任務(wù)精讀：防排水施工技術(shù)（雙語）課件講解

隧道施工技術(shù)防排水施工技術(shù)TunnelConstructionTechnologyWaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology防排水施工技術(shù)目錄TableofContentsWaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology隧道防排水的原則1PrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage隧道防水工程措施2MeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks隧道排水工程措施３MeasuresofTunnelDrainageWorks課程小結(jié)4Summary防排水施工技術(shù)WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會(huì)給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

若在施工階段，隧道的地下水降低圍巖的穩(wěn)定性，特別是軟弱圍巖，還加大了開挖和支護(hù)的難度。Ifintheconstructionstage,thegroundwaterofthetunnelreducesthestabilityofsurroundingrock,especiallytheweaksurroundingrock,italsoincreasesthedifficultyofexcavationandsupport.

防排水施工技術(shù)WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會(huì)給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

而在運(yùn)營階段，地下水的滲漏，會(huì)使得隧道內(nèi)附屬設(shè)施銹蝕，襯砌破壞。Andintheoperationstage,theleakageofgroundwaterwillcausecorrosionofancillaryfacilitiesinthetunnelanddamagetothelining.防排水施工技術(shù)WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會(huì)給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

此外，滲水還會(huì)造成路面積水結(jié)冰，影響行車安全。Inaddition,waterseepagewillalsocausetheaccumulatedwateronthepavementtofreeze.whichwillaffecttrafficsafety.防排水施工技術(shù)WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會(huì)給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

既然水對隧道的施工及營運(yùn)造成那么大的影響，那我們該如何做好隧道的防排水施工？Sincewaterhassuchagreatimpactontheconstructionandoperationofthetunnel,Sohowshouldwedothewaterproofanddrainageconstructionofthetunnel?隧道防排水的原則PrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage01防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage修建隧道后破壞了山體原始的水系統(tǒng)平衡，隧道成為所穿過山體附近地下水集聚的通道。當(dāng)隧道與含水地層連通，而襯砌的防水及排水設(shè)施、方法不完善時(shí)，就必然要發(fā)生隧道水害。Afterthetunnelisbuilt,theoriginalwatersystembalanceofthemountainisdestroyed.Thetunnelservesasachannelforgroundwateraccumulationnearthemountainthroughwhichitpasses.Whenthetunnelisconnectedwiththewater-bearingstratumandthewaterproofanddrainagefacilitiesandmethodsoftheliningarenotperfect,tunnelwaterdamagewillinevitablyoccur.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage隧道滲漏水危害大，整治難度大，成本高，因此做好隧道防排水工作十分重要，隧道防排水可以做到“防患于未然”，收到事半功倍的效果。Thetunnelwaterleakageisharmfulwithhighdifficultyandcostinremedy.Therefore,itisveryimportanttocarryouttunnelwaterproofinganddrainage.Thetunnelwaterproofinganddrainagecanachieve"nipinthebud",andgettwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage要避免和減少水對隧道工程的危害，就得遵循隧道防排水的原則：就是“防、排、堵、截”相結(jié)合原則，采取切實(shí)可靠的設(shè)計(jì)、施工措施，保障結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)備的正常使用和行車安全，對地表水和地下水應(yīng)作妥善處理，洞內(nèi)外應(yīng)形成一個(gè)完整的防排水系統(tǒng)。Inordertoavoidandreducetheharmofwatertotunnelengineering,theprincipleoftunnelwaterproofinganddrainagemustbefollowed,thatis,theprincipleof“combiningwaterproofing,drainage,blockingandinterception”.Takepracticalandreliabledesignandconstructionmeasures

toensurethenormaluseofstructuresandequipmentandtrafficsafety,andproperlyhandlethesurfacewaterandgroundwater.Acompletewaterproofinganddrainagesystemshallbeformedinsideandoutsidethetunnel.“防”：它是指襯砌防水，即防止地下水從襯砌背后滲入隧道內(nèi)。防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“Waterproofing”:Itreferstothewaterproofingoflining,thatis,topreventgroundwaterfrominfiltratingintothetunnelfromtherearoflining.防水混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、止水帶、防水層包括IncludingThewaterproofconcretestructure,waterstopandwaterprooflayer“防”：它是指襯砌防水，即防止地下水從襯砌背后滲入隧道內(nèi)。防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“Waterproofing”:Itreferstothewaterproofingoflining,thatis,topreventgroundwaterfrominfiltratingintothetunnelfromtherearoflining.防水混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、止水帶、防水層包括IncludingThewaterproofconcretestructure,waterstopandwaterprooflayer中理式塑料止水帶

Mid-buriedplasticwaterstop

Back-stickingplasticwaterstopWaterstop“防”：它是指襯砌防水，即防止地下水從襯砌背后滲入隧道內(nèi)。防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“Waterproofing”:Itreferstothewaterproofingoflining,thatis,topreventgroundwaterfrominfiltratingintothetunnelfromtherearoflining.防水混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、止水帶、防水層包括IncludingThewaterproofconcretestructure,waterstopandwaterprooflayer防水層waterprooflayerUndergrounddrainagepipeUndergrounddrainagepipeDrainholeDitchDitchDitchDitchDouble-sideditchandcentralditchBasicformoftheditchDrainholeDouble-sideditch“排”：排水溝承接泄水孔泄出的水，并將其排出隧道。除常年干燥無水的隧道以外，一般的隧道都應(yīng)設(shè)置縱向排水溝，以便將滲漏到洞內(nèi)的地表水和公路車道上或鐵路道床內(nèi)的積水順著線路方向排出洞外。Drainage:Thedrainageditchreceivesthewaterdischargedfromthedrainholeanddrainsthewateroutofthetunnel.Longitudinaldrainageditchesshallbeprovidedforgeneraltunnelsexceptfortunnelsthataredryandfreeofwateralltheyearround,othatthesurfacewaterleakingintothetunnelandtheaccumulatedwateronthehighwaylaneorintherailwayballastbedcanbedrainedoutofthetunnelalongthelinedirection.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“排”：排水溝承接泄水孔泄出的水，并將其排出隧道。除常年干燥無水的隧道以外，一般的隧道都應(yīng)設(shè)置縱向排水溝，以便將滲漏到洞內(nèi)的地表水和公路車道上或鐵路道床內(nèi)的積水順著線路方向排出洞外。Drainage:Thedrainageditchreceivesthewaterdischargedfromthedrainholeanddrainsthewateroutofthetunnel.Longitudinaldrainageditchesshallbeprovidedforgeneraltunnelsexceptfortunnelsthataredryandfreeofwateralltheyearround,othatthesurfacewaterleakingintothetunnelandtheaccumulatedwateronthehighwaylaneorintherailwayballastbedcanbedrainedoutofthetunnelalongthelinedirection.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage鐵路隧道溝底縱坡與線路縱坡一致，一般不得小于3%，橫向排水坡不應(yīng)小于2%。

Thelongitudinalslopeoftheditchbottomofrailwaytunnelshallbeconsistentwiththatofthetrack.Generally,itshallnotbelessthan3%.Thetransversedrainageslopeshallnotbelessthan2%.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage排水溝公路隧道溝底縱坡與線路縱坡一致，一般不得小于0.5%，橫向排水坡不應(yīng)小于1%。

Thelongitudinalslopeoftheditchbottomofroadtunnelshallbeconsistentwiththatoftheline.Generally,itshallnotbelessthan0.5%.Thetransversedrainageslopeshallnotbelessthan1%.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage排水溝防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“堵”：針對滲漏水地段，采用注漿、噴涂、堵水墻等辦法，填充支護(hù)與圍巖間空隙，堵住地下水。Blocking:Forwaterleakagesections,thegrouting,spraying,waterblockagewallsandothermethodsareadoptedtofillthegapbetweenthesupportandthesurroundingrockandblockthegroundwater.噴射砼、注漿、模筑砼、塑料板等。方式MethodsShotcrete,grouting,formworkconcrete,plasticboard,etc.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“截”：在隧道以外將地表水和地下水疏導(dǎo)截流，使水無法進(jìn)入隧道工程范圍內(nèi)。Interception:Thesurfacewaterandgroundwatershallbedivertedandinterceptedoutsidethetunnel,sothatthewatercannotenterthescopeoftunnelworks.上游泄水洞、井點(diǎn)降水、開溝疏導(dǎo)。措施MeasuresUpstreamdraintunnel,wellpointdewatering,ditchinganddiversion隧道防水工程措施MeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks02防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks當(dāng)圍巖有大面積裂隙滲水，且水量、壓力較小時(shí)，可結(jié)合初期支護(hù)采用噴射混凝土堵水。注意此時(shí)需加大速凝劑用量，進(jìn)行連續(xù)噴射，且在主裂隙處不噴射混凝土，使水流能集中于主裂隙流入盲溝，通過盲溝排出。Whenthereisalargeareaoffissureseepageinthesurroundingrock,featuringsmallwatervolumeandlowpressure,shotcretecanbeusedforwaterpluggingincombinationwiththeprimarysupport.Atthistime,itisnecessarytoincreasetheacceleratorvolumeforcontinuousshotcreting,andnoshotcreteissprayedatthemainfissure,sothatthewatercanconcentrateinthemainfissureandflowintotheblindditchandbedischargedthroughtheblindditch.噴射混凝土防滲Anti-seepageofshotcrete防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks噴射混凝土作為防水層是被國際隧道協(xié)會(huì)所提倡的。Servedasthewaterprooflayer,itisadvocatedbytheInternationalTunnelingAssociation.國際隧協(xié)工作組對噴射混凝土作為防水層做了大量的研究，并指出其影響因素很多，噴射混凝土作為隧道防水層與防水板同樣重要，如果忽略了這個(gè)問題就會(huì)導(dǎo)致隧道滲漏。TheIATworkingteamhasdonealotofresearchontheshotcreteservingasthewaterprooflayerandpointedoutthattherearemanyinfluencingfactors.Asthewaterprooflayerofthetunnel,shotcreteisasimportantasthewaterproofboard;ifthisisignored,thetunnelleakagewilloccur.噴射混凝土防滲Anti-seepageofshotcrete防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks隧道無釘孔鋪設(shè)防水板Tunnelwaterproofboardlayingwithoutnailholes山嶺隧道復(fù)合式襯砌中的無釘防水板是隧道防排水技術(shù)的核心，是保證隧道防水功能的重要措施。

Thenail-freewaterproofboardinthecompositeliningofthemountaintunnelisthecoreoftunnelwaterproofinganddrainagetechnology,andisanimportantmeasuretoensurethewaterprooffunctionoftunnel.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks隧道無釘孔鋪設(shè)防水板Tunnelwaterproofboardlayingwithoutnailholes它為不透水表面光滑的高分子防水卷材，它不僅起到將地層滲水拒于二次襯砌之外的防水作用，而且對初期支護(hù)與二次襯砌還起到隔離與潤滑作用，使初期支護(hù)噴射混凝土對二次襯砌模筑混凝土的約束應(yīng)力減少，從而避免二次襯砌產(chǎn)生裂縫，提高了二次襯砌的防水抗?jié)B能力。

Itisahigh-polymerwaterproofcoiledmaterialwithsmoothimpermeablesurface.Itnotonlyplaysawaterproofroleofrefusingthestratumwaterseepagefromthesecondarylining,butalsoplaysaroleinisolatingandlubricatingtheprimarysupportandthesecondarylining,sothattheconstraintstressoftheprimarysupportshotcreteonthesecondaryliningmodel-buildingconcreteisreduced,thusavoidingcracksinthesecondaryliningandimprovingthewaterproofandimpermeabilityofthesecondarylining.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

施工縫是由于隧道襯砌混凝土施工所產(chǎn)生的接縫，是防水薄弱環(huán)節(jié)之一，也是隧道中最容易發(fā)生滲漏的地方。

Constructionjointsarejointsresultingfromtheconstructionoftunnelliningconcrete.Itisoneoftheweaklinksregardingwaterproofandthemostpronetoleakageinthetunnel.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

隧道襯砌施工縫處理不好，不僅造成襯砌混凝土裂縫及洞內(nèi)漏水，嚴(yán)重影響隧道正常使用和行車安全，而且還會(huì)降低結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和耐久性。

Iftheconstructionjointoftunnelliningisnothandledproperly,itwillnotonlycausecracksinliningconcreteandwaterleakageinthetunnel,butalsoseriouslyaffectthenormaluseandtrafficsafetyofthetunnel,andwillalsoreducethestrengthanddurabilityofthestructure.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

為防止由于襯砌不均勻下沉而引起裂損，在地質(zhì)條件變化顯著、襯砌受力不均勻地段，應(yīng)設(shè)置沉降縫；為防止由于溫度變化劇烈或混凝土凝結(jié)時(shí)的收縮引起襯砌開裂，應(yīng)設(shè)置伸縮縫。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)稱為變形縫。

Inordertopreventcracksanddamagecausedbyunevensettlementofthelining,settlementjointsshallbesetinsectionswithsignificantchangesingeologicalconditionsandunevenstressonthelining.Inordertoavoidliningcrackingcausedbyseveretemperaturechangeorshrinkageduringconcretesetting,expansionjointsshallbeset.Thesetwostructuresarecollectivelyreferredtoasdeformationjoints.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

變形縫應(yīng)采用柔性材料做防水處理

Deformationjointsshallbewaterproofedwithflexiblematerials.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks防水混凝土Waterproofconcrete山嶺隧道襯砌斷面結(jié)構(gòu)圖

StructuralDrawingofLiningSectionofMountainTunnel巖體

Rockmass噴射混凝土Shotcrete土工織物

Geotextile防水板Waterproofboard村砌混凝土

Liningconcrete專用防水層與襯砌混凝土自防水Self-waterproofingofspecialwaterprooflayerandliningconcrete噴射混凝士與防水層之間，防水層與二次襯砌之間Betweenshotcreteandwaterprooflayer,andbetweenwaterprooflayerandsecondarylining

隧道二次襯砌混凝土既是外力的承載結(jié)構(gòu)，也是防水的最后一道防線，因此要求襯砌既要有足夠的強(qiáng)度，還要有一定的抗?jié)B性。

Thesecondaryliningconcreteofthetunnelisnotonlythebearingstructureofexternalforce,butalsothelastlineofdefenseforwaterproofing.Therefore,itisrequiredthattheliningshouldnotonlyhavesufficientstrengthbutalsohavecertainimpermeability.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks防水混凝土Waterproofconcrete山嶺隧道襯砌斷面結(jié)構(gòu)圖

StructuralDrawingofLiningSectionofMountainTunnel巖體

Rockmass噴射混凝土Shotcrete土工織物

Geotextile防水板Waterproofboard村砌混凝土

Liningconcrete專用防水層與襯砌混凝土自防水Self-waterproofingofspecialwaterprooflayerandliningconcrete噴射混凝士與防水層之間，防水層與二次襯砌之間Betweenshotcreteandwaterprooflayer,andbetweenwaterprooflayerandsecondarylining

其一，防水混凝土的抗?jié)B等級不得小于P8，抗壓強(qiáng)度應(yīng)滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。

First,theimpermeabilitygradeofwaterproofconcreteshallnotbelessthanP8,andthecompressivestrengthshallmeetthedesignrequirements.防排水施工技術(shù)隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks防水混凝土Waterproofconcrete山嶺隧道襯砌斷面結(jié)構(gòu)圖

StructuralDrawingofLiningSectionofMountainTunnel巖體

Rockmass噴射混凝土Shotcrete土工織物

Geotextile防水板Waterproofboard村砌混凝土

Liningconcrete專用防水層與襯砌混凝土自防水Self-waterproofingofspecialwaterprooflayerandliningconcrete噴射混凝士與防水層之間，防水層與二次襯砌之間Betweenshotcreteandwaterprooflayer,andbetweenwaterprooflayerandsecondarylining

其二，是防水混凝土襯砌施工必須采用機(jī)械振搗。

Second,mechanicalvibrationmustbeadoptedforwaterproofconcreteliningconstruction.隧道排水工程措施MeasuresofTunnelDrainageWorks03防排水施工技術(shù)隧道排水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelDrainageWorks在排水型隧道中必須做好襯砌背后的排水系統(tǒng)，使水能通暢排出。隧道排水系統(tǒng)主要包括環(huán)向排水盲管、縱向排水盲管、側(cè)溝、橫向排水盲管和中央排水管這一體系。

Indrainagetunnels,thedrainagesystembehindt