2025中考英語(yǔ)備考專題10 閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文(北京中考真題+名校模擬)

專題10閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文(北京中考真題+名校模擬)（2024·北京·中考真題）SamHillisreallybadatfindinghiswayfromplacetoplace.TheworldisfullofpeoplelikeHill—andtheiropposites,whoalwaysseemtoknowexactlywheretheyareandhowtogetwheretheywanttogo.Ithasprovedhardtoexplainwhy.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,there’snewexcitementhappeningintheresearchworld.Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhatmightinfluencewayfindingability.Researchersdevelopedanonlinegameinwhichplayerstravelbyboattofindwherealotofcheckpointslie.Thegameaskedplayerstoprovidebasicbackgroundinformation,andnearlyfourmillionpeopleworldwidedidso.Throughthegame,theresearcherswereabletojudgenavigational(辨識(shí)方向的)abilitybylookingathowfareachpersontraveledtoreachallthecheekpoints.Thentheycomparedplayers’performancewiththeirbackgroundinformation.TheresearchersfoundthatNorthernEuropeansseemedtobebetternavigations,perhapsbecausetheyloveorienteering(定向越野),asportwhichinvolvescross-countryrunningandnavigation.Andthosefromcitieswithmoredisorganizedstreetnetworks(網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng))didbetterthanthosefromcitieswithorderlyones.Perhapspeopleofplannedcitiesdon’tneedtobuildcomplex(復(fù)雜的)mapsintheirminds.Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople’slifeexperiencedecideshowwelltheyfindtheirway.Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenaremorelikelytoperformbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionofcultureandexperiencethanofinbornability.NorthernEuropeans,forexample,showalmostnogender(性別)differenceinnavigation.However,mendomuchbetterthanwomeninplaceswherewomenfaceculturallimitsonexploringtheirenvironmentontheirown.ThatfindingisalsosupportedbystudiesontheTsimane,acommunitylivinginaforestinSouthAmerica.ResearchersputGPSunitson305Tsimanepeopletochecktheirdailymovementsoverathree-dayperiod,andfoundnodifferencebetweenmenandwomeninnavigationalability.Evenchildrenperformedverywell—aresult,researchersthink,ofgrowingupinanenvironmentthatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.1．Whywasanexperimentcarriedoutin2022?A．Todevelopanonlinewayfindinggame.B．Toimprovetheplayers’wayfindingability.C．Topickoutpeoplewhoareweakinwayfinding.D．Tofindoutwhypeoplearedifferentinwayfindingability.2．Accordingtothepassage,whoisprobablythebestatfindingtheirway?A．Awomanwhooftenexploresnature.B．AgirlwhostudiesSouthAmericanculture.C．Amanwhorunsonasportsgroundeverymorning.D．Aboywholivesinacitywithanorderlystreetnetwork.3．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Goodnavigatorsaremostlymade,notborn.B．Navigationskillsdifferbetweenthegenders.C．Navigationskillsarepasseddown,neverlost.D．Goodnavigatorsbringdevelopmentsintechnology.（2023·北京·中考真題）Whenconsideringthekindofexperiencethatmakeslifebetter,mostpeoplefirstthinkthathappinessdependsonexperiencingpleasure:goodfood,goodjobs,allthecomfortsthatmoneycanbuy.Ifwecouldn’thavethese,wemightaswellsitinfrontofthetelevisiononaquietevening.Pleasureisanimportantpartofthequalityoflife,butbyitselfitdoesn’tbringhappiness.Whenpeoplethinkfurtheraboutwhatmakesaworthylife,theytend(傾向于)tomovebeyondpleasantmemoriesandbegintorememberotherevents,otherexperiencesthatoverlap(有重疊)pleasurableonesbutfallintoagroupwithaseparatename:enjoyment.Enjoyableeventstakeplacewhenpeoplehavenotonlysatisfiedaneedormetsomeearlierexpectation,butalsoachievedsomethingunexpected.Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.Noneoftheseexperiencesmaybeespeciallypleasurablewhentheyaretakingplace,butwhenwethinkbackonthemafterwards,wewouldsay,“Thatreallywasfun”andwishtheywouldhappenagain.Afteranenjoyableeventweknowthatwehavechanged,andgrown.Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.Forexample,everybodytakespleasureineating.However,toenjoysfoodismoredifficult—youhavetopayenoughattentiontoameal,soastosenseandtellitsvarioustastes.Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.Apersoncanfeelpleasurewithoutanyeffort,aslongascertainpartsinhisbrainarestimulated(刺激).Butit’simpossibletoenjoyatennisgameorabookwithoutfullattention.It’sforthisreasonthatpleasuredoesnotlastlong,nordoesitmakeusgrow.Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.Withoutenjoyment,lifewillgoon,anditcanevenbepleasant.Butitdependsheavilyonluckandtheexternal(外部的)environment.Toachievepersonalcontroloverthequalityofexperience,however,weneedtolearnhowtobuildenjoymentintowhathappensdayin,dayout.4．Youwillmostprobablyexperienceenjoymentwhenyou________.A．buyexpensiveshoes B．orderadeliciousmealC．talkwithfriendsfornewideas D．sitquietlyinfrontofatelevision5．Whatdoyouknowaboutpleasureandenjoymentfromthepassage?A．Enjoymentgrowsoutofpleasure.B．Pleasureandenjoymentcomehandinhand.C．Pleasurableexperiencesarepartofenjoyableones.D．Someexperiencesprovidebothpleasureandenjoyment.6．Thewords“psychicenergy”inParagraph4areclosestinmeaningto________.A．a(chǎn)ttention B．interest C．a(chǎn)bility D．knowledge7．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat________.A．feelingpleasurestopspeoplefromachievinggrowthB．feelingenjoymentcomeswithachievinggrowthC．a(chǎn)worthylifedependsonluckandenvironmentD．pleasureisthekeytoahappyandworthylife（2023·北京·中考真題）Doyouknowthatover1/3ofallfoodproducedintheworldgoestowaste?AccordingtotheUnitedNations(UN),everyyeararoundtheworld,aboutonebillion(十億)tonsoffoodiswasted.Atthesametime,therearenearlyonebillionpeoplewhogohungry.Simply1/4ofthefoodwastedisenoughtokeepthemoutofhunger.Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimate(氣候)change.Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?Oneeffectivesolutionisbalancingfoodproductionwithdemand(需求).Inhotelsandothersimilarplaces,specialinstrumentsshouldbeusedsothatcookingspecialistsjustprepareandcookfoodasitisordered.Anothereffectivesolutionisstartingprogramstoreduce(減少)foodwaste.Storesandbuyerscantrytheirbesttobecreativeinfoodwastereduction.Forexample,storescanprovidecustomerswithinstructionstellingthemhowtomakefulluseoffood.Buyerscantrynotfixingtheireyesonlyonfoodofthebestquality(質(zhì)量).Sometimes,thefoodofnon-topqualityisalsogoodenoughtoeat,orcanbeboughtandthenusedtomakedeliciousdishes.Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.Challengingasitis,theuseofmealplansinpreparingfoodcanplayanimportantroleinendingfoodwasteinthefamily.Foodrecyclingisoneoftheknownsolutions.Effortsarenowalreadyinprogress.Foodthatisnotsafeforhumanstoeatisrecycledintootherproductssuchasanimalfeedsandclothing.Yet,thereisstillalongwaytogoandmuchforimprovementinthisarea.Inaword,foodwastehasbeenoneofthebiggestproblemsintheworldthathaveinfluencedusgreatly.Manysolutionshavebeenfoundandmanymoreareyettobeworkedout.Ifeachofuscanputinmoreefforts,foodwasteissuretobereducedforthegoodofourfuture.8．Accordingtothepassage,whatisapossibleresultoffoodwaste?A．Theproblemofworldwidehunger. B．Abigincreaseinfoodproduction.C．Thespeed-upofclimatechange. D．Asuddendropinpopulation.9．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Foodrecyclinghasbeenhugelysuccessful. B．Buyersshouldgiveupnon-topqualityfood.C．Storesshouldtrainpeopletomakedeliciousdishes. D．Mealplansinthefamilyarehardtoputintopractice.10．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Benefitsofreducingfoodwaste. B．Solutionstothefoodwasteproblem.C．Theimportanceoffightingfoodwaste. D．Theattitudetothefoodwasteproblem.（2024·北京東城·二模）Whydopeoplefallforbadinformation?Scientistsaretryingtofindthatout.Theyarealsotryingtofindoutwhatwecandoaboutit.Peopleonsocialmediasometimessharequestionableclaims(言論).Maybetheythinktheclaimissurprisingorinteresting.Buthowtheclaimispresentedcaninfluencehowmanypeoplebelieveit.Peoplearelikelytothinkthatvideoisthemostbelievable,notedS.ShyamSundar.HeworksatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Sundarandhisteamshowedfake(假的)newsstoriesto180people.Onefakestoryclaimedplasticwasusedtomakerice.Oneversion(版本)ofthericestorywassentastextonly.Oneversionwasasoundrecording.Thethirdhadavideo.Itshowedamanfeedingplasticsheetsintoamachine.Thetestedpeoplegradedthevideostoryasthemostbelievable.“Seeingisbelieving.Peoplearemorelikelytoacceptmisinformationwhentheyseesomethinginavideo,”Sundarsaid.That’sespeciallytruewiththeriseofdeepfaketechnologies,whichcreatefakebutvisually(視覺上)believablevideos.Anotherbigproblemwithfakenewsishoweasilyitgetsintoourbrains.Weoftenfindclaimsbelievablethatgoalongwiththevalueswehold.Somepeopleareunlikelytoquestionthingsthatfitwithwhattheyalreadybelieve.Why?Becauseourvaluescaninfluencehowweprocessinformation.Sohowcanweslowthespreadoffakenews?Itmightjustrequiregettingpeopletostopandthink.Twoscientists,GordonPennycookandDavidRand,workedtogetheronastudy.Theyshowedbothrealnewsheadlinesandfakeonesto3,500people.Theytestedthesepeople’sanalyticalreasoning(分析推理).Peoplewhoscoredhigherontheanalyticaltestswerelesslikelytomistakefakenewsheadlinesasbeingcorrect.Inotherwords,lazythinkinghelpsdrivesomeone’sacceptanceoffakenews.Whenwerecognizesomethinguntrue,weshoulddebunk(揭穿)it.Researchershavesometips:·Checktheinformationfromtrustworthysources(來(lái)源).Lookatdifferentsourcestoseeiftheyagree.·Onceyoucorrectmisinformationwithatruefact,explainwhythemisinformationiswrong.·Speakupassoonaspossiblewhenyouseemisinformationbeingsharedonsocialmedia.Notpayingattentioncanhelpfakenewsspread.Fortunately,there’sasimplesolution—stopshuttingoffourbrainssomuch.Bythinkingcarefullyandsharingrealinformation,wecanhelpeveryonestayinformedwithfacts.11．ThepurposeofSundarandhisteam’sstudyistofindout________.A．whatwayscanbeusedtospreadnewsB．howfakenewsspreadsthroughdifferentmediaC．whatkindofpeoplearelikelytobelievefakenewsD．howthepresentationofnewsinfluencesitsbelievability12．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Peoplearelikelytobelieveinformationthatmatchestheirvalues.B．Debunkingbadinformationdependsheavilyontechnology.C．Thebrainhasaweakabilitytorecognizemisinformation.D．Lazythinkersoftenslowdownthespreadoffakenews.13．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Thecausesoffakenewsanditsbadinfluences.B．Thespreadoffakenewsandpeople’scomplaintsaboutit.C．Thereasonsforbelievingfakenewsandwaystodealwithit.D．Theproblemscausedbyfakenewsandthenecessitytorecognizeit.（2024·北京豐臺(tái)·二模）Areyouavoidingpainorlivingwithpurpose?Therearetwopathswecantakeinanygivensituation:oneisthepathofavoidingpaininthemoment,andtheotheristhemoredifficultpathofdelaying(推遲)pleasureforabiggerpurpose.Somepeopledon’tseethevalueinhavingpatienceduringdifficulttimesorworkingtowardagoal;theywanttolosetheweightnowandwouldratherbuythelatest,greatestcellphonethansaveforretirement(退休).Weoftenmakeourlifechoicesaccordingtohowwecanavoidpaininthemomentand,indoingso,failtoseethatthepathofdelayedgratification(滿足)issometimeswheretherealsolutionstoourproblemslie.Studiesshowthatdelayedgratificationisoneofthemosteffectivepersonalqualitiesofsuccessfulpeople.Peoplewholearnhowtomanagetheirneedtobesatisfiedinthemomentthrive(蓬勃發(fā)展)moreintheircareers,relationshipsandhealththanpeoplewhogiveintoit.Awell-knownstudyconductedatStanfordUniversityinthe1960sexplainsalotaboutwhyit’sbeneficialtodelaygratification.Inthestudy,childrenwereplacedinaroomwithonemarshmallowonaplate.Theleadresearchergavethechildrenaneasyinstruction:Youcaneatthemarshmallownow,orwait15minutesandreceivetwomarshmallows.Theresearchersfoundthatthechildrenwhowereabletowaitforthesecondmarshmallowwithouteatingthefirstonescoredhigheronstandardizedtests,hadbetterhealth,andwerelesslikelytohavebehaviorproblems.Considertheresultsofthisstudy,andthinkaboutyourselfandyouractions.Areyouabletowaitforthingsyoureallywant,evenifitinvolvesgivinguppleasureandsatisfactionnow?Doyoumakedecisionsbasedonyourlifepurposeoronwhatfeelsgoodnow?Doyousometimesgiveuptoosoon?Canyouthinkofatimewhenyousuccessfullycompletedadifficulttask?Howdiditmakeyoufeelaboutyourself?Whatweretheresultsofwaiting?Delayinggratificationisn’tanewconcept.Backin300B．C．,Aristotlesawthatthereasonwhysomanypeoplewereunhappywasthattheyconfusedpleasurefortruehappiness.Truehappiness,accordingtoAristotle,isaboutdevelopinghabitsandsurroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhogrowyoursoul(靈魂).Thisallowsyoutomovetowardyourgreatestnaturalability.Truehappinessneedsdelayingpleasure,andputtinginthetime,disciplineandpatiencerequiredtoachieveagoalinsteadoffeelinggoodnow.Alifeofpurpose,aligned(保持一致)withtheseekingoftruehappiness,createsrealjoy.Itkeepsyourhappinessmeterprettysteady(穩(wěn)定的)throughoutyourlife.So,whichpathwouldyouliketotake?14．Peoplewhodelaygratificationwillprobably________.A．a(chǎn)voidpainandgiveupinthemomentB．workhardpatientlyforabiggergoalC．failtoseewheretherealsolutionstotheirproblemslieD．succeedeasilyintheircareers,relationshipsandhealth15．Whydoesthewritermentionthewell-knownstudyinParagraph5?A．Toshowchildren’sdifferentchoices.B．Totellreadersthestudywasveryscientific.C．Toprovethevalueofputtingoffgratification.D．Toexplainwhysomechildrenweremoresuccessful.16．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat________.A．a(chǎn)purposefullifecanbringusrealjoyB．pleasurehelpsustomakecorrectdecisionsC．pleasureplaysakeyroleinalifeofpurposeD．truehappinessisaboutavoidingpaininthemoment17．Whatisthewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Toencourageustodelaypleasureforabiggerpurpose.B．Toexplainthemeaningsofpleasureandtruehappiness.C．Tocomparetwodifferentpathstoalifeofpurpose.D．Todiscussthegoodeffectsofdelayedgratification.（2024·北京豐臺(tái)·二模）Peoplewhohaveplentyofpositive(積極的)thoughtsandemotionsintheireverydaylivestendtobehappier,healthier,andgetalongbetterwithothers.Buildinghabitsthatencourageyoutothinkandfeelmorepositivecanhelpyoubemoresatisfiedandhavefewerunwantedfeelings.Thisisespeciallyimportantifyou’realreadydealingwithalotofnegativeemotionslikefear,sadness,anger,frustration,orstress.Everyonehasnegativethoughtsandfeelingssometimes,buttrytolookonthebrightsideasmuchasyoucan.Noticeandnameanypositiveemotionsyoufeelduringtheday.Track(追蹤)theminalisttobemoreawareofpositivefeelingsyouexperienceandsituationsoractivitiesthatcausethem.Forexample,youmightfeelproudwhenyouansweraquestionright,joyfulwhenyourdogorcatdoessomethingfunny.Attheendofeachday,trytofindatleast3goodthingsthathappenedtoyou.Thistrainsyoutonoticepositivethingsandstimulatesyoutodomorethingsthatcausepositiveemotions.Pickapositiveemotionandmakeitstronger.Let’ssayyouchooseconfidence.Whathelpsyoufeelconfident?Howcanyougetmoreofthatfeeling?Youmightgiveyourselfa“Yes,Ican!”peptalkbeforeatest.Ormaybeyoustandupstraighterandtrywalkingthroughthehallsinaconfidentway,feelingstrong.Thinkofpositiveemotionsasmuscles(肌肉)youshouldexercisebythewayyoulookatthingsandwhatyoudo.Begrateful.Makeanefforttopracticegratitude(感激)everyday.Thismeansstoppingforamomenttonoticeandrecognizethethingsyouoftentakeforgranted(想當(dāng)然),likehavingaplacetolive,food,cleanwater,friends,family,evencomputeraccess.It’stakingamomenttothinkabouthowluckyyouarewhensomethinggoodhappens—whetherit’sasmallthingorbigthing.Collectremindersofgoodexperiences.Considermakingapositivityboxfilledwiththingslikephotosofgoodtimes,cardsfromspecialpeople,andfavoritesonglyrics.Ifyouhavetroublethinkingorfeelingpositivesomedays,theboxcanleadyoubacktoahappieremotionalplace.Positivethoughtsandemotionsarepowerfultools.So,findwaystomaketimefortheminyoureverydaylife.Trytocreateroominyourdayforjoy,fun,friendship,relaxation,kindnessandgratitude.18．Thewriterwouldsuggestthatweshould________.A．makeapromisetoourselvesbeforeatestB．makefulluseofthingslikefoodandwaterC．collectexpensivethingsandputtheminaboxD．findseveralgoodthingsthathappenedtouseachday19．Theword“stimulates”inParagraph3probablymeans“________”.A．a(chǎn)llows B．warns C．encourages D．teaches20．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Theinfluenceofshowinggratitude.B．Theimportanceofhavinggoodhabits.C．Whytohavepositivethoughtsandemotions.D．Howtoformhabitsofthinkingandfeelingpositive.（2024·北京大興·二模）Fromstrawberriestotomatoes,someoftheUK’sfavoritefruitandvegetablesarehighin‘foreverchemicals(化學(xué)物質(zhì))’.Butcanwegiveupbuyingthem?PesticideActionNetwork(PAN)hasfoundthatmanycommonfruitsandvegetableshasharmful‘foreverchemicals’.So-called‘foreverchemicals’aremadeupof10,000chemicals;agroupknownaspoly-andperfluoroalkylsubstances(PFAS),andbranded‘forever’fortheirabilitytoremainintheenvironmentandaccumulate(積累)inthebody.PANanalyzedresultsfromtheUKgovernmenttesting,findingthattendifferentPFASpesticides(農(nóng)藥)werepresentinthecommonfruitsandvegetablesincludinggrapes,cherries,strawberries,cabbagesandtomatoes.Strawberrieswerefoundtobemostimpacted(受影響)—95%ofthe120strawberriestestedin2022containedPFASpesticides.Thiswasfollowedby61%of109grapesand56%of121cherries.Thedatamakespeoplemoreanxiousandworriedaboutfoodsafety.Accordingtoaresearch,thesechemicalsaredoingunknownharmtoourhealth.“They’vebeenlinkedtoincreasedratesofcancer,”saysEvans,aresearcherattheenvironmentalcharityFidra.“Wedon’thaveallthatinformationjustyet.Wehaveincreasingresearchandevidence-building,buttherearestillsomanychemicalsthatwedon’tunderstandthefullhealthimpactsof.”Consideringtheirhealth,moreandmorepeoplepreferbuyingthefoodwithout‘foreverchemicals’.ThefindingsfromPANserveasanimportantwake-upcall.ThebadinfluenceofPFASonourfruitsandvegetablesneedsimmediateattentionandaction,notjustfromgovernmentsbutfromallpeopleinvolvedinbringingfoodfromthefarmtoourtables.PFASareagroupofhuman-madechemicalsthatdidn’texistontheplanetacenturyagoandhavenowpollutedeverysinglecorner.Noonewantstolivewiththeseharmfulchemicals.Sotheveryleastwecandoistoban(禁止)theuseofPFAS.PFASpesticidesareabsolutelyunnecessaryforgrowingfood.PANispushingthegovernmenttostoptheuseof25PFASpesticidesintheUKandincreasesupportforfarmers.It’stimetohelpthemtousesaferwaysinsteadofusingthesePFASpesticides.WithsomeplasticfoodpackagingalsopollutedwithPFAS,andPFASpresentinUKdrinkingwaterandsoil,weneedtodevelopabetterunderstandingofthehealthrisksassociatedwithtakingthese‘foreverchemicals’anddoeverythingwecantotakethemoutofthefoodchain.Andthatwouldbeagreatwinforshoppers,farmersandtheenvironment.21．Accordingtotheresearch,whatisthepossibleresultof‘foreverchemicals’?A．Azeroincreaseincancerrates. B．Thechangeofgovernmenttesting.C．Theunknowneffectsonhumanhealth. D．Abigsaleforthefoodwith‘foreverchemical’.22．Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?A．PFAScanbreakdownquicklyintheenvironment.B．TheeffectofPFASonstrawberrieswaslessthanongrapes.C．BanningtheuseofPFASisrecommendedtotheUKgovernment.D．PlasticfoodpackagingcanhelpavoidthepollutioncausedbyPFAS.23．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ForeverChemicals:MoreActionsShouldBeTakentoBanThemB．ForeverChemicals:TheWaystoProtecttheEnvironmentC．ForeverChemicals:ReducingTheminGrowingFoodD．ForeverChemicals:HowtoAvoidEatingThem（2024·北京西城·二模）A2,000-yearmystery(謎)hasmovedonestepclosertobeingsolved.AIsoftwaredevelopedbyresearchershassuccessfullydeciphered(辨讀)thetextfromaburntscroll(卷軸)foundintheremainsofanancientRomanbuildinginItaly.Thiscouldhelpusbetterunderstandtheancientworld.Inthecenturiesafterthescrollswerediscovered,manypeoplehavetriedtoopenthem,butendedupdestroyingsomeofthem.BrentSeales,acomputerscientist,hasbeentryingtoreadthesehiddentextsfornearly20years.Histeamdevelopedsoftwaretoreadthesurfaceofscrollsusing3DCTimages(圖像).Astheresultswerenotsatisfactory,theywonderedwhethermachine-learningmodelsmightbetrainedtoreadthescrollsButmakingsenseofalltheinformationwasahugetaskforhissmallteam.Luckily,inMarch2023,theVesuviusChallengewasintroduced,offeringalargeprizetoresearchersworldwide.Researcherswereaskedtodecipherfourpassages,ofatleast140characterseach,beforetheendoftheyear.Thekeytothechallenge’ssuccesswasthemixofcompetitionandcooperation(合作),withSealesdoinghispartbysharinghissoftwareandimagesonline.Smallerprizeswerepresentedalongthewaytoencourageprogress,withthewinningmachine-learningalgorithm(算法)sharedateachstageto“l(fā)evelup”thecommunity,socompetitorscouldbuildoneachother’sprogress.Theturningpointcameinthemiddleoflastyear,whenphysicistCaseyHandmernoticedsomethingthatseemedtoformtheshapesofGreekletters—hecalledit“crackle”.InlateOctober,anAmericanuniversitystudentstudyingcomputerscienceusedthecrackletotrainamachine-learningalgorithm,uncoveringthewordporphyras,“purple”.Thiswonhimtheprizefordiscoveringthefirstletters.AnEgyptianstudent,whofollowedwithevenclearerimagesofthetext,camesecond.Atlast,thetwoyoungresearcherstogetherwithaSwissstudentworkedoutover2,000charactersfromonescroll,sharingthe$700,000prize.Thetextofthealready-openedscrollsisrelatedtoGreekphilosophy(哲學(xué)),andresearchersarelikelytofindmoreofthesameinthescrolls.Also,themachine-learningtechniquespioneeredbyresearcherscannowbeusedtostudyothertypesofhiddentext.Theprogresssuggestedthefuturedeciphermentofthehundredsofscrollsthathadbeengivenuponbefore.Therealgainsarestillaheadofus.24．TheVesuviusChallengewassetupto__________.A．raisemoremoneytodevelopAIsoftwareB．a(chǎn)ttractscientiststofindmoreburntscrollsC．collectmoreinformationon3DtechnologyD．involvemorepeopleindecipheringthescrolls25．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．CaseyHandmerwonfirstprizefordiscoveringtheword“purple”.B．Researchersvolunteeredtoteachstudentstoreadthehiddentexts.C．Sharingamongcompetitorshelpedtomakethechallengesuccessful.D．Differentmachine-learningmodelsweretrainedtowriteGreekletters.26．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AIunlockssecretsof2,000-year-oldscrollsB．YoungadultstaketheleadinAIdevelopmentC．TechnologyawakenscuriosityaboutphilosophyD．Bigprizesbringabouttechnologicalachievements（2024·北京大興·二模）Advertisersoftenusespecialtechniquestogetconsumers(消費(fèi)者)tobuyproducts,servicesandideas.Veryoften,wearepersuaded(勸說(shuō))tobuyaproductorservicebecauseofwhatweseeonthetelevision,hearontheradio,orreadonsocialmedia.Advertisinghasencouragedtheshiftfromneeds-basedtowants-basedproduction.Advertisingtechniquesthatgetconsumerstobuymoretogetgreaterdiscount(折扣),oftenattractconsumerstobuywhattheydonotneedtoenjoymorebenefits.Forone,techcompaniesareconstantlyproducingnewproductsandtheiradvertisementshighlightthepositivefeaturesofthelatestmodels,persuadingconsumerstothrowawaytheirolddevicesandbuynewones.Similarly,advertisingconstantlypromotes(推廣)newtrendsandstyles,encouragingpeopletodiscardtheirout-of-fashionitemsfortrendierones.Advertisingalsoencouragesanaddictivebehaviourthatresultsinrepetitivebuying.Topersuadebuyerstorepeattheirpurchase(購(gòu)買),companiesoftenusesomeattractivemethodssuchaslimited-timediscounts,promotionsandcoupons.Buyerswhodonotwanttomissoutonagooddeal,wouldbuyagaineveniftheyhavenoneedfortheproduct.Somemayarguethatadvertisingcanplayanimportantroleinpersuadingpeopletowardslastingliving,andleadingalesswastefullifestyle,suchasinthecaseofadvertisingsecond-handclothes.Advertisinghasalsosuccessfullychangedbuyers’opinionsofsecond-handclothesas“cheap”and“dirty”,promotingthemaseco-friendlyandstylish.However,thepromiseofcompaniestowardssustainability(可持續(xù)發(fā)展)remainslow.Advertisingisstillthemaintoolforcompaniestopromotetheirbrands,andultimatelymakemoremoney.Still,manybelie