2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試《英語(yǔ)二》真題及解析

2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試《英語(yǔ)二》真題及解析材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題?HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou’reawriter,you’llfind（江南博哥）thetime;andthatifyoucan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tapriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingis?1?job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas?2?itwithplumbing,pointingoutthatplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday.??3?,likemostwritersthesedays,you’reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it’snot?4?tofindthetimetowrite.Butit’snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.?5?thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly?6?oftenhavetodootherworkto?7?theirwritingincome.?AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it’sa?8?ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhaveto?9?someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour?10?andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite?11?theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto?12?theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You’llhavetomakesocialmediaan?13?activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming?14?.There’llprobablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It’sa?15?learningcurveanditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular.?There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,?16?yourwriting—andthat’sreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmadeandaswidelyastheycan,it’stheone?17?supporter—somethingyoucan’tdowithout.?Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the?18?itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitsocarefullyandas?19?aswecan,thatmeansprioritizingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou’reawriter,thatmeans—?20?—writing.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1題答案是_______.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant正確答案：B參考解析：A:difficult困難B:normal正常的C:steady持續(xù)地、平穩(wěn)地D:pleasant討人喜歡的。翻譯：對(duì)HarlanCoben來(lái)說(shuō)，作家就是一個(gè)??工作——同其他工作沒(méi)有什么差別。根據(jù)破折號(hào)后面的解釋?zhuān)瑢?duì)HarlanCoben來(lái)說(shuō)，作家只是一個(gè)普通平常的工作，并無(wú)特別之處，B正確。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2題答案是_______.A.combinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted正確答案：B參考解析：A:combine結(jié)合，混合B:compare比較C:confuse疑惑D:confront面對(duì)翻譯：HarlanCoben拿作家這個(gè)工作跟修管道____,指出管道工不會(huì)第二天起床并且說(shuō)今天我不從事修管道了。上一段指出writerisnormaljob，然后跟plumber進(jìn)行了一個(gè)對(duì)比，plumber是normaljob，writer也是。B正確。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3題答案是_______.A.IfB.ThoughC.OnceD.Unless正確答案：A參考解析：A:if如果B:though然而C:once曾經(jīng)，一...就...D:unless除非翻譯：像大部分作家一樣，___你維持了一份工作去生計(jì)，對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)抽時(shí)間去寫(xiě)作將不那么容易?？崭裉幪顚?xiě)一個(gè)連詞，表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系，如果你像大部分的作家一樣，擁有一份其他的工作來(lái)維持生計(jì)，那么你就將沒(méi)有很多時(shí)間去寫(xiě)作，兩個(gè)是因果關(guān)系。A正確。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4題答案是_______.A.enoughB.stangeC.wrongD.easy正確答案：D參考解析：A:enough足夠B:strange奇怪C:wrong錯(cuò)誤的D:easy容易翻譯：如果你像大部分作家那樣擁有一份其他的工作去維持生計(jì)，那么多你來(lái)說(shuō)不___抽時(shí)間來(lái)寫(xiě)作。根據(jù)題意，ifyouholddownajobtopaythebill（有一份工作去賺錢(qián)生活），那么抽時(shí)間寫(xiě)作不是很容易，D正確。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5題答案是_______.A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberD.Suppose正確答案：C參考解析：A:accept接受B:explain解釋C:remember記住D:suppose假設(shè)翻譯：___這個(gè)事實(shí)，大部分暢銷(xiāo)作家開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，都是有另一份工作來(lái)維持生計(jì)的。上一句，Itrequiredeterminationandsingle-mindedness，表明一邊工作一邊寫(xiě)作需要決心跟專(zhuān)注，然后指出大部分的暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)作者都是這樣過(guò)來(lái)的，remenberthat（記住），C正確。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6題答案是_______.A.well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chosen正確答案：A參考解析：A:well-known眾所周知的B:well-advised謹(jǐn)慎的C:well-informed見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣的D:well-chosen精選的翻譯：現(xiàn)在，甚至是相對(duì)___作家都必須去做其他的工作來(lái)補(bǔ)貼他們的寫(xiě)作收入。根據(jù)前文，有名的作家都是一邊工作一邊寫(xiě)作的，and表遞進(jìn)，指出同樣是有名的作家，現(xiàn)在也需要工作來(lái)補(bǔ)貼寫(xiě)作的收入。A正確。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7題答案是_______.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate正確答案：C參考解析：A:donate捐獻(xiàn)B:generate產(chǎn)生C:supplement補(bǔ)充，增補(bǔ)D:calculate計(jì)算，估算翻譯：現(xiàn)在甚至是相對(duì)有名的作家也需要做其他工作來(lái)___他們的寫(xiě)作收入。捐獻(xiàn)/產(chǎn)生/補(bǔ)貼/計(jì)算通過(guò)其他工作只能是補(bǔ)貼寫(xiě)作收入，所以C正確。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8題答案是_______.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition正確答案：D參考解析：A:cause原因B:purpose意圖，計(jì)劃C:question問(wèn)題D:condition條件，影響，代價(jià)翻譯：正如HarlanCoben所表明的，這是優(yōu)先選擇的____，如果寫(xiě)作優(yōu)先，你就必須犧牲你的日?；顒?dòng)和你所喜歡的事情。根據(jù)后面Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhavetoscrificesomeofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingyoureallyenjoy.可知：當(dāng)你更重視寫(xiě)作一點(diǎn)，你就沒(méi)有時(shí)間去做你喜歡的事，這就是代價(jià)，conditionofpriority。D正確。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9題答案是_______.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore正確答案：B參考解析：A:highlight強(qiáng)調(diào)，突出B:sacrifice犧牲C:continue繼續(xù)D:explore探索翻譯：正如HarlanCoben所強(qiáng)調(diào)的，這就是優(yōu)先選擇的代價(jià)，如果你把寫(xiě)作作為優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，你就必須___你的日?；顒?dòng)跟你喜歡的事情。根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系，如果你偏重寫(xiě)作，你就沒(méi)有時(shí)間干其他的，所以你要犧牲你的日常時(shí)間跟活動(dòng)，B正確。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10題答案是_______.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills正確答案：B參考解析：A:relation關(guān)系B:interest興趣C:memory記憶力D:skill技巧翻譯：根據(jù)你的____和生活方式，有的人意味著更少的時(shí)間看電視跟聽(tīng)音樂(lè)，然而有一部分人可以邊聽(tīng)音樂(lè)邊寫(xiě)作。and連接兩個(gè)并列的詞，lifestyle跟interest并列。B正確。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11題答案是_______.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before正確答案：C參考解析：A:until直...到...B:because因?yàn)镃:while當(dāng)...D:before在...之前翻譯：根據(jù)你的興趣和生活方式，有的人意味著更少的時(shí)間看電視跟聽(tīng)音樂(lè)，然而有一部分人可以寫(xiě)作____他在聽(tīng)音樂(lè)的時(shí)候。though表轉(zhuǎn)折，前面說(shuō)lesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic，后面應(yīng)該是表達(dá)，一邊聽(tīng)音樂(lè)一邊寫(xiě)作，while當(dāng)...時(shí)候。C正確。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12題答案是_______.A.putupwithB.makeupforC.hangontoD.cutdownon正確答案：D參考解析：A:putupwith忍受，容忍B:makeupfor彌補(bǔ)C:hangonto緊緊握住D:cutdownon減少，節(jié)省翻譯：你可能需要___你的活動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)的次數(shù)。根據(jù)前面的，spendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic，可知，應(yīng)該是減少活動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)的次數(shù)，D正確。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13題答案是_______.A.intelligentB.occasionalC.intensiveD.emotional正確答案：B參考解析：A:intelligent智力、有才智的B:occasional偶爾的、臨時(shí)的C:intensive強(qiáng)烈的D:emotional

有感染力的翻譯：你必須使社交媒體成為一個(gè)___活動(dòng)，而不是一個(gè)日常的、耗時(shí)的習(xí)慣。insteadof連接兩個(gè)相反意思的形容詞，adaily,time-consuming跟occasional意思相反。B正確。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14題答案是_______.A.habitB.bestC.decisionD.plan正確答案：A參考解析：A:habit習(xí)慣B:best最好的C:decision決定D:plan計(jì)劃翻譯：你必須使社交媒體成為一個(gè)偶爾的活動(dòng)，而不是一個(gè)日常的、耗時(shí)的____。insteadof連接兩個(gè)意思想法的形容詞，一個(gè)是occational，一個(gè)是time-consuming，同理activity跟空格處的詞對(duì)應(yīng)。activity對(duì)應(yīng)habit。偶爾的活動(dòng)跟耗時(shí)的習(xí)慣。A正確。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15題答案是_______.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny正確答案：A參考解析：A:tough棘手的，艱難的B:gentle文靜的，柔和的C:rapid快速的D:funny有趣的翻譯：這是____的學(xué)習(xí)曲線(xiàn)，并且不總讓你受到歡迎?？崭裉幪顚?xiě)形容詞，根據(jù)后文itwon'talwaysmakeyoupopular可知，空格處的形容詞，是貶義的，相比于gentlefunnyrapid，tough（艱難的）更合適。A正確。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16題答案是_______.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto正確答案：D參考解析：A:inplaceof代替B:inchargeof掌管C:inresponceof回應(yīng)D:inadditionto除...之外翻譯：____寫(xiě)作之外，還有一件事你應(yīng)該至少留一段時(shí)間———那就是閱讀。根據(jù)前面lesstimewatchingtelevision，cutdownontheamountofexercise，makesocialmediaanoccasionalactivity，本段應(yīng)該為除了寫(xiě)作之外，你應(yīng)該留一點(diǎn)時(shí)間給閱讀。D正確。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17題答案是_______.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant正確答案：A參考解析：A:indispensable不可缺少的B:innovative創(chuàng)新的C:invisible無(wú)形的D:instant立即翻譯：任何寫(xiě)作和寫(xiě)出來(lái)的作品都需要廣泛的閱讀，這是一個(gè)___要素，沒(méi)有它你就不能寫(xiě)作。根據(jù)題意，空格填寫(xiě)一個(gè)形容詞，indispensablesupporter不可或缺的要素。A正確。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18題答案是_______.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker正確答案：D參考解析：A:dull遲鈍的、不活躍的B:hard艱難的C:quiet安靜的D:quick快速的翻譯：時(shí)間是有限的，你變得越老，它走的越______。后一句，Weneedtouseitsocarefully（我們要有效的利用時(shí)間），以及時(shí)間是有限的，可知，當(dāng)我們?cè)嚼系臅r(shí)候，所剩下的時(shí)間不多了，它流逝的也就越快。D正確。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19題答案是_______.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully正確答案：C參考解析：A:peacefully平靜地B:generously慷慨地C:productively有成果地D:gratefully感激地翻譯：我們要盡可能小心和___地利用時(shí)間。本段第一句是，Timeisfinite（時(shí)間是有限的），然后and連接兩個(gè)并列的詞語(yǔ)，productively有效率的。C正確。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20題答案是_______.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveall正確答案：D參考解析：A:atmost最多B:inturn轉(zhuǎn)而、依次C:onaverage平均D:aboveall最重要的是，尤其是翻譯：優(yōu)先考慮活動(dòng)，讓我們把大部分時(shí)間花在我們真正想做的事情上，如果你是作家，那么____就是寫(xiě)作.如果你是作家（ifyouareawriter），最重要的就是寫(xiě)作了，thatmeanthethingswereallywanttodoiswriting。D正確。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題?Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexampleofdarkpatterns.?Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststo“roachmotel”,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.?Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.?Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding“digitaldeception.”?Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing“confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.”?Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.查看材料21.【閱讀理解PartA】Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns______.A.improveuserexperiencesB.leakuserinformationforprofitC.undermineusers’decision-makingD.remindusersofhiddencosts正確答案：C參考解析：Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexampleofdarkpatterns.一些應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)單和透明的東西可能是有意或無(wú)意的，會(huì)損害消費(fèi)者的選擇，我們把這種模式稱(chēng)為“darkpattern”。impairconsemerchoice跟undermineusers’decision-making同義，C正確。查看材料22.【閱讀理解PartA】The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow_____.A.theirmajorflawsB.theircomplexdesignsC.theirseveredamageD.theirstrongpresence正確答案：D參考解析：Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.在2019年一項(xiàng)針對(duì)5.3萬(wàn)個(gè)產(chǎn)品頁(yè)面和1.1萬(wàn)個(gè)網(wǎng)站的研究中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中大約十分之一采用了這些設(shè)計(jì)模式。作者主要是想體現(xiàn)出darkpattern大量存在。D選項(xiàng)正確。查看材料23.【閱讀理解PartA】Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould______.A.listentocustomerfeedbackB.talkwithrelevantteamsC.turntoindependentagenciesD.relyonprofessionaltraining正確答案：B參考解析：BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding“digitaldeception.”企業(yè)應(yīng)該與IT、合規(guī)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和法律團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行對(duì)話(huà)，以審查他們的隱私政策。并在討論中包括負(fù)責(zé)公司用戶(hù)界面的客戶(hù)/用戶(hù)體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)人員和程序員，以及負(fù)責(zé)注冊(cè)的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)人員和廣告商。結(jié)賬籃、定價(jià)和促銷(xiāo)活動(dòng)。任何一個(gè)或所有這些團(tuán)隊(duì)都可以在創(chuàng)造或避免“數(shù)字欺騙”中發(fā)揮作用。B正確。查看材料24.【閱讀理解PartA】TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto______.A.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesB.protectconsumersfrombeingtrickedC.grantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsD.restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent正確答案：B參考解析：theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”加州司法部長(zhǎng)宣布批準(zhǔn)根據(jù)《加州消費(fèi)者隱私法案》(CCPA)制定的額外規(guī)定，以“確保消費(fèi)者在尋求行使數(shù)據(jù)隱私權(quán)時(shí)不會(huì)被混淆或誤導(dǎo)?！奔幢Ｗo(hù)消費(fèi)者不受到欺騙，B正確。查看材料25.【閱讀理解PartA】Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis______.A.newlegalrequirementsB.businesses’self-disciplineC.strictregulatorystandardsD.consumers’safetyawareness正確答案：B參考解析：Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butsonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.Darkpattern也可以在自我監(jiān)管的基礎(chǔ)上得到解決，但只有當(dāng)企業(yè)對(duì)自己負(fù)責(zé)，不僅對(duì)法律要求，而且對(duì)行業(yè)最佳實(shí)踐和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)負(fù)責(zé)。所以解決darkpattern的關(guān)鍵是businesses’self-discipline（企業(yè)的自覺(jué)）。B正確。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題?MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.?OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.?Financialneedsaren’ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.?“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”?Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthepopulation65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau.That’salsoup30.2%since2010.?Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.?Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.?“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire.”查看材料26.【閱讀理解PartA】ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat_____.A.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworkB.theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneC.oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementD.moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement正確答案：D參考解析：OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplanhaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.根據(jù)哈里斯民意調(diào)查進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，40歲以上的美國(guó)人中就有三分之一為長(zhǎng)壽做準(zhǔn)備，有退休后繼續(xù)工作的計(jì)劃。更令人驚訝的是，調(diào)查顯示，超過(guò)一半的“未退休人員”——那些計(jì)劃退休工作或退休后回去工作的人——表示，即使他們有足夠的錢(qián)安頓下來(lái)，他們?cè)谕砟暌矔?huì)有工作。所以表明，更多的美國(guó)人愿意在退休后工作。D正確。查看材料27.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat_____.A.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemB.boredomcanberelievedafterretirementC.thementalhealthofretireesisoverlookedD.“unretirement”contributestotheeconomy正確答案：A參考解析：Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.About72%of“unretire”respondentssaidthattheywouldreturntoworkonceretiredtokeepmentallyfit.根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，其他原因還包括個(gè)人成就感，如保持精神健康、避免無(wú)聊或避免抑郁。約72%的“未退休”受訪(fǎng)者表示，他們退休后會(huì)重返工作崗位，以保持精神健康。第三段開(kāi)頭，說(shuō)明：除了經(jīng)濟(jì)原因之外，還有一些personalfulfillment的原因，百分之72受訪(fǎng)者表示，他們會(huì)返回工作tokeepmentallyfit。A選項(xiàng)正確。查看材料28.【閱讀理解PartA】Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto_____.A.laborshortagesB.populationgrowthC.longerlifeexpectancyD.risinglivingcosts正確答案：C參考解析：Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.退休模式發(fā)生改變的一個(gè)原因是：美國(guó)人活得更久了。C正確。查看材料29.【閱讀理解PartA】Manyretiresareincreasingtheirsavingsby_____.A.investingmoreinstocksB.takingupoddjobsC.gettingwell-paidworkD.spendingless正確答案：D參考解析：Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.該公司表示，他們最受歡迎的方式之一是減少整體開(kāi)支、獲得人壽保險(xiǎn)或最大化他們對(duì)退休賬戶(hù)的貢獻(xiàn)。D“減少開(kāi)銷(xiāo)”正確。查看材料30.【閱讀理解PartA】Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare_____.A.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic正確答案：A參考解析：Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss.布倫特·韋斯說(shuō)，不幸的是，許多選擇退休后工作的人正準(zhǔn)備減少他們的整體開(kāi)支，確保人壽保險(xiǎn)或最大化他們對(duì)退休賬戶(hù)的貢獻(xiàn)，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心晚年的生活保障。由此得出，布倫特·韋斯認(rèn)為很多人都沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備退休之后的生活。A正確。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題。?Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.?Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture—specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.?“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”?Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.?Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).?Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”查看材料31.【閱讀理解PartA】Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproducted_____.A.ataconsiderablylowcostB.atthedemandofregularshoppersC.asareplacementfororganiceggsD.onspeciallydesignedforms正確答案：D參考解析：Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.這一切似乎都是隨機(jī)的，但這是設(shè)計(jì)上的，是美國(guó)雞蛋行業(yè)61億美元押注的下一個(gè)大事的一部分：氣候友好型雞蛋。onspeciallydesignedforms與原文中的it’sbydesign呼應(yīng)。D正確。查看材料32.【閱讀理解PartA】LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin______.A.reducingthedamageofB.acceleratingthedisposalofusesC.creatingasustainablesystemD.attractingcustomerstohisproducts正確答案：C參考解析：“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”“我對(duì)我們的項(xiàng)目感到興奮，”布朗說(shuō)。他正在增加更多的覆蓋作物，吸引蠕蟲(chóng)和蟋蟀讓雞吃。母雞的廢物然后給土地施肥。這樣的改進(jìn)“讓我們的母雞能夠?qū)ふ腋哔|(zhì)量的天然飼料，這對(duì)土地、母雞和我們提供給客戶(hù)的雞蛋都是有益的?！盠arryBrown之所以很興奮，是因?yàn)?，他們建立了一個(gè)可續(xù)發(fā)展的系統(tǒng)，肥沃的土壤吸引蟲(chóng)類(lèi)，母雞吃了蟲(chóng)類(lèi)之后的排泄物肥沃了土壤，土壤又吸引蟲(chóng)類(lèi)。所以C選項(xiàng)“creatingasustainablesystem”正確。查看材料33.【閱讀理解PartA】Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheparagragh4tosuggest______.A.thedoubtstoovernaturalfeedsB.thesetbreaksintheeggsindustryC.thepotentialofregenerativeproductsD.thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets正確答案：C參考解析：organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.有機(jī)雞蛋從被天然食品商店視為利基產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)向在沃爾瑪銷(xiāo)售。最近，人們對(duì)益生菌和植物性肉類(lèi)也有類(lèi)似的懷疑，但兩者都已激增為主要的超市類(lèi)別。如果可持續(xù)的雞蛋推廣成功，它可能會(huì)為再生牛肉、西蘭花和其他領(lǐng)域打開(kāi)閘門(mén)。文章舉了三個(gè)例子，進(jìn)行了類(lèi)比，通過(guò)有機(jī)雞蛋、跟益生菌和植物性肉類(lèi)的發(fā)展，對(duì)可持續(xù)雞蛋的可能性進(jìn)行分析，Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedtosuggestthethepotentialofregenerativeproducts。C正確。查看材料34.【閱讀理解PartA】Itcanbelearnedfromparagraghthatyoungpeople______.A.arereluctanttochangetheirdietB.arelikelytobuyclimatefriendlyeggsC.arecuriousaboutnewfoodD.areamazedatagriculturaladvances正確答案：B參考解析：Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.調(diào)查顯示，年輕一代更關(guān)心氣候變化，而植物性肉類(lèi)的一些成功可以歸功于那些想要表達(dá)他們保護(hù)環(huán)境的愿望的購(gòu)物者。年輕人“真的很關(guān)心地球”。由此可以得出，年輕人更有可能去購(gòu)買(mǎi)環(huán)境保護(hù)型雞蛋，B正確。查看材料35.【閱讀理解PartA】JohnBrungvellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts______.A.marketsprospectsB.standarddefinitionC.marketprospectD.moralimplication正確答案：A參考解析：Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton.再生產(chǎn)品可能很難銷(xiāo)售，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)概念很難快速定義，朱莉·斯坦頓說(shuō)。Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell.調(diào)查顯示，年輕一代更關(guān)心氣候變化，而植物性肉類(lèi)的一些成功可以歸功于那些想要表達(dá)他們保護(hù)環(huán)境的愿望的購(gòu)物者。年輕人“真的很關(guān)心這個(gè)星球，”約翰·布倫奎爾說(shuō)。JohnBrungvell覺(jué)得年輕人很愛(ài)地球，對(duì)于氣候友好型的產(chǎn)品會(huì)愿意購(gòu)買(mǎi)，所以對(duì)regenerativeproducts的市場(chǎng)前景很看好，A正確。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題?Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.?Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession’simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students’attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester—nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.?Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent—andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy’sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.?“That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”Schwitzgebelsays.?PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo.”?Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants’eatinghabitsandstudents’videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel—whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghiswords.查看材料36.【閱讀理解PartA】Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare______.A.hardtodetermineB.narrowlyinterpretedC.difficulttoignoreD.poorlysummarized正確答案：A參考解析：Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior,evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.盡管倫理課程在世界各