英語考研作文復習

考研英語大作文預測匯總世界經(jīng)濟一體化？誰在主導世界經(jīng)濟誰來拯救地球？如何看待全球化的利與弊？注：作文描述見下一頁GlobalizationandInternetThedrawingvividlyunfolds(Describethepicture描述圖畫)Thisphenomenonwhichthispicturepointsoutisoneofnumerousinternationalphenomenatohavebecomecommonandalreadyattractedbroadattentionintheworldinrecentyears.Globalization/Internet,inbrief,makesthewholeworldasmallvillage.Globalization/Internetoffersextensiveopportunitiesforeverycountryintheworldtodeveloptheireconomy,improvetheirregime,enrichtheirculture,updatetheirtechnologyandsoforth,butglobalization/Internetisatwo-edgedsword:itcanbringbothbenefitandharm.(Presentstate/situation現(xiàn)象描述+/Meaning含義)中文：這幅圖畫指出的這個現(xiàn)象是近幾年在世界上眾多已經(jīng)變得普遍并且已經(jīng)引起了廣泛關注的國際/世界現(xiàn)象之一。全球化/Internet，簡言之，就是使整個世界變成一個小村子。全球化/Internet給予了這個世界上的每一個國家廣泛的機會去發(fā)展它們的經(jīng)濟、改善它們的政體、豐富它們的文化、更新它們的技術等等，但全球化/Internet是一把兩刃劍：既有利的一面，也有害的一面。Wemustfirstunderstandthenatureoftheproblem.Ontheonehand,globalization/Internetoffersextensiveopportunitiesforeverycountryintheworld.Ontheotherhand,Oneofthemostcontroversialaspectsofglobalization/InternetistheglobalspreadanddominanceofAmericanculture.中文：我們必須先要理解這個問題的本質(zhì)。一方面，全球化/Internet為這個世界上的每一個國家提供了廣闊的機會。另一方面，全球化/Internet最具有爭議的其中一個方面是認為全球化就是美國文化的全球擴張和一統(tǒng)天下。Ihavesomesuggestionsaboutdealingwiththisproblem.Firstandforemost,Globalization/Internetcanbringbenefit.Inthepasttwentyyears,intheprocessofglobalizationandexplosivedevelopmentoftheInternet,Chinahasbroughtaboutrapideconomicgrowth,sustainedsocialprogressandcontinuousbettermentofpeople'slivingstandard,soweshouldaccept.Secondly,itcanalsobringharm.Chinahasbeenexperiencingthecollapseofowntraditionalvirtueintheprocess.Insummary,Iamdeeplyconvincedthatshe,anationwhichhascivilizationfor5,000years,neverlosesanygoodthings,physical,intellectual,ormoral,tillshefindsabettersubstitute,andthenthelossisagain.(Suggestion+conclusion建議+結束語)中文：關于處理這個問題，我有一些建議。首要地，全球化/Internet能帶來利益。在過去二十年，在全球化和Internet爆炸性的發(fā)展的過程中，中國已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了快速的經(jīng)濟增長、持續(xù)的社會進步和人們生活水平的不斷改善，因此我們是應該接受的。其次，它也能帶來傷害，在全球化和Internet爆炸性的發(fā)展的過程中，中國一直在經(jīng)歷著自己傳統(tǒng)美德的瓦解。總之，我深信她，一個擁有5000年文明的民族，決不會丟掉任何好的東西，物質(zhì)的、精神的或道德的，直到她找到一個更好的替代，那么到那時侯這種丟失就是一種獲得。氣候變暖(climatechange):Recentdecadeswehavewitnessedanobviousriseintheglobalaveragetemperature,whichreceivesseriousconcernsacrosstheworld.Climatewasaglobalissueandurgedallcountriestoworktogethertoaddresstheissue.Weshouldpursueeconomicgrowth,socialdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotectioninacoordinatedandbalancedway,anddevelopmodelsofproductionandconsumptioncompatiblewithsustainabledevelopment.Therelevantinternationalcommunityshouldincreasefinancialinputandinformationsharingandstepupcooperationinresearch,developmentandinnovationoftechnology.Adaptationtoclimatechangeisofthegreatestconcernstodevelopingcountries.Developingcountriesshouldtakesomepolicymeasurestomitigategreenhousegasemissions.Asadevelopingcountry,Chinawillshoulderitsdueinternationalresponsibilitiesandobligations.TheChinesegovernmentshouldgiveprominencetobuildingaresource-conserving,environment-friendlysocietyinitsstrategyofindustrializationandmodernization.Wenalsocalledonothercountriestojoinhandsindealingwithclimatechangeandpromotingharmonious,cleanandsustainabledevelopmentintheworldHackers'criminalactivitiesareaninternationalproblemandChina'snetworkandinformationsystemhaveoftenbeenattackedbyhackersfromothercountries.歡迎進入：2010考研課程免費試聽更多信息請訪問：考研論壇注：作文描述見下一頁精神空虛(thevoidspirit/Alotofpeoplewhocommitsuicideareresultfromtheirvoidspirit.thereisaspiritualvoidinChina.Establishandimplementthescientificviewofdevelopmentandpushforwardthecoordinateddevelopmentbetweensocialistmaterialcivilization,politicalcivilizationandspiritualcivilization.)傳統(tǒng)美德(traditionalvirtue/Fordecades,wehavemademorecriticismthaninheritanceofourowntraditionalcultureandmorenegativethanconfirmative.WeshouldcertainlylearnfromtheWest,butitisofequalimportancethatweretainvirtuesofourown.TheConfucianTradition(TheThreeEssentialConfucianValues:I.FilialPietyII.HumanenessIII.RespectforRitual)鋪張浪費(extravaganceandwaste/勤儉節(jié)約industryandeconomy/TheChinesegovernment,therefore,ispromotingtheconceptofathriftysocietyandfrugaleconomyasamatterofurgency.Chineselawsandregulationsconcerningenergyconservationcurrentlyinoperationleavealottobedesired.)傳統(tǒng)倫理(Thetraditionalethicalrequirements/Thetraditionalethicalrequirementssamewiththebasicprinciples:1.WHATYOUDONOTWISHDONETOYOURSELF,DONOTDOTOOTHERS.1)Initsnegativeform:"Donotimposeonotherswhatyouyourselfdonotdesire"."Donotdotootherswhatyoudonotwantotherstodotoyou."(己所不欲，勿施于人).2)Althoughitisarguedtobetoomuchpushingone'sownwaytoothers,thepositiveformoftherequirementisfoundinmanyclassics:"Dotootherswhatyouwishothersdotoyou"(欲人施諸己，亦施于人)."Abenevolentmanhelpsotherstotaketheirstandinthathehimselfwishestotakehisstand,andgetsothersthereinthathehimselfwishestogetthere"(己欲立而立人，己欲達而達人).2.EVERYHUMANBEINGSHOULDBETREATEDHUMANLY."Todohumanlyistobehuman"(仁者人也)"'Benevolence'meanslovingyourfellowmen"(仁者愛人)Chinesetraditionevenadvocatesboththerespectforhumanlifeandeventherespectforallkindsoflife,whichseemstobeveryclosetotheideaof"GreenPeace"andecologicalcriticism.Thesethoughtsdonotonlyseekforhumanpeacebutalsofortheharmonybetweenhumanandnatureandothercreatures.Andtherefore,"thevirtueofrespectingforlife"(生生之德)and"friendothersandaffiliatewithallcreatures"(民胞物與)isalwaystakenasthegreatvirtueinConfucianteachingsandphilosophy.TherearemanyothertraditionalChineseideasrelated:1.Inregardwiththehumanrelationship,"Harmonyindiversity"or"harmonywithdiversity"(和而不同)istypicallyemphasizedinConfucianism.Comparedwith"Baha'i",anewreligiouscommunitywhotakes"Unitywithdiversity"asthemaindoctrine,theConfucianspiritoftheharmoniousco-existenceofdifferentculturesmightbemorerelevantforthefoundationofhumanexistenceanddevelopment.2.Confuciusbelieves"honesty-sincerityistheDaoofHeaven"(誠者，天之道也)whichisoutofthecontrolofhumanbeings,and"tobehonestandsincereistheDaoofhumanbeings"whichistheonlythingwecoulddo(誠之者，人之道也).Inthiscase,agentleman(君子)should"cultivatehimselftobehonestandsincere"inaccordancewiththeDaoofHeaven,whichissomethingupperoramoreorlessreligiousstandardofhonestyandsincerity.ThismightbeclearerintheinterpretationofDao.InChinese,Ithinkeither道(way)or德(virtue)means"towalkyourtalk"originally,becauseboth走and彳aresymbolsofwalkingcarefullywithsmallsteps.Inthiscase,"way"isformedinthewalkingandinvirtueofmoralpractice"virtue"appears.JustasDavidTracynoticed,thefamoussayingofSocrates"Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving"isinsharpcontrastwithasayinginaBuddhistscripture,"Theun-livedlifeisnotworthexamining."3.SoDaoisnotonlymetaphysicalbutalsophysical;"honesty-sincerity"isaboveusandwhatwecoulddoisnothingbutlearningtobehonestandsincere;Daocouldbejustifiedinfaith,aswellasinbehavior.Iamnotsureifitis"religion",butitisofcoursesomethinglike"ActsofReligion"(intermsofDerrida)or"ActsofFaith"(intermsofRodneyStark).Youmayknowthatthesacred"Word"or"Wisdom"intheGospelofJohnandotherbiblicalscripturesistranslatedinto"Dao"inthissense.4.Forthesamereason,traditionalChineseethicsaskforour"Considerationforothers"(恕)andaspiritoftolerance:"greatvirtueshaveahugecapacitytocontainthings"(厚德載物),and"totolerateisasignofgreatness"(有容乃大).5.Andprobablyrelatedtotheconsiderationforothers,traditionalChineseethicsplaceagreatemphasisonfamily,viewingfamilyasthefoundationofsociety.Amongthe"fivecardinalrelationships"(emperorandhisofficials,fathersandkids,husbandsandtheirwives,brothersandsisters,andfriends),threeofthemareconcernedwithfamilyrelationship.Itisevenbelievedthat"Therelationbetweentheofficialsandtheemperormayfindoriginorarchetypeintherelationbetweenhusbandsandwives,whichevenextendstotherelationofheavenandtheearth."(君子之道，造端乎夫婦。及其至也，察乎天地).6.Andso,inChinesetraditionalphilosophy,"humanityisBenevolence"(博愛之謂仁),"filialpiety"istheoriginofhumanmoralityandsentiment(立愛自親始).And,itisencouragedthat"loveyourfamilysoastoloveothersandallcreatures"(親親而仁民，仁民而愛物),"cultivatemoralcharacter,andthenyoucouldcultivateyourfamily,administratethecountry,andbringpeaceallovertheworld"(修身、齊家、治國、平天下).Whenitispromotedtotherealmthat"honortheagedofotherpeopleaswehonorourown,takecareoftheyoungofotherpeopleaswetakecareofourown"(老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼),wemaynaturallyrelatethetraditionalChineseteachingswiththefamousprayerbySt.FrancisintheMedievalEurope:tobeunderstoodastounderstand,tobelovedastolove;itisingivingthatwereceive,itisinpardoningthatwearepardoned,itisindyingthatweareborntoeternallife.Giveyourcomments/Giveyourpointofview(完全背誦)：Wemustfirstunderstandthenatureoftheproblem./inmyview/inmyopinion,Ontheonehand,ItistruethatmanyofChina'scurrent/present/existent/contemporaryproblemsaretheinevitablesideeffectsofrapideconomicdevelopment,which,ofnecessity,hadtooccurinanunbalancedway.Ontheotherhand,withouttheeconomicdevelopmentin/aboutthegreatnumberofdevelopingcountriesorthirdworldcountries,likechina,therewillbenorealdevelopment,prosperityandStabilityforthewholecountry.Notwithstanding/nonetheless/nevertheless/however/afterall,inthelongrun,Economicdevelopmenthadtocomefirst,butnowamorecomplexagendaofsocialandpoliticalrequirementsmustbeintegratedandoptimizedwithpureeconomicgrowth.Sowemustpromotethecoordinateddevelopmentofmaterialcivilization,politicalcivilizationandspiritualcivilizationtobuildChinaintoasocialistcountrythatisprosperous,powerful,democraticandculturallyadvanced.(Comments評論)中文：我們必須先要理解這個問題的本質(zhì)。以我來看，一方面，目前中國存在的許多問題都是由于別無選擇的不平衡的經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展造成的避免不了的負面影響。另一方面，對于大多數(shù)像中國這樣的發(fā)展中國家或第三世界國家來講，沒有了經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，將不存在整個國家的真正的發(fā)展、繁榮和穩(wěn)定。不過，從長遠來看，盡管，我們不得不先發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，但是如今過多的社會和政治需要必須同純粹的經(jīng)濟增長結合起來使其最優(yōu)化。因此，我們必須推動物質(zhì)文明、政治文明和精神文明協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，把我國建設成為富強、民主、文明的社會主義國家。Ihavesome/severalsuggestionsaboutthisproblem.Firstandforemost/firstly/primarily/mainly/largely/mostly,Chinashouldlearnfrommanydevelopedcountries/somewesterncountriestodisposeof/dealwith/handle/solve/settle/ironoutthissocialproblem,includingothersocialproblemsmoralandnon-moral,bymeansof/by/statelegislation,socialpolicyandotherrelativeregulations,especially/particularlybecause/sinceChinahasjoined/becomeamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)in2001andtakenplace/heldthe29thOlympicGamesin2008aswellas.Secondly,ourgovernmentshouldclearly/definitelystipulate/establishtheresponsibilitiesandobligationsoftherelative/specificdepartmentsforthefulfillment/performance/implementation/execution.Thirdly,inthelongrun/fromalong-termpointofview,weshouldsetup/found/constitute/instituteaspecialeducationsystem/organizationtopromoteandstrengthen/encouragecitizens'awarenessofenvironmentalprotection,andhenceimprovetheirvalues/ideas/notionsofconsumptionandmorality.Inaddition,IrecommendthatchildrenshouldstartsomeeducationofChinesetraditionalvirtueasearlyaspossible,suchasthrift,honesty,affection,filialpiety,courtesy,loyalty,humanenessandsoon.(Suggestion/建議)中文：關于這個問題，我有一些建議。首要地，中國應該向眾多發(fā)達國家學習，通過國家立法、社會政策和其他相關的規(guī)章制度來解決這個社會問題，也包括其他的道德的和非道德的社會問題，特別是因為中國已經(jīng)在2001年加入了WTO，并且中國將在2008年舉辦第29界奧運會。其次，更重要的是我們的政府應該清晰地規(guī)定相關部門應履行的責任和義務。第三，從長遠來看，我們應該設立一個專門的機構去宣傳和加強公民對環(huán)境保護的意識，從而改變他們的觀念。另外，我建議應該盡早地開始對孩子們進行中國傳統(tǒng)美德的教育，諸如節(jié)儉、誠實、親情、孝順、謙恭有禮、忠誠、仁愛等等。Insummary,tomaintainasustained,healthy,rapidandcoordinatedeconomicdevelopment,achievesocialistmodernizationandasocietywheremanandnatureliveasfriends,andbuildaharmoniousanddynamicsocietywithdemocracy,ruleoflaw,justice,honestyanddecency,stabilityandorder,wewillencounternofewerdifficultiesandproblems,butweareconfidentinourabilitytoovercomethemandarriveatoursetgoaltriumphantly.(Predicting預測+conclusion結束語)中文：總的來講，為了維持一個可持續(xù)的、健康的、快速的和協(xié)調(diào)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，為了達到社會主義現(xiàn)代化和人和自然像朋友一樣共生的社會，并且為了建造一個和諧的、有活力的、民主的、法治的、公正的、誠實莊重的、穩(wěn)固有序的社會，我們肯定會遇到很多困難和問題。但是，我相信我們有能力克服它們，最終會勝利地達到我們的目標。Insummary,Chinastillhasalongwaytogointhisproblemandaccordingly,greateffortsareessentialtomakeinordertosolveit.ButIamdeeplyconvincedthatshe,anationwhichhascivilizationfor5,000years,neverlosesanygoodthings,physical,intellectual,ormoral,tillshefindsabettersubstitute,andthenthelossisagain.(Predicting預測+conclusion結束語)總之，中國在這個問題上仍然有一段長路要走，因此為了解決它，我們必須要做出巨大的努力。但是，我深信她，一個擁有5000年文明的民族，決不會丟掉任何好的東西，物質(zhì)的、精神的或道德的，直到她找到一個更好的替代，那么到那時侯這種丟失就是一種獲得。"青少年與網(wǎng)絡"英語寫作背誦文本青少年沉迷于網(wǎng)絡游戲的比例越來越大誰來救救我的寶貝兒子？注：作文描述見下一頁互聯(lián)網(wǎng)(InternetAge/ComputersandtheInternethavechangedourlifeenormously.Thereisnodoubtaboutthat.TherearemanyadvantagesoftheInternetthatshowyoutheimportanceofthisnewmedium.WhatIwanttosayisthattheInternetchangedourlifeinapositiveway.Formanywomen,theirownchildrenarethemainreasonforstayingathome.Nowthattheycandoworkontheircomputersathome,calledteleworking,stayathomemomscanstillcontributetothefinancesoftheirfamilies.Also,mencantakethisopportunitytoworkathome.Whataretheconsequences,theadvantagesofteleworking?Sure,ifyouhaveafamily,youcanspendmoretimeathome,probablyyoucanspendmoretimewithyourchildren.Nextis,thatyoucanorganizeeverydayinthewayyouwantto.Meetingsatthecompanyarereducedtoaminimum.Teleworkingisalsoanadvantagefortheownerofthecompany.Officialstudiessubstantiatethatpeoplewhoworkathomearemoremotivatedthantheircolleaguesattheoffice.Especiallyinthebusinesssector,knowledgeispower.Ifyouaretheleaderofaproduct,ofatechnologyorjustofanidea,youareabletomakealotofmoney.Togetintothisposition,computersandInternetcanplayanessentialpart.Companiesallovertheworldareonline.Ifyouwant,itisnoproblemforyoutoexchangeexperiences...youwillhearnewthings,youwillseesomefactsfromanotherpointofview.Forthisreasonyouwillfindnewsolutions,newwaystogo,sotakethischance!TheInternetisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantfornearlyeverybodyasitisoneofthenewestandmostforward-lookingmediaandsurely"the"mediumofthefuture.ThefirstthingwehavetodoismakeadifferentiationconcerningtheusageofthetermscomputerandInternet.YoucanusetheInternetathomeforpersonaluseoryoucanuseitatworkforprofessionalusage.Let'stalkaboutthefirst.SpendingpartofourdayontheInternetisformanypeoplequitenormal.Theyusethiskindofmediumtogetinformationaboutallkindstopics.Maybesomeofthemareinterestedinchatting,probablytheyaremembersofacommunity.Whateveryouarelookingfor,youwillfindit.Evenifyouwanttofindveryspecificinformation,youwillfinditinashorttime.Normally,youoftenhavetosendaletter,thenyouoftenhavetowaitforthereply,oryouhavetomakesometelephonecallsandsoon.Inanycase,thetraditionalwayisthelongerone.ToputyourowninformationontheInternetisalsopossible.Createyourownhomepage,tellotherusersaboutyourinterests,whatyouwant,that'snoproblematall.Mostofusknowsoftwarecancostalot,ifyoubuyitlegally.Freesoftware,freemusicisavailableontheInternet.Youjusthavetodownloadtheprogram,themp3-fileorwhateverandthat'sallthereistoit.Whywouldyouwanttopaymorethanyouneedto?Specialwebsitesarecreatedjusttogiveyouthenewestprograms,ortotellyouwhereyoucangetitfrom.So,asyoucanseecomputersandInternetgotogetherandhaveopenedourworldinmanyways.青少年(youngteenagers/youngadult/youngchildrenThearrivaloftheInternethasspeededupglobalization.CurrentlyinChina,manyInternetcafes,especiallythosewithoutlicenses,admitjuvenilesinviolationofrelevantregulationsandspreadunhealthyinformationonline.Theyhavebroughtgreatharmtothementalhealthofteenagersandinterferedwiththeschoolteaching,whichhasarousedstrongreactionfromthepublic.Chinahasthelargestpopulationofyoungnetizensintheworld,buttheyturntotheInternetmostlytoplaygames.Thetopthreeactivitiesareonlineentertainment(39.9percent),sports(18.3percent)andwatchingtelevision(12.3percent).Whileblogs,orpersonalWeblogs,havedrawnalotofmediaattentionasamajorfocusofInternetuse,itisclearthatyoungpeopleinparticularusetheWebforentertainment.Seekingleisureandentertainmenthasbeentheprimaryreasonthatdrivesmanynetizensonline,themajorityofwhomareyoungsters.SotheissueofChina'syouthresortingtotheInternetforentertainmentdeservessomeattentionfromoursociety,"ThenumberofChina'snetizensreached111millionin2005,accordingtothe17thChinaInternetDevelopmentStatisticsReport,releasedinJanuarybytheChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenter.AndChina'scyberspaceisdominatedbyyoungpeople.Thosebetweentheageof18and24makeupthelargestproportionofInternetusers,at35.1percent.Netizensundertheageof30accountfor71percentofthetotal,thereportshows.ThesurveyshowsthatthetopfiveInternetactivitiesarereadingnews(65.9percent),browsingWebpages(65.2percent),playingonlinegames(62.2percent),downloadingmusic(56.5percent)anddownloadingentertainmentcontent(53.5percent).Internetaddiction,mostlyresultingfromplayingonlinegames,isclaimedtobethelargestproblemthreateningthehealthygrowthanddevelopmentofChineseyouth.Statisticsfromthe2005ChinaYouthInternetAddictionResearchReportshowthat13.2percentofyoungChinesenetizenssufferfromInternetaddictiondisorder,andanother13percenthavethetendencytobecomeaddictedtotheInternet.HeholdsthatonlineentertainmentisnothingthanInternet"opium,"andhecallsonyoungpeopletoabandontheircomputerscreensandgetoutInternetcafestoseekrealentertainmentintherealworld.)中文：中國在世界上擁有最大數(shù)量的青年網(wǎng)民，但他們大多都是上網(wǎng)打游戲。Sincethemid-1990s,therehavebeenabout250,000suicideseveryyearinChina,withsuiciderankingasthechiefcauseofdeathamongpeoplebetweentheagesof15and34.ArecentreportoftheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysthatover90percentofthesuicidesinforeigncountriessufferfrommentalproblems.ButinChina37percentofthesuicideschoosekillingthemselvesasawaytoescapedailypressureordisappointments.ArecentcaseofsuicidebyaboyaddictedtoInternetgameshasincreasedthepublic'sconcernovertheissueofInternetAddictionDisorder(IAD).XiaoYi,a13-year-oldfromTianjin,committedsuicidethinkingthathewouldmeethisfriendsfromcyberspaceafterhedied.Hejumpedfromthetopofa24-storeyhigh-rise,BeijingYouthDailyreportedyesterday.Heleftfournotesbeforehecommittedsuicide.InthelettersXiao,playingtheroleofacharacterfromacomputergame,saidthathewantedtomeetthreefriendswhoalsoplayedthegameinparadise.Hedidnotevenmentionhisparentsintheletters.Inthehypotheticalworldcreatedbysuchgames,theybecomeconfidentandgainsatisfaction,whichtheycannotgetintherealworld,hesaid.ShenQiyun,aprofessoratBeijingNormalUniversity,whohasstudiedtheinfluenceonteenagersofsuchgamessince2001,saidthatcurrently80percentofcomputergamesareimportedfromabroad,halfofwhicharerelatedtoa"demonworld,"martialartsandviolence,whicharenothealthyinfluencesonteenagers.Thecountryhasstrengtheneditssupervisionandmanagementofcomputergames.Increasingstress,lonelinessandalackofmedicalsupportfordepressionarethoughttohavecontributedtoanannualsuicidetollthatisestimatedat250,000peopleayear.AccordingtotheChinaDaily,anadditional2.5millionto3.5millionmakeunsuccessfulattemptstokillthemselveseachyear.未完待續(xù)~~歡迎進入：考研課程免費試聽更多信息請訪問：考研論壇飲可樂還是飲茶？《紅色娘子軍》舞動巴黎儒學在美國文明沖突(civilizationconflict/Huntingtondefineseightmajorcivilizations:(1)Western-whichincludesWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica;(2)Slavic-Orthodox;(3)Islamic-whichincludesthreesubdivisions:Arab,TurkicandMalay;(4)LatinAmerican;(5)Hindu;(6)Confucian;(7)Japanese;and(8)African.Huntingtonsaysthat"Thefaultlinesbetweencivilizationswillbethebattlelinesofthefuture."Hecontinues,"Overthecenturies...differencesamongcivilizationshavegeneratedthemostprolongedandthemostviolentconflict"[2]-moresoeventhanideologicalconflict.Thereason?-becausedifferencesbetweencivilizations"...arefarmorefundamentalthandifferencesamongpoliticalideologiesandpoliticalregimes..."[3]AndtheevidenceforHuntington'sassertioniseasilydiscernibleinwhat'sgoingonintheformerYugoslavia.Indeed,it'sonlyin"civilization"(orreligious)termsthatanysensecanbemadeofthealliancestructuresthathavegrownupasaresultoftheconflict:Germany,FranceandAustria(and,asaresult,theE.C.)favorSloveniaandCroatia(whichareCatholicandWesternChristian);Russiaandthe"EasternSlavs"favorSerbia(whichis-liketherestoftheSlavicstates-Orthodox);andTurkeyandIranfavortheMuslimsofBosnia(whichareIslamic).Indeed,theBalkanshavebeenatinderboxofconflictforhundredsofyearspreciselybecausetheylieattheconvergenceofthreemajorcivilizations(orreligions)andthecultureswhichthesereligionsundergird:WesternChristianity(Slovenia,Croatia,etc.);OrthodoxChristianity(Serbia,Bulgaria,Russia,etc.);andIslam(Turkey,Albania,etc.).Ithink,we'reinaNewAxialAge.TheideaofAxialAgewasproposedbyGermanphilosopherKarlJaspers(1883-1969),definedasaround500B.C.whengreatthinkersappearedalmostsimultaneousinAncientGreece,Israel,IndiaandChina,contributingtheiroriginalideastotheproblemsconcerningtheexistenceofhumanbeing.DistinctiveculturaltraditionswerethenformedrespectivelybySocratesandPlatoinAncientGreece,Lai-ziandConfuciusinChina,SakyamuniinIndia,andJewishprophetsinIsrael,which,aftermorethantwothousandyearsofprogress,havebecometheprinciplepartofhumanintellectualwealth.Theselocalculturaltraditionswereindependentinbirth,withoutmutualinfluence."UntiltodaymankindhaslivedbywhathappenedduringtheAxialPeriod,bywhatwasthoughtandcreatedduringthatperiod.Ineachnewupwardflightitreturnsinrecollectiontothisperiodandisfiredanewbyit.EvensincethenithasbeenthecasethatrecollectionsandreawakeningsofthepotentialitiesoftheAxialPeriod-renaissances-affordaspiritualimpetus."Forexample,theEuropeansinRenaissancehadrecollectedtheoriginoftheirculture,AncientGreece,whichhadfiredanewtheEuropeancivilizationandleftitsmarkonglobalculture.Similarly,theSongandMingNeo-ConfucianisminChinawasstimulatedbytheimpactsofIndianBuddhism;theConfucianthinkers,by"recollecting"ConfuciusandMenciusinpre-QingPeriod,hadpromotedtheingeniousChinesephilosophytoanewheight.Inacertainsense,thecontemporaryprogressofglobalculturesmightbeanewleaponthebasisofAxialAge.Hasthecontemporaryhumanculturecreated,orwillcreate,aNewAxialAgethen?--Judgedfromcertainevidences,itmightbe.IfChineseculturehopestocontributetothe"coexistenceofcivilizations"incontemporaryhumansociety,itmustneedstoknowitself,whichmeansaculturalself-consciousness.Theso-called"culturalself-consciousness"istheseriousself-reflectionbycertainpeopleincertainculturaltraditionontheirownculture'sorigin,itshistoryofformation,itscharacters(includingbothadvantagesanddisadvantages)anditstendencyofprogress.TherenewalofChinesenationisontheeve.Toachievethisgoal,wemusthaveaself-knowledgeaboutChineseculture,posititonaproperplace,andsearchwithenthusiasmthegenuinespiritofthisculturewithalonghistory,inordertopresentitsessencetomodernhumansociety.Besides,wemustreflectthedisadvantagesofourcultureaswell,tobettertheabsorptionsofothercultures'essences,andtore-interpretitinamodernwayadaptingtothegeneraltendencyofprogressofmodernsociety.Onlyafterthisretrospectivereflectioncouldourcountrymarchasvanguardintheprogressofglobalculture,andcreateabravenewworldtogetherwithothercultures.ConfucianismandTaoismwereprincipleschoolsofthinkingintraditionalChineseculture,usuallyregardedasmutualcomplementary-ofcourse,afterIndianBuddhismwasintroducedintoChina,italsoplayedanimportantroleinChinesesocietyandculture.NowI'dliketodiscusswhethertheConfucianandTaoistthinkingcouldprovidemeaningfulsourcesforthedoctrineof"coexistenceofcivilizations".(1)TheConfuciandoctrineofRen(仁:benevolence,virtue)isaresourceofthinkingwithpositivemeaningforthe"coexistenceofcivilizations"."TheWayoriginatesinEmotion"(道始于情),asprescribedin"DestinyistheresourceofHumannature"(性自命出),manuscriptinGuodianBambooSlips(《郭店竹簡》)."TheWay"heremeans"theWayofHuman"(人道),i.e.theprinciplesindealingwithhuman(orinantherword,social)relationships,whichisdifferentfrom"theWayofHeaven"(天道),i.e.thelawsofnatureorofuniverse.Humanrelationshipsareestablishedonthebasisofemotion,whichisthestartingpointofConfuciandoctrineofRen.OnceadisciplenamedFanChiaskedConfucius:"WhatisRen?"Th