新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)+Lesson+60+講義

新概念第四冊(cè)Lesson60講義FordAlthoughHenryFord1’snameiscloselyassociatedwiththeconceptofmassproduction,heshouldreceiveequalcreditforintroducinglabor2practicesasearlyas1913thatwouldbeconsideredadvancedevenbytoday’sstandards.Safetymeasureswereimproved,andtheworkdaywasreducedtoeighthours,comparedwiththeten-ortwelve-hourdaycommonatthetime.Inordertoaccommodatetheshorterworkday,theentirefactorywasconvertedfromtwotothreeshifts.Inaddition,sickleavesaswellasimprovedmedicalcareforthoseinjuredonthejobwereinstituted.TheFordMotorCompanywasoneofthefirstfactoriestodevelopatechnicalschooltotrainspecialized3skilledlaborers4andanEnglishlanguageschoolforimmigrants.Someeffortswereevenmadetohirethehandicappedandprovidejobsforformerconvicts.Themostwidelyacclaimed5innovationwasthefive-dollar-a-dayminimumwagethatwasofferedinordertorecruitandretainthebestmechanicsandtodiscouragethegrowthoflaborunions.Fordexplainedthenewwagepolicyintermsofefficiencyandprofitsharing.Healsomentionedthefactthathisemployeeswouldbeabletopurchasetheautomobiles6thattheyproduced–ineffectcreatingamarketfortheproduct.Inordertoqualifyfortheminimumwage,anemployeehadtoestablishadecenthomeanddemonstrategoodpersonalhabits,includingsobriety,thriftiness7,industriousness8,anddependability.AlthoughsomecriticismwasdirectedatFordforinvolvinghimselftoomuchinthepersonallivesofhisemployees,therecanbenodoubtthat,atatimewhenimmigrantswerebeingtakenadvantageofinfrightful9ways,HenryFordwashelping10manypeopletoestablishthemselvesinAmerica.23亨利?福特盡管亨利?福特的名字和大生產(chǎn)的概念相連，但他在勞工保護(hù)上得到同樣的贊譽(yù)，因?yàn)樗缭?913年便實(shí)行了用今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量依然是先進(jìn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。安全措施得到改進(jìn)，日工作時(shí)間從當(dāng)時(shí)普遍的10或12小時(shí)減少到8小時(shí)。為了適應(yīng)更短的日工作時(shí)間，整個(gè)工廠從雙班變成了三班。而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫(yī)療得以制度化。福特汽車(chē)公司是最早建立技術(shù)學(xué)校來(lái)培訓(xùn)專門(mén)技工和為移民開(kāi)設(shè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)校的工廠之一。公司甚至為雇傭殘疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受廣泛稱贊的革新是實(shí)行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻礙工會(huì)的發(fā)展。福特從效率和利潤(rùn)分享的角度來(lái)解釋這項(xiàng)新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，他的員工可以買(mǎi)他們生產(chǎn)的汽車(chē)--這實(shí)際上是為其產(chǎn)品另開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。為了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個(gè)得體的家庭并顯示出良好的個(gè)人習(xí)慣，包括節(jié)制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評(píng)福特過(guò)多地干涉了員工的私人生活，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時(shí)代，亨利?福特卻幫助了許多人在美國(guó)扎下根來(lái)。

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1Ford

n.淺灘，水淺可涉處；v.涉水，涉過(guò)參考例句：Theywereguardingthebridge,sowefordedtheriver.他們駐守在那座橋上，所以我們只能涉水過(guò)河。Ifyoudecidetofordastream,beextremelycareful.如果已決定要涉過(guò)小溪，必須極度小心。2labor

n.勞動(dòng)，努力，工作，勞工；分娩；vi.勞動(dòng)，努力，苦干；vt.詳細(xì)分析；麻煩參考例句：Weareneverlateinsatisfyinghimforhislabor.我們從不延誤付給他勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬。Hewascompletelyspentaftertwoweeksofhardlabor.艱苦勞動(dòng)兩周后，他已經(jīng)疲憊不堪了。3specialized

adj.專門(mén)的，專業(yè)化的參考例句：TherearemanyspecializedagenciesintheUnitedNations.聯(lián)合國(guó)有許多專門(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)。Thesetoolsareveryspecialized.這些是專用工具。4laborers

n.體力勞動(dòng)者，工人(laborer的名詞復(fù)數(shù))；（熟練工人的）輔助工參考例句：Laborersweretrainedtohandle50-toncompactorsandgiantcranes.工人們接受操作五十噸壓土機(jī)和巨型起重機(jī)的訓(xùn)練。來(lái)自《現(xiàn)代英漢綜合大詞典》Wage-labourrestsexclusivelyoncompetitionbetweenthelaborers.雇傭勞動(dòng)完全是建立在工人的自相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之上的。來(lái)自英漢非文學(xué)-共產(chǎn)黨宣言5acclaimed

adj.受人歡迎的參考例句：Theyacclaimedhimasthebestwriteroftheyear.他們稱贊他為當(dāng)年的最佳作者。Confusciusisacclaimedasagreatthinker.孔子被贊譽(yù)為偉大的思想家。6automobiles

n.汽車(chē)(automobile的名詞復(fù)數(shù))參考例句：Whenautomobilesbecomepopular,theuseofthehorseandbuggypassedaway.汽車(chē)普及后，就不再使用馬和馬車(chē)了。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》Automobilesspeedinanendlessstreamalongtheboulevard.寬闊的林蔭道上，汽車(chē)川流不息。來(lái)自《現(xiàn)代漢英綜合大詞典》7thriftiness

節(jié)儉，節(jié)約參考例句：Taoismhasalwaysadvocatedthriftinessandplainlife.道教歷來(lái)倡導(dǎo)節(jié)儉、樸素的生活。That'sapositivefeeling.NowIaddedonlytomythriftinessbutalsoindependenceandendurance.通過(guò)這事，我不僅長(zhǎng)了點(diǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)頭腦，也變得更加獨(dú)立，更具忍耐力了。8industriousness

n.勤奮參考例句：AuntHarrietcouldnotfindwordstopraiseBessie'sindustriousnessandefficiency.哈麗特不知該用什么言辭來(lái)贊揚(yáng)貝西的勤奮與高效。來(lái)自新概念英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)Theyhavebroughttoourcountryanindustriousnessthatboostsoureconomy.他們帶來(lái)的勤奮精神促進(jìn)了我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。9frightful

adj.可怕的；討厭的參考例句：Howfrightfultohaveahusbandwhosnores!有一個(gè)發(fā)鼾聲的丈夫多討厭??！We'rehavingfrightfulweatherthesedays.這幾天天氣壞極了。10helping

n.食物的一份&adj.幫助人的，輔助的參考例句：Thepoorchildrenregularlyponyupforasecondhelpingofmyhamburger.那些可憐的孩子們總是要求我把我的漢堡包再給他們一份。Bydoingthis,theymayattimesbehelpingtorestorecompetition.這樣一來(lái),他在某些時(shí)候,有助于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加強(qiáng)。MovieMusicMovieMusicAccustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”,thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.Fromtheverybeginning,musicwasregardedasanindispensableaccompaniment;whentheLumierefilmswereshownatthefirstpublicfilmexhibitionintheUnitedStatesinFebruary1896,theywereaccompaniedbypianoimprovisationsonpopulartunes1.Atfirst,themusicplayedborenospecialrelationshiptothefilms;anaccompanimentofanykindwassufficient.Withinaveryshorttime,however,theincongruity2ofplayinglivelymusictoasolemnfilmbecameapparent,andfilmpianistsbegantotakesomecareinmatchingtheirpiecestothemoodofthefilm.Asmovietheatersgrewinnumberandimportance,aviolinist,andperhapsacellist3,wouldbeaddedtothepianistincertaincases,andinthelargermovietheaterssmallorchestraswereformed.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirely4inthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra,andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationforholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces.Sincetheconductorseldomsawthefilmsuntilthenightbeforetheyweretobeshown(ifindeed,theconductorwasluckyenoughtoseethemthen),themusicalarrangementwasnormallyimprovised5inthegreatesthurry.Tohelpmeetthisdifficulty,filmdistributingcompaniesstartedthepracticeofpublishingsuggestionsformusicalaccompaniments.In1909,forexample,theEdisonCompanybeganissuingwiththeirfilmssuchindicationsofmoodas“pleasant”,“sad”,“l(fā)ively”.Thesuggestionsbecamemoreexplicit6,andsoemergedthemusicalcuesheetcontainingindicationsofmood,thetitlesofsuitablepiecesofmusic,andprecisedirectionstoshowwhereonepieceledintothenext.Certainfilmshadmusicespeciallycomposedforthem.ThemostfamousoftheseearlyspecialscoreswasthatcomposedandarrangedforD.WGriffith’sfilmBirthofaNation,whichwasreleasedin1915.電影插曲盡管我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影稱為"無(wú)聲電影"，但是就無(wú)聲這個(gè)詞完整的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，電影從未真正的無(wú)聲過(guò)，從最初開(kāi)始音樂(lè)就被視為必不可少的伴奏。當(dāng)盧米埃爾的電影在1896年2月美國(guó)首屆影片公映展覽上放映的時(shí)候，影片便用當(dāng)時(shí)的流行曲臨場(chǎng)鋼琴伴奏。最初，這些音樂(lè)伴奏與電影沒(méi)有什么特別的關(guān)系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為一部莊重的影片演奏快活的音樂(lè)所產(chǎn)生的不協(xié)調(diào)感變得顯而易見(jiàn)，因此鋼琴家們開(kāi)始注意將自己的作品與影片的情調(diào)結(jié)合起來(lái)。隨著影劇院在數(shù)量上與重要性上的不斷增長(zhǎng)，在一些場(chǎng)合，除了鋼琴師外，還要加上小提琴師，或許還有一位大提琴師。較大的影劇院里還組成了小型的管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)。在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂(lè)完全掌握在樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長(zhǎng)手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品味，而是擁有一個(gè)大的音樂(lè)作品的個(gè)人收藏。因?yàn)橹钡诫娪吧嫌车那耙惶焱砩蠘?lè)隊(duì)指揮才能看到影片(如果這個(gè)指揮真正有幸能夠看到影片的話)，音樂(lè)安排通常是在非常匆忙的情況下臨場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的。為了解決以上的困難，電影發(fā)行公司開(kāi)辦了為音樂(lè)伴奏印制提示單的業(yè)務(wù)。例如1909年愛(ài)迪生公司開(kāi)始將一些諸如"喜悅的"、"悲傷的"、"活潑的"之類表明影片情調(diào)特征的提示與影片一起發(fā)行。這些提示逐漸變得更加具體，并且出現(xiàn)了包括影片情調(diào)說(shuō)明、適用樂(lè)曲名稱和樂(lè)曲轉(zhuǎn)換點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容的配樂(lè)說(shuō)明單。某些影片擁有專門(mén)為其創(chuàng)作的音樂(lè)。這些早期特創(chuàng)樂(lè)譜中最著名的便是為D.W.格雷夫斯1915年上映的影片《一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生》所創(chuàng)作的音樂(lè)。Note:美國(guó)通俗音樂(lè)分類：1．Jazz;

1)traditionaljazz----a)blues7,代表人物：BillyHoliday

b)ragtime(切分樂(lè)曲):代表人物：ScottJoplin

c)NewOrleansjazz(=Dixielandjazz)

eg:LouisArmstron

d)swing

eg:GlennMiller8,DukeEllington,

etc.

e)bop(=bebop,rebop)

eg:LesterYoung,CharlieParkeretc.

2)modernjazz------

a)cooljazz(=progressivejazz)高雅爵士樂(lè)。Eg:KennyG.

b)third-streamjazz.

Eg:CharlesMingus,JohnLewis.

c)mainstreamjazz.

d)avant-gardejazz.

e)souljazz.Eg:SarahVaughn,EllaFitzgerald

f)Latinjazz.2.gospelmusic福音音樂(lè)，主要源于Nerospirituals.Eg.DollyParker,MahaliaJackson3.CountryandWesternmusic.Eg.JohnDenver,TammyWynette,KennyRogers,etc.4.Rockmusic-----------a)rockandroll

eg:ElvisPrestley(US),theBeatles(UK.)

b)folkrockEg:BobDylon,MichaelJackson,MariahCarey,BruceSpringsteen,LionelRicheetc.

c)punkrock

d)acidrock

e)rockjazzeg:M.J.McLaughlin

f)Jurassicrock5.Musicforeasylistening(i.e.lightmusic)點(diǎn)擊收聽(tīng)單詞發(fā)音

1tunes

n.曲調(diào)，曲子(tune的名詞復(fù)數(shù))v.調(diào)音(tune的第三人稱單數(shù))；調(diào)整；（給收音機(jī)、電視等）調(diào)諧；使協(xié)調(diào)參考例句：apotpourrioftunes樂(lè)曲集錦Whenthingsgetabittoomuch,shesimplytunesouttemporarily.碰到事情太棘手時(shí)，她干脆暫時(shí)撒手不管。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》2incongruity

n.不協(xié)調(diào)，不一致參考例句：Shesmiledattheincongruityofthequestion.面對(duì)這樣突兀的問(wèn)題，她笑了。Whentheparticularoutstripsthegeneral,wearefacedwithanincongruity.當(dāng)特別是超過(guò)了總的來(lái)講，我們正面臨著一個(gè)不協(xié)調(diào)。3cellist

n.大提琴手參考例句：Thecellist'sbowingwasverysensitive.那位大提琴手的弓法十分細(xì)膩。來(lái)自辭典例句World-renownedcellistYo-YoMafoundedTheSilkRoadProjectin1998.世界聞名的大提琴家馬友友于1998年創(chuàng)建了絲路工程。來(lái)自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)4entirely

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，徹底地參考例句：Thefirewasentirelycausedbytheirneglectofduty.那場(chǎng)火災(zāi)完全是由于他們失職而引起的。Hislifewasentirelygivenuptotheeducationalwork.他的一生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)獻(xiàn)給了教育工作。5improvised

a.即席而作的,即興的參考例句：Heimprovisedasongaboutthefootballteam'svictory.他即席創(chuàng)作了一首足球隊(duì)勝利之歌。Weimprovisedatentoutoftwoblanketsandsomelongpoles.我們用兩條毛毯和幾根長(zhǎng)竿搭成一個(gè)臨時(shí)帳蓬。6explicit

adj.詳述的，明確的；坦率的；顯然的參考例句：Shewasquiteexplicitaboutwhysheleft.她對(duì)自己離去的原因直言不諱。Heavoidstheexplicitanswertous.他避免給我們明確的回答。7blues

n.抑郁，沮喪；布魯斯音樂(lè)參考例句：Shewasinthebackofasmokybarsingingtheblues.她在煙霧彌漫的酒吧深處唱著布魯斯歌曲。Hewasinthebluesonaccountofhisfailureinbusiness.他因事業(yè)失敗而意志消沉。8miller

n.磨坊主參考例句：Everymillerdrawswatertohisownmill.磨坊主都往自己磨里注水。Theskilfulmillerkilledmillionsoflionswithhisski.技術(shù)嫻熟的磨坊主用雪橇殺死了上百萬(wàn)頭獅子。InternationalBusinessandCross-culturalCommunicationInternationalBusinessandCross-culturalCommunicationTheincreaseininternationalbusinessandinforeigninvestmenthascreatedaneedforexecutiveswithknowledgeofforeignlanguagesandskillsincross-culturalcommunication.Americans,however,havenotbeenwelltrainedineitherareaand,consequently,havenotenjoyedthesamelevelofsuccessinnegotiation1inaninternationalarena2ashavetheirforeigncounterparts.Negotiatingistheprocessofcommunicatingbackandforth3forthepurposeofreachinganagreement.Itinvolvespersuasion4andcompromise,butinordertoparticipateineitherone,thenegotiatorsmustunderstandthewaysinwhichpeoplearepersuadedandhowcompromiseisreachedwithinthecultureofthenegotiation.Inmanyinternationalbusinessnegotiations5abroad,Americansareperceivedaswealthyandimpersonal6.ItoftenappearstotheforeignnegotiatorthattheAmericanrepresentsalargemulti-million-dollarcorporationthatcanaffordtopaythepricewithoutbargainingfurther.TheAmericannegotiator’srolebecomesthatofanimpersonalpurveyor7ofinformationandcash.InstudiesofAmericannegotiatorsabroad,severaltraitshavebeenidentifiedthatmayservetoconfirmthisstereotypical8perception,whileunderminingthenegotiator’sposition.Twotraitsinparticularthatcausecross-culturalmisunderstandingaredirectnessandimpatience9onthepartoftheAmericannegotiator.Furthermore,Americannegotiatorsofteninsistonrealizingshort-termgoals.Foreignnegotiators,ontheotherhand,mayvaluetherelationshipestablishedbetweennegotiatorsandmaybewillingtoinvesttimeinitforlong-termbenefits.Inordertosolidify10therelationship,theymayopt11forindirectinteractionswithoutregardforthetimeinvolvedingettingtoknowtheothernegotiator.國(guó)際商業(yè)和跨文化交流國(guó)際貿(mào)易和海外投資的增加產(chǎn)生了對(duì)具有外語(yǔ)知識(shí)和跨文化交流技巧的經(jīng)理的需求。然而，美國(guó)人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓(xùn)練，因此沒(méi)有在國(guó)際談判中象他們的外國(guó)對(duì)手一樣成功。談判是為了達(dá)成協(xié)議而反復(fù)交流的過(guò)程。它包括說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)。但是為了去進(jìn)行說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說(shuō)服人和怎樣達(dá)成妥協(xié)。在國(guó)外的國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中，美國(guó)人被視為富有和不帶個(gè)人情感。在外國(guó)談判者看來(lái)，似乎美國(guó)人代表著一個(gè)龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬(wàn)資財(cái)?shù)拇笃髽I(yè)，不用進(jìn)一步地討價(jià)還價(jià)就能出得起價(jià)錢(qián)。美國(guó)談判者的角色變成了一個(gè)沒(méi)有個(gè)人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應(yīng)者。對(duì)在國(guó)外的美國(guó)談判者的研究中，我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)，或許證實(shí)這個(gè)已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)是美國(guó)談判者的直截了當(dāng)和缺乏耐心。此外，美國(guó)談判者經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持實(shí)現(xiàn)短期目標(biāo)，而外國(guó)的談判者會(huì)珍視建立談判者之間的聯(lián)系并愿意為長(zhǎng)期利益投入時(shí)間。為了鞏固這種聯(lián)系，他們會(huì)選擇非直接的交流而不計(jì)較投入用于了解對(duì)方的時(shí)間。明顯地，價(jià)值觀的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結(jié)果和談判者的成功與否。美國(guó)人要在國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中扮演更為有效的角色，他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。點(diǎn)擊收聽(tīng)單詞發(fā)音

1negotiation

n.談判，協(xié)商參考例句：Theyclosedthedealinsugarafteraweekofnegotiation.經(jīng)過(guò)一星期的談判，他們的食糖生意成交了。ThenegotiationdraggedonuntilJuly.談判一直拖到7月份。2arena

n.競(jìng)技場(chǎng)，運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)場(chǎng)所，舞臺(tái)參考例句：Sheenteredthepoliticalarenaattheageof25.她25歲進(jìn)入政界。Hehadnotanadequatearenafortheexerciseofhistalents.他沒(méi)有充分發(fā)揮其才能的場(chǎng)所。3forth

adv.向前；向外，往外參考例句：Thewindmovedthetreesgentlybackandforth.風(fēng)吹得樹(shù)輕輕地來(lái)回?fù)u晃。Hegaveforthaseriesofworksinrapidsuccession.他很快連續(xù)發(fā)表了一系列的作品。4persuasion

n.勸說(shuō)；說(shuō)服；持有某種信仰的宗派參考例句：Hedecidedtoleaveonlyaftermuchpersuasion.經(jīng)過(guò)多方勸說(shuō)，他才決