新概念語法精粹8

第一章英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

Tenses

英語時(shí)態(tài)是英語語法中的第一首難關(guān)，攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語之關(guān)鍵。漢語用

不同詞表達(dá)相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)，而英語用同一詞的不同變化形式表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)。

一、英語各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成表：以play為例：

一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

現(xiàn)在Playishashas

playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying

are

過去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying

wereplaying

將來shallshallshallshall

willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying

過去shouldshouldshouldshould

將來wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying

二、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：

1.構(gòu)成：使用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。

(1)直接加“s"，works,takes

(2)以輔音加V結(jié)尾，變V為干,再加“es”

carry-carries

(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es”

goesdresseswatchesbrushes

2.功能：

(1)表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作：

eg：>.Birdsfly.

>.Shelovesmusic.

>.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.

(2)表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或職業(yè)，常與often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,

occasionally,frequently等時(shí)間副詞連用。

eg：>.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.

>.Shewritestomeveryoften.

>.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicenicoccasionally.

(3)|表客觀真理，格言警句或事英"

>.Theearthmovesroundthesun.

>.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.

>.Twoandtwomakesfour.

>.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣賢,熟能無過。

（4）—將來：

A.在山when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenIf,incase,till,

until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將

來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。（黃金重點(diǎn),所有考試都不放過它！）

例如：

>.Illtellherwhenshecomestomorrow.

>.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,111meetyou.

>.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.（不錯(cuò)的句型,背下?。。?/p>

>.Illberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.（很感人的句型?。?/p>

B.按|時(shí)間表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或朝,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)陵達(dá)將要時(shí)|概念.

>.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.

>.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?

>.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.

>.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthe

morning.（按照時(shí)刻表，開往上海的特快列車早上7點(diǎn)出發(fā)。）

測(cè)試精編：

1.TheBrownsanicecarandbrown'sbrotheranicejeep.

A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have

2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?

A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is

3.youthinkhewillcome?

Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.

A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.do/willrainD.Are/willrain

4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.

A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved

5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema.

A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go

二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞

1.表示畫畫正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如

>.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?

>.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingovweight.（體重增力口）

>.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrossthereiver.

2.表示|現(xiàn)階段|正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

>.Heistakingphysicsthissemester.（本學(xué)期）

>.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.

3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)表示

即將開始的動(dòng)作。

>.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!車來了!

>.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.

>.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.

4.與always,forever,continually,constantly等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞

或厭惡。

>.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.（他總是想著別人。）

>.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.（這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。）

>.Theteacherisconstantly（always）criticizingherforbeinglate.（老師一直在批評(píng)她遲

到。）

5.|下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)

（此條戒律請(qǐng)背10遍！?。。?/p>

believe（相信）,doubt（懷疑），see（看見）,hear（聽見），know（知道）

understand（理解），belong（屬于），think（認(rèn)為），consider（認(rèn)為），feel（覺得）

look（看起來），seem（看上去），show（顯示），mind（介意），have（有）

sound（聽起來），taste（嘗起來），require（要求），possess（擁有），care（關(guān)心）

like（喜歡），hate（討厭）,love（喜愛）,detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）

【簡單記憶工

?永遠(yuǎn)不要說I'mbelieving..,或HeIsseeingahouse.再簡單一點(diǎn)說，這些動(dòng)詞后面不

要隨意加-ing.

?可怕的是：我們?cè)趯懽骷翱谡Z中常犯此類大錯(cuò)！

?注意：haveaparty/thinkabout可以用進(jìn)行時(shí),因?yàn)檫@里have意為“舉行”;think

意為“考慮”。

測(cè)試精編：

1.Howcanyouifyouarenot?

A.Ijstening/hearingB.hear/listening

B.belistening/heardC.behearing/listeningto

2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.

A.willfinishB.isfinishing

C.hadfinishedD.finishes

3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost（職位）intheoffice.（此題超前）

A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing

C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing

4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.

A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing

C.wishesD.hasbeenwished

5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.

A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping

C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill

三、一般過去時(shí)。定義動(dòng)詞的過去式：

1.表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間I或某康麗發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。

>.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.

>.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.

>.Chinawasfoundedin1949.

2.表示時(shí)間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時(shí)。（參）

>.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.

>.Theywouldnotlaveuntilshecameback.

>.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.

3.一般過去時(shí),現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)的幾組差異：（別以為這很簡單，下面的差異你不一定明白。）

?Herbrotherwasachemist.（已去世）

?Herbrotherisachemist.（尚健在）

?ThafsallIhadtosay.（話己說完）

?ThafsallIhavetosay.（言之未盡）

?Itwassonicetoseeyou.（離別時(shí)用）

?Itissonicetoseeyou.（見面時(shí)用）

?Janedidalotofworkthismorning.（J是當(dāng)天下午或晚上）

?Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.（仍是上午）［本句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，此乃后話?。?/p>

測(cè)試精編I:（用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形態(tài)填空）。

1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.

2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)attheback

thismorning.

3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.

4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.

5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.

測(cè)試精編II：

1.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.

A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue

C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue

2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyof

hungerandcold,(without在這里表示條件,你知道嗎?)

A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied

3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.

A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves

4.Whenallthosepresent(到場(chǎng)者)hebeganhislecture.(重點(diǎn)題)

A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated

5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.Butinfactnot.

A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad

四、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：were/was+現(xiàn)在分詞。

1.表示|過去某一時(shí)刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

>.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.

>.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.

>.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.

2.用于條件狀語從句中表示|過去將來進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

>.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.

>.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.

3.過去某時(shí)將發(fā)生的事。可參考2(4)

>.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.

>.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.

測(cè)試精編：

1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.

A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding

C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding

2.Hehislegasheinafootballmatch.

A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying

C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played

3.Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.

Ithoughtthathetoday

A.wascomingB.iscoming

C.willcomeC.comes

4.Jcakwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.

A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome

5.Michikecouldn,tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe

inthelab.

A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking

C.wasworkingD.worked

五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has+過去分詞

1.表示過去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet,Just,before,recently,

lately（最近），ever,never等表時(shí)間的副詞搭配使用。

?Hehasn'tseenherlately.

?Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.

2.表示|一個(gè)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作I，常與表示一段時(shí)間

的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：sofar（迄今為止），uptillnow（直到現(xiàn)在），since,foralongtime

（很長時(shí)間），uptopresent（直到現(xiàn)在），inthepast/inthelastfewyears（在過去的幾

年里），thesedays（目前）.

>.Hehasworkedherefor15years.

>.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.

>.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.

>.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.

3.某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（BP：動(dòng)作開始便終II二的動(dòng)詞）,在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能叮表示一段時(shí)間

狀語搭配。

黃金要點(diǎn)：

I.常見的非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞:die,arrive（到達(dá)），join（加入），leave（離開），go,refuse

（拒絕）,fall（失?。?，finish,buy,marry,divorce（離婚），awake（醒），borrow,

lend...（背三遍!）

II.這類動(dòng)詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而是不能接常由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。

III.但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連

用。

?Shehasgoneawayforamonth.（誤）

?Shehasbeenawayforamonth.（正）

?Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.（誤）

?Themanhasbeendeadfortowyears.（正）

?Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?（誤）

?Howlonghaveyougotthebook.（正）

4.注意since的用法：

>.Theyhaven'thadantroublesincetheycamehere.

>.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemelasttime.

>.Hehasbeenheresince1980.

>.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.

5.幾組對(duì)比：

HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。

HehasbeentoShanghai.他去過上海。

Shehasgone.她已走了。

SheIsgone.她缺席了。（or她死了）

Thedoorhasbeenclosed.門關(guān)上了。（動(dòng)作）

Thedoorisclosed.門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）

測(cè)試精編：

1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.

A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping

2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.

A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen

3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.

A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto

C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto

4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.

A.hadn'tB.havenlC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad

5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionand

science.

A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound

六、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞

1.表示從過去某時(shí)開始發(fā)生，|一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作|。（最好將此定義讀5

遍）

A?I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.

>.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years,（runafter:追求）

2.表某種感情色彩。

>.Tvebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.

>.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.

釋惑要點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的對(duì)比：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“動(dòng)作的延續(xù)”。

>.Ihavethoughtofit.（我已想到了這一點(diǎn)。）

>.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.（我一直在想這一點(diǎn)。）

>.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）

>.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）

測(cè)試精編：

1.Theyussincefiveo'clockthismorning.

A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping

C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped

2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenlfinishedit.

A.havebeenreadingB.haveread

C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading

3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.

A.talkB.hadbeentalkingC.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked

4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.

A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted

C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually

5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.

A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining

用所給動(dòng)詞正確時(shí)態(tài)填空。

1.Youshouldgotobed.You（watch）TVfor5hours.

2.1（write）letterssincebreakfast.

3.1（write）3letterssincebreakfast.

4.Sorry,butMr.Smith（leave）forBeijing.

5.1（look）forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?

七、過去完成時(shí)：had+過去分詞

1.表示過去某表動(dòng)作或某個(gè)具體時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動(dòng)作?！斑^去的過去”。

?TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.

?TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.

2.過去完成時(shí)常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。（此乃

超級(jí)重點(diǎn)句型，意為：“一……就”）

?Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.

?Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.（，主意no

sooner在句首時(shí)句型倒裝。）

3.intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（計(jì)劃）等動(dòng)詞的

過去完成時(shí)用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事。

?IhadIntendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenI

wasabouttoleave.（原想昨天去看你）

?Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelit

becausehehadweather.（...原計(jì)劃上周舉行一場(chǎng)足球賽...）

測(cè)試精編：

1.Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.

Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.

A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim

C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim

2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.

A.wasleavingB.wouldleave

C.hadleftD.Ie代

3.1mykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.

A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost

4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.

A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone

5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.

A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were

八、―一般將來時(shí)：shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形

1.表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

?Hewillgraduateformthecollegenextyear.

?Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.

2.將來時(shí)的其它結(jié)構(gòu)：（務(wù)必背下?。?/p>

I:begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。（.美國口語中常讀做begonna）

?I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.

[begoingto與will的對(duì)比：下列情況須用will]

?rilbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.

?Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow

?Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.

II.be+todosth.表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或用來征求意見。

?AmItotakeoverhiswork?

?Wearetomeetatthegate.

iii.beabouttodosth.即將做某事。

Thetalkisabouttobegin.

3.重點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:

beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事

setouttodosth.著手做某事

setaboutdoingsth.開始做某事

測(cè)試精編：

1.“Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”

“Butadelay."

A.itwillbeB.there'dbe

C.therewillbeD.thereis

2.HellleaveforParisbeforeyounextweek.

A.willcomebackB.willbeback

C.comebackD.cameback

3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.

A.hasbeenheldB.willhold

C.istobeheldD.isholding

4.Whereawill,thereisaway.

A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere

C.thereisD.therehasbeen

5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.

A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto

九、過去將來時(shí)：should/would+動(dòng)詞原形

1.表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

?Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.

2.此用法常用于間接引語中。

測(cè)試精編：

1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.

A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive

2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are

3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.

A.iscomingB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame

4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.

A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt

十、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞

表過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

?ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.

比較：

>.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.

>.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.

測(cè)試精編：

1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.

A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained

2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.

A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving

3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.

A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning

C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning

4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.

A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking

C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked

5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtothe

enemyforalongtime.

A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling

H—、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/wlllbe+現(xiàn)在分詞

1.表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：

>.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?

K比較■

>.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.（說明意圖）

>.Tomwon*1becuttingthegrass.（無意圖、僅陳述事實(shí)）

2.用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)詢問別人的計(jì)戈k打算比用一般將來時(shí)更顯禮貌。

>.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?

3.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對(duì)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)。

>.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.

>.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.

十二、過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：should/wouldbe+現(xiàn)在分詞

表示過去某時(shí)看將來某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

>.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.

測(cè)試精編：

1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.

A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread

2."Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?”

“No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent/

A.IseeB.HIhaveseenC.HIbeseeingD.Icansee

3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughto

seeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?

A.willtheliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living

4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is

5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.

A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows

十三、將來完成時(shí)：shall/willhave+過去分詞

表示將來某時(shí)之前已完成的動(dòng)作。

>.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.

>.Bytheenofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.

十四、過去將來完成時(shí)：would/shouldhave+過去分詞

表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將來某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。

>.Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.

十五、將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/willhavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞

表示某一動(dòng)作將繼續(xù)到將來某時(shí)，且該動(dòng)作此時(shí)尚未發(fā)生。

>.Weshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhentomarrives.

>.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.

［注：此句型過于復(fù)雜，人們很少運(yùn)用，了解而已。］

單項(xiàng)自測(cè)題（綜合訓(xùn)練）

1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.

A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form

2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.

A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers

C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit

3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.

A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving

C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm

4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersin

Mississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.

A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating

5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.

A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast

C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless

6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowofthemoon.

A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying

C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth

7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationdarkness,.

A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight

C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight

8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrong

cliffsforsupport.

A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso

9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,inallpartsoftheworld.

A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges

B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies

10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.

A.elementsfromgroupliving

B.elementsofanormalgrouplife

C.livingareagroupofelements

D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife

第二章名詞

Nouns

（-）.名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：

1.規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：

在單數(shù)名詞后加"s"day-daysweek-*weeks

2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加"es".

hero—heroesboxboxesclass-*classes

bushfbusheswatch-*watches

3.黃金重點(diǎn)：

I.有些以。結(jié)尾的外來詞或縮略詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加“s”。

II.以元音字母加。結(jié)尾的單詞只加“S”。（不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，請(qǐng)你查詞典,懶惰是學(xué)英語的

唯一大忌。）

piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano

教你一招。

如果以o結(jié)尾的名詞有生命力，則該詞匯一般加-es.

hero,tomato,potato,Negro（，黑人）、簡記：黑人英雄吃西紅柿馬鈴薯.]

4.以輔音加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為I再加“es”。

family—familiescity—cities

5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”。

keyfkeysboyboysplay—?playstoy—■toys

6.以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f,fe為v加es.

Calffcalvesknife-knives

應(yīng)當(dāng)心當(dāng)心:

I.下列名詞直接加“S”.（褚大聲朗禳三通，然后背下。技意稼音〃

roof（房頂）,reef（喑礁），chief（首領(lǐng)），cliff（懸崖），grief（悲痛）,turf（草皮）,

belief（信仰），gulf（港灣）,dwarf（侏儒），safe（保險(xiǎn)箱），sheriff（長官）,

tariff（關(guān)稅）

II.scarf（頭巾），wharf（碼頭），staff（全體職員），handkerchief（手帕），hoof（蹄）

既可直接加又可變f為v加es.

（二）.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：

1.foot—feetmouse—?micegoose一geesechildtchildrenox—>oxen

louse—?licewoman—womenman—men

2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形：

sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks（兵營）,bellows（風(fēng)

箱），kennels（狗窩）

3.一些英語外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：

crisis—crises危機(jī)

analysisfanalyses分析

oasis—oases綠洲

parenthesisfparentheses括號(hào)

axisfaxes軸心

ellipsisfellipses日蝕

hypothesisfhypotheses假定

synopsissynopses內(nèi)容提要

erratum-errata勘誤誤表

addendumfaddenda補(bǔ)遺、附錄

medium-media媒體

（以上單詞熟悉即司）

（三）.復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：

1.中間沒有連字符的合成名詞在詞尾變復(fù)數(shù)：

bookshelffbookshelveshandfulfhandfuls

2.man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，二者均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。

manservant—menservants

womanteacherfwomenteachers

3.中間有連字符的合成詞，在主體詞（中心意義的詞）末尾變復(fù)數(shù)：

sister-in-lawfsisters-in-law

looker-onlookers-on

editor-in-chief-editors-in-chief

4.下列合成名詞后一個(gè)詞上變化：

sit-in-*sit-ins,grown-up一grown-ups

stand-by-*stand-bystouch-me-not-touch-me-notsgo-between—go-betweens

（四）.名詞所有格

1.在大多數(shù)名詞末加“'s”

theboy'stoy,men'swork

2.以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞直接加'

thestudents,readingroom

3.以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加'

Dickens1novelsTheactress*performance

4.合成名詞在最后一個(gè)詞上加“s”

herbrother-in-law'spiano.

Somebodyelse'sbooks.（重要!）

【金牌重點(diǎn)】：除用于有生命的人外，“牙格還可用于度量衡、地域、天體及?些習(xí)語中

anhour'sdrive,amile'sjourney

tenpounds'weight.Beijing'sweather

theearth'ssurface

astone、throw投石之距離

atone'switsend智窮計(jì)盡

toone'sheartscontent盡情地

byahair'sbreadth千鈞一發(fā)

atasnail'space緩慢地

5.雙重所有格：

如果被修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞修飾。則要采用雙重

所有格。

afriendofmine（名詞性物主代詞）

achildofhers

thelovepoemsofyoursister's

注意區(qū)別：

?aportraitofhermother她母親的畫像（畫中人）

?aportraitofhermothers她母親擁有的畫像中的一幅（不一定是她母親的畫像）

測(cè)試精編：

1.Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.

A.shoesstoreB.shoe'sstore

C.shoestoreD.shoes,store

2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora

bill.

A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollars

C.tens-dollarD.ten-dollafs

3.Recently,hehaslostallhisatcards.

A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsaving

B.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings

4.1want.

A.adollarworthcandy

B.candyadollar'sworth

C.adollar'sworthofcandy

D.adollarworth'scandy

5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusuallyaneffectonhisdevelopment.

A.haveB.hadC.doD.has

第三章形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)

Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree

比較級(jí)構(gòu)成方式：

A.adj