法律英語第十課侵權(quán)法省公開課一等獎全國示范課微課金獎?wù)n件

LessonTenTortLaw8/18/20241法律英語1/49Punishmentisjusticefortheunjust.AugustineBritishwriter

處罰是對正義伸張。

英國作家奧古斯丁8/18/20242法律英語2/49Background

TortThebreachofadutythatresultsinaninjuryforwhichthereisaremedyatlaw./Tortsincludeallnegligencecasesaswellasintentionalwrongswhichresultinharm.8/18/20243法律英語3/49Tortlaw州法律判例法聯(lián)邦侵權(quán)索賠法8/18/20244法律英語4/49FederalTortclaimsActAstatutewhichremovedthepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfromalawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybyafederalemployeeinthescopeofhis/herworkforthegovernment./8/18/20245法律英語5/49TortIntentionaltortNegligenceornegligenttortStrictliabilitytortPersonaltortPropertytortRemedy-damages8/18/20246法律英語6/49Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求賠償mostcivilsuits

大多數(shù)民事訴訟tortlaw

侵權(quán)法1.Automobileaccidents8/18/20247法律英語7/49ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事訴訟原告通常會向陪審團提出索賠主張，這主要是出于人道考慮而不是法律考慮。兒童受傷8/18/20248法律英語8/49ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

賠償費和損害賠償金Actualloss實際損害Intangibledamage無形損害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪審團人性反應(yīng)8/18/20249法律英語9/49Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美國允許律師分享原告所取得賠償金（勝訴酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金到達法院判付金額25-33%。8/18/202410法律英語10/49Atortaction侵權(quán)訴訟Alengthyproceeding訴訟程序時間長Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代價大（教授證人酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判決金額非常大（10萬美元以上）8/18/202411法律英語11/492.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有財產(chǎn)Personalinjury

人身傷害Impliedcontract默示協(xié)議Personalinjury人身傷害Breachofwarranty

違反確保諾言Recoveryofintangibledamage8/18/202412法律英語12/493.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每個人都要對其侵權(quán)行為負責(zé)，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限情況下兒童亦然（不過，父母僅當(dāng)其作為該兒童代理人或未能按照其監(jiān)護義務(wù)行事時才負此責(zé)），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但國家不在此列，除非法律明文要求取消了國家豁免權(quán)。8/18/202413法律英語13/49TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA）8/18/202414法律英語14/494.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每個人包含胎兒都受保護，免遭侵權(quán)行為傷害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator

(wrongfuldeathaction)繼承人或近親屬能夠?qū)λ麄冇H屬或立遺囑人因有意或疏忽侵權(quán)造成死亡（非正常死亡之訴）提出損害賠償要求。8/18/202415法律英語15/49“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令A(yù)partyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor

hasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作為侵權(quán)行為人醉酒之結(jié)果而受到傷害當(dāng)事人有權(quán)向造成該侵權(quán)行為人醉酒人提出索賠請求。8/18/202416法律英語16/49“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving8/18/202417法律英語17/49Part2:IntentionalTorts有意侵權(quán)行為Battery毆打Assault侵犯他人身體Conversionofproperty非法侵占財產(chǎn)Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占動產(chǎn)、不動產(chǎn)Defamation誹謗Invasionofprivacy侵犯隱私權(quán)Productsliability產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量責(zé)任8/18/202418法律英語18/49Part3:LiabilityforNegligence過失侵權(quán)責(zé)任NegligentactInjuryCausality8/18/202419法律英語19/49Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.假如一個人沒有盡到“照看義務(wù)”，沒有象“一個理性且慎重人”那樣行事。過失8/18/202420法律英語20/49要考慮到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵權(quán)者尤其專業(yè)資質(zhì)ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker8/18/202421法律英語21/49DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必須對特定原告負有照看義務(wù)Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是對廣大公眾負有照看義務(wù)（某人）對侵犯財產(chǎn)者照看義務(wù)比對被邀請客人照看義務(wù)小8/18/202422法律英語22/49Gueststatutes賓客法規(guī)Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽車司機對于他無償搭載乘客不負照看責(zé)任。8/18/202423法律英語23/49Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.8/18/202424法律英語24/49Noclaimforcompensation不能要求賠償Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同過失hasassumedtherisk

預(yù)計到有危險8/18/202425法律英語25/49Contributorynegligence共同過失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident.http://dictionary.law.com/8/18/202426法律英語26/49Comparativenegligence比較過失共同過失辯護嚴(yán)格性……已經(jīng)因為一些州采取了“比較過失”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而得到減弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求確定當(dāng)事各方各自疏忽程度，并由此確定賠償金。8/18/202427法律英語27/49ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident.http://dictionary.law.com/8/18/202428法律英語28/49ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery.http://dictionary.law.com/8/18/202429法律英語29/49ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“l(fā)astclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同過失原告假如能證實被告“有最終顯著機會”防止傷害，那么該原告就能夠取得賠償。8/18/202430法律英語30/49Lastclearchance最終顯著機會Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.8/18/202431法律英語31/49TheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligenceTodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

嚴(yán)格責(zé)任Nofault

無過失責(zé)任Inconsistent8/18/202432法律英語32/49Part4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability嚴(yán)格賠償責(zé)任Strictliability

isalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,

regardlessofany"fault"

ontheirpart.8/18/202433法律英語33/49ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals喂養(yǎng)危險動物Defamation誹謗Arebuttablepresumption可反駁推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)8/18/202434法律英語34/49StrictliabilityDeduced

faultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.從事情或行為本身特征能夠推斷出存在過失或過失Defectiveconstruction

有缺點設(shè)計Negligentuse

過失使用8/18/202435法律英語35/49productliabilityDangerousproducts危險產(chǎn)品Theproductionitself產(chǎn)品本身、Itspackage包裝InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.對使用者或消費者及其財產(chǎn)造成過分危險8/18/202436法律英語36/49“defective”Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.“缺點”是指產(chǎn)品未到達普通消費者關(guān)于該產(chǎn)品安全性能合理期望標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。8/18/202437法律英語37/49b.“No-fault”Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一個改革努力試圖尋求對過失侵權(quán)普通索賠要求更公正處理方案。automobileaccidents8/18/202438法律英語38/49ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw試圖消除侵權(quán)法中過失標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；Toawardcompensation

withoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保險標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在不要過失證實情況下給予賠償。8/18/202439法律英語39/49No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpracticeGrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamage8/18/202440法律英語40/49Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商責(zé)任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk只要就風(fēng)險負擔(dān)比較少保險費No-fault優(yōu)點8/18/202441法律英語41/49Theinjuredpersonwillbeinabetterposition

受傷害人處于比較有利位置，Hewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactuallosswithoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.他無須進行漫長訴訟或艱難過失舉證就有權(quán)馬上取得實際損失賠償。No-fault優(yōu)點8/18/2024