多敏銳的感官，但它們的嗅覺令人印象深刻。它們用鼻子來評估周圍的環(huán)境，尋找任何危險的跡象。)”可知，寵物貓通過檢查氣味來評估不同情況。故選C。【6題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段劃線詞前半句“Dogs

are

known

for

their

impressive

fetching

habit,

(狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取習(xí)慣而聞名)”和后句“Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.(許多貓會在外面隨意找到一些東西，并把它們帶給主人。)”可知，狗以取回東西而聞名，但貓可以從外邊找到東西帶回來，因此在這一行為上更上一層樓。短語take

...

up

a

notch是用來形容貓?jiān)趲Щ貣|西這一行為上做得更好或更出色。故選D?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Animals

can

express

their

needs

using

a

lot

of

ways.(動物可以用很多方式來表達(dá)他們的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介紹和解釋貓的各種行為方式，包括叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物的習(xí)慣，以及這些行為背后的原因和意義。所以“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior(了解你的貓的行為)”作文文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選B。5.（2024年全國甲卷B篇閱讀理解）TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(區(qū)域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”8.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.9.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.10.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.11.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】8.C9.D10.D11.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)每年提供為期10個月的巡回醫(yī)療服務(wù)，為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療，改善當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療條件?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.(圣盧卡斯號是五列政府資助的醫(yī)療列車之一，前往俄羅斯中部和東部的偏遠(yuǎn)城鎮(zhèn)。每一站平均停留兩天，在此期間，船上的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士為農(nóng)村人口提供基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)、X光掃描和處方。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號與其他火車的不同之處在于它是政府資助的醫(yī)療火車，充當(dāng)醫(yī)院。因此選C?！?題詳解】推理判斷題，第三段提到“Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor'sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.(俄羅斯的公共衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)迫切需要現(xiàn)代化。政府一直在努力提出解決這一問題的措施，特別是在伏爾加河以東較貧窮的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，包括通過視頻聊天安排醫(yī)生預(yù)約，擴(kuò)大財政援助計劃，激勵醫(yī)生到克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)行醫(yī)。)”可以推斷，Krasnoyarsk需要醫(yī)療援助，故選D?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第四段“For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).”(每年有10個月，火車在兩周內(nèi)停靠大約八個車站，然后返回地區(qū)首府進(jìn)行補(bǔ)給和重新裝貨。)”可知，圣盧卡斯號一份補(bǔ)給可以工作大約兩周，故選D。【11題詳解】推斷判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”(“醫(yī)生和他們的助手在這么小的空間里工作和生活，但仍然保持專注和非常關(guān)注，這給我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke說。這是許多農(nóng)村人獲得他們想要的治療的最好機(jī)會?！?”可知，Ducke對SaintLukas的服務(wù)持贊賞的態(tài)度，故選A。5.（2024年浙江卷1月C篇閱讀理解）OnSeptember7,1991,thecostliesthailstorm(花暴)inCanadianhistoryhitCalgary’ssouthernsuburbs.Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones.Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingstolenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.NormanStienwand,whofarmsinthatarea,hasbeenaddressingpublicmeetingsonthisissueforyears“Basically,theprovincialgovernmentislettingtheinsurancecompaniesprotecttheCalgary-Edmontonurbanareafromhail,”Mr.Stienwandsays,“butthey’reincreasingdroughtriskasfareastasSaskatchewan.”TheAlbertahailprojectismanagedbyTerryKrauss,acloudphysicistwhoworksforWeatherModificationInc.ofFargo,NorthDakota.“Weaffectonlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalmoistureintheair,sowecannotbecousingdrought.”Dr.Krausssays.“Infact,wemaybehelpingincreasethemoisturedownwindbycreatingwetterground.”O(jiān)nedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.“In1999,Ipersonallysawsignificanttornadoes(龍卷風(fēng))formfromaseededstormcellinKansas,”Dr.Doswellsays.“Doescloudseedingcreatekillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedinggoeson.”Giventhedegreeofdoubt,Mr.Stienwandsuggests,“itwouldbewisetostopcloudseeding.”Inpractice,doubthashadtheoppositeeffect.Duetothelackofscientificproofconcerningtheirimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineeringcanproceedinrelativelegalsafety.8.Whatdoestheprojectaimtodo?A.Conservemoistureinthesoil. B.Preventtheformationofhailstones.C.Forecastdisastroushailstorms. D.Investigatechemicaluseinfarming.9.Whoareopposedtotheproject?A.Farmersineast-centralAlberta. B.Managersofinsurancecompanies.C.Provincialgovernmentofficials. D.ResidentsofCalgaryandEdmonton10.WhydoesDr.Doswellmentionthetornadoeshesawin1999?A.Tocomparedifferentkindsofseedingmethods.B.Toillustratethedevelopmentofbighailstorms.C.Toindicateapossibledangerofcloudseeding.D.Toshowthelinkbetweenstormsandmoisture.11.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.ScientificstudieshaveprovedStienwandright.B.PrivateclimateengineeringisillegalinCanada.C.Thedoubtaboutcloudseedinghasdisappeared.D.Cloud-seedingcompanieswillcontinuetoexist.【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了1991年9月7日，加拿大歷史上損失最大的冰雹襲擊了卡爾加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以來，一組保險公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制項(xiàng)目上花費(fèi)約200萬美元。飛機(jī)在有威脅的風(fēng)暴中心中播撒一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，使小冰晶在變成危險的冰雹之前像雨一樣落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中東部的農(nóng)民們擔(dān)心，“冰雹計劃”飛行的下風(fēng)處，寶貴的水分正被人工降雨從他們干渴的土地上偷走?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones.(因此，自1996年以來，一組保險公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制項(xiàng)目上花費(fèi)約200萬美元。飛機(jī)在有威脅的風(fēng)暴中心中播撒一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，使小冰晶在變成危險的冰雹之前像雨一樣落下)”可知，這個項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是防止冰雹的形成。故選B項(xiàng)。【9題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—wor