大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷12（共195題）

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷12（共9套）（共195題）大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、仔細(xì)閱讀(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)GeneticEngineeringisaradicalandrapidlydevelopingtechnologythattouchesourlivesthroughitsapplicationinmedicine,forensics,industryandagriculture.ThroughthissciencehumansarefastinbecomingthearchitectsoflifebuttherearethosewhowarnagainsttheunknowndangersofplayingGodwhileothersseeitsbenefitsinourfightagainstdiseaseandtheproductionofabundantfoodsupplies.Inthepast50years,plantandanimalproductionhasincreaseddramatically.Today,thehumanpopulationisthelargestithaseverbeenandfortunatelyweproducemorefoodpercapitathaneverbefore.Despitethefactthatwehaveenoughfoodforeverysinglehumanbeingtohaveanadequatediet,about1billionpeoplestillsufferfrommalnutritionandhunger.Alotoftheincreaseinfoodproductionisattributedtoefficientfarmingmethodsandenvironmentalfactorssuchasirrigation,pestandweedcontrolbutthelargestcontributingfactorismodernplantandanimalbreeding.SowhatareGMfoodsandwhataretheconcernsfortheconsumer?ThemaindifferencebetweenGMfoodsandtraditionalbreedingmethodsisthedirectmodificationormanipulationofcertaingenes.Traditionalmethodsinvolvemixingthousandsofgeneswhereasgeneticmodificationallowsjustoneindividualgene,orasmallnumberofgenes,tobeinsertedintoaplant,oranimal.ThebenefitsofGMfoodsareenormous.Geneticmodificationcanbeusedtogivecropsimmunitytoplantvirusesortoimprovethenutritionalvalueofaplant.Inanimalsintendedforfood,geneticmodificationcouldpotentiallyincreasehowfastandhowbigtheygrow.Starvationonanypartoftheplanetcouldbeathingofthepastaswecouldcontroltheyield,varietiesandsizeoffoodsandproducestrainsthatareresistanttopests,areextremeintemperatureandaretoleranttoherbicides.OpponentsofGMfoodshoweverconsidertheirproductiontobetheworld'sbiggestuncontrolledbiologicalexperiment,adisasterwaitingtohappen.Thebiggestconcernsaretheeffectsthatanuncontrolledgeneticallymodifiedspeciescouldpotentiallyhaveonhumanandanimalhealth,agriculture,andontheenvironmentasawhole.Geneticallymodifiedspecieshavethepotentialtobecomebiologicalpollutantsthatarefarworsethanchemicalpollutantsastheywouldbevirtuallyimpossibletocontrolsincetheyarealive,migrateandcouldmutateproducingevenmoredangerousoffspring.Thiscouldleadtoirreversibledamagetotheecologyoftheplanet.1、Theauthordefinesgeneticengineeringas______.A、abrandnewtechnologythatwillshapeourplanetB、anupdatedtechnologythatmerelybenefithumanbeingsC、adangeroustechnologythatshouldbefunctionedinthelaboratoryD、anewandemergingtechnologythathashadaneffectonmanyaspectsofourlives標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。原文第一段第一句話明確表明，“GeneticEngineeringisaradicalandrapidlydevelopingtechnologythattouchesourlivesthroughitsapplicationinmedicine，forensics，industryandagriculture．”即對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D，基因工程是一項(xiàng)新出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)．它對(duì)我們生活的方方面面產(chǎn)生影響。2、Whatisthemostsignificantelementfortheincreaseinfoodproduction?A、Modernplantandanimalbreeding.B、Efficientfarmingmethods.C、Environmentalfactors.D、Newirrigationsystem.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“increaseinfoodproduction”定位于第二段最后一句，“Alotoftheincreaseinfoodproductionisattributedto…butthelargestcontributingfactorismodernplantandanimalbreeding．”糧食增產(chǎn)歸功于高效的耕作方式和一些環(huán)境因素，但最重要的是現(xiàn)代動(dòng)植物品種的繁殖，所以，正確答案是A。選項(xiàng)B、C為干擾項(xiàng)，都是原因，但不是主要的因素。3、WhatisthemaindifferencebetweenGeneticEngineeringandtraditionallybredfoods?A、Thedifferenceliesinthemethodsandthenumberofgenes.B、Theyhavedifferentsizeandcolor.C、Traditionalmethodsarenotattractedbyconsumers.D、GeneticEngineeringismoreefficient.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。原文第四段第二句與第三句，明確指出傳統(tǒng)繁殖和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的差異在于對(duì)特定遺傳因子的直接改良或操作。傳統(tǒng)的方法將數(shù)千種遺傳因子混在一起．而遺傳改良則把一個(gè)或少量的遺傳因子注入體內(nèi)?？芍獞?yīng)選A，在方法和基因的數(shù)量上有差別。4、Whydoestheauthorclaimthatstarvationcouldbeathingofthepastinparagraph4?A、BecauseGMisimmunetoplantviruses.B、Thetemperaturecanbemodifiedbyscientists.C、Scientistswillbeabletocontrolthesize,varietyandimmunityofcropsandanimals.D、Peopleareeasilyaccessibletofoodnowadays.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。原文第四段最后一句，明確指出“Starvationonanypartoftheplanet…andaretoleranttoherbicides．”由于可以控制食品的生產(chǎn)量、變種、規(guī)格等，生產(chǎn)出抗蟲性強(qiáng)，耐溫性強(qiáng)、耐除草劑的物種，饑餓便不復(fù)存在了。選項(xiàng)C與原文大意相符。5、WhatisthemainoppositiontotheproductionofGMfoods?A、Chemicalpollutantsaremoredangerous.B、Thepotentialofproducingharmfuloffspringcouldnotbecontrolled.C、GMfoodsarenotproperlytested.D、Thereleaseoflargerspeciesintotheenvironment.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問，反對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的主要理由是?文章第五段，“theywouldbevirtuallyimpossibletocontrol…”，很難去控制轉(zhuǎn)基因中的有害物質(zhì)，所以，正確答案是B。Therecent,apparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofEINino—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica—hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknespointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.Nonetheless,untilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheother,ashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearancesofthewarmEINinoandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNino.Theanswer,atleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrect,istobefoundintheocean.IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNino,twoconditionsexist:unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacific,principallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeru,andwindsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeeper,coldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwater,thusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNino,whichraisesealevelinthecast,simultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.Accordingtothemodel,thatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywave,awaveofdepressed,ornegative,sealevel,matmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacific,RossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasin,whichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchains,suchas,thePhilippinesandIndonesia.Whenthewavesmeetthewesternboundary,theyarereflected,andthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.Theseeventuallyshoottowardtheequator,andthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacific,theirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevel,andtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwinds,onethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestward,wavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwaves,beginninganotherwarmingcycle.6、Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?A、Amodelisdescribedanditsvalueassessed.B、Aresultisreportedanditsimportanceexplained.C、Aphenomenonisnotedanditssignificancedebated.D、Ahypothesisisintroducedandcontraryevidencepresented.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第一段的整體結(jié)構(gòu)Therecent，apparentlySuccessfulprediction．．．hasexcitedresearchers．．．Nonetheless．untilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhy…分析．該段首先介紹了數(shù)學(xué)模式對(duì)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生進(jìn)行了成功的預(yù)測(cè)，這次預(yù)測(cè)鼓舞了研究人員。而這些數(shù)學(xué)模式發(fā)展出來之前．沒有人能夠解釋為什么這些狀況發(fā)生期間出現(xiàn)周期性的變化。由這些分析可推知該段的邏輯順序是先報(bào)道了一個(gè)結(jié)果，然后解釋了它的重要性，和B選項(xiàng)表達(dá)一致。7、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfeaturesischaracteristicofanElNino?A、ColdcoastalwaternearPeru.B、Windblowingfromthewest.C、Randomoccurrence.D、Worldwideeffects.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。聯(lián)系第二段段首對(duì)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的解釋IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNino，twoconditionsexist：unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacific，principallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeru，andwindsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast．“人們?cè)缇椭?，在厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象發(fā)生期間，存在兩種現(xiàn)象——一是異常的暖流沿著太平洋東海岸延伸。尤其是沿著厄瓜多爾和秘魯?shù)暮０堆由欤菑奈鞣絹淼募撅L(fēng)吹進(jìn)在東方暖流中產(chǎn)生的更暖的空氣中。”可知選項(xiàng)B中windsblowingfromthewest“從西方來的季風(fēng)”是厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的一種特征，所以答案選B。8、Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyunderminethevalidityofthemodelElNinothatispresentedinthepassage?A、ElNinoextendsmuchfartheralongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruduringsomeyears.B、TherisingofcoldwaterintheeasternPacificdependsonthelocalcharacters.C、ThevariationsinthetimeforRossbywavestocrossthePacificrelyonthewindpower.D、ThePacificirregularwesterncoasthindersmostKelvinwavesfromheadingeastward.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句即花費(fèi)數(shù)月時(shí)間穿越太平洋后，“羅斯比波波浪”來到太平洋盆地的西部邊緣——該盆地被模擬成平坦的屏障，但實(shí)際上包含很不規(guī)則的島嶼群?？芍撃Ｊ揭罁?jù)的是太平洋盆地的西部邊緣是平坦的。而如果不是這樣，則該模式就不正確。通讀答案，D選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容太平洋不規(guī)律規(guī)則的西部海岸阻礙了大多數(shù)開氏波浪流向東部和原文表述一致，所以答案選D。9、Accordingtothemodelpresentedinthepassage,whichofthefollowingnormallysignalsthedisappearanceofanElNino?A、ThearrivalintheeasternPacificofnegativesea-levelKelvinwaves.B、Ashiftinthedirectionofthewindsproducedbyananti-ElNino.C、ThereflectionofKelvinwavesreachingtheeasternborderofthePacific.D、AnincreaseinthespeedatwhichnegativeRossbywavescrossthePacific.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。聯(lián)系原文第二、三段內(nèi)容，第二段介紹了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象存在的兩種現(xiàn)象——異常的暖流沿著太平洋東海岸延伸和從西方來的季風(fēng)吹進(jìn)在東方暖流中產(chǎn)生的更暖的空氣中。第三段指出．如果從西部來的“開氏波浪”達(dá)到足夠的量．它們就會(huì)克服提升海平面的反饋機(jī)制，促使該機(jī)制變成相反的寒冷模式，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致季風(fēng)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變。最終促使“羅斯比波浪”向西流動(dòng)．寒冷的“開氏波浪”結(jié)束循環(huán)返回。開始另一個(gè)暖流循環(huán)。這說明，“開氏波浪”的返回就預(yù)示著厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的結(jié)束。和選項(xiàng)A的表述一致。10、Theprimarypurposeofthetextasawholeisto______.A、introduceanewexplanationofphysicalphenomenonB、explainthedifferencebetweentwonaturalphenomenaC、illustratethelimitsofapplyingmathematicstocomplexproblemsD、clarifythedistinctionbetweenanoldexplanationandanewmodel標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨題。回顧全文。第一段提到了利用數(shù)學(xué)模式對(duì)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生進(jìn)行的預(yù)測(cè)，接著介紹了該模式的重要性，第二、三段具體介紹了該模式的觀點(diǎn)。這說明，本文主要是在介紹對(duì)厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的一種新解釋。所以答案選A。Aidedbytherecentabilitytoanalyzesamplesofairtrappedinglaciers,scientistsnowhaveaclearerideaoftherelationshipbetweenatmosphericcompositionandglobaltemperaturechangingoverthepast160,000years.Inparticular,determinationofatmosphericcompositionduringperiodsofglacialexpansionandretreat(coolingandwarming)ispossibleusingdatafromthe2,000meterVostokicecoredrilledinAntarctica.Thetechniqueinvolvedissimilartothatusedinanalyzingcoresofmarinesediments,wheretheratioofthetwocommonisotopesofoxygen,180and160,accuratelyreflectspasttemperaturechanges.IsotopicanalysisofoxygenintheVostokcoresuggestsmeanglobaltemperaturefluctuationsofupto10degreescentigradeoverthepast160,000years.DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofcarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.Thecorrelationofcarbondioxidewithtemperature,ofcourse,doesnotestablishwhetherchangesinatmosphericcompositioncausingthewarmingandcoolingtrendsorwerecausedbythem.ThecorrelationbetweencarbondioxideandtemperaturethroughouttheVostokrecordisconsistentandpredictable.Theabsolutetemperaturechanges,however,arefrom5to14timesgreaterthanwouldbeexpectedonthebasisofcarbondioxide'sownabilitytoabsorbinfraredradiation,orradiantheat.Thisreactionsuggeststhat,quiteasidefromchangesinheat-trappinggases,commonlyknownasgreenhousegases,certainpositivefeedbacksarealsoamplifyingthetemperaturechange.Suchfeedbacksmightinvolveiceonlandandsea,clouds,orwatervapor,whichalsoabsorbradiantheat.OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.Themethaneconcentrationnearlydoubled,forexample,betweenthepeakofthepenultimateglacialperiodandthefollowinginterglacialperiod.Withinthepresentinterglacialperiodithasmorethandoubledinjustthepast300yearsandisrisingrapidly.Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.Onthebasisofasimulationmodelthatclimatologicalresearchershavedeveloped,methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.11、Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.A、interpretdataB、explainresearchmethodologyC、evaluateaconclusionD、suggestanewtechnique標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨題。根據(jù)文章第一、二、四段的首句Aidedbytherecentabilitytoanalyzesamplesofairtrappedinglaciers，scientistsnowhaveacleareridea…，DatafromtheVostolkcorealsoindicatethat…．OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthat…可以把握文章的主要目的是科學(xué)家通過對(duì)困在冰川中的空氣樣品進(jìn)行分析．對(duì)大氣構(gòu)成與全球氣溫變化之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行解釋說明。簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是“解釋數(shù)據(jù)”，和A選項(xiàng)表達(dá)一致。12、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandglobaltemperature?A、Carbondioxidelevelschangeimmediatelyinresponsetochangesintemperature.B、Carbondioxidelevelscorrelatewithglobaltemperatureduringcoolingperiodsonly.C、Duringcoolingperiods,carbondioxidelevelsinitiallyremainhighandthendecline.D、Carbondioxidelevelsincreasemorequicklythanglobaltemperaturedoes.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)“therelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandglobaltemperature”定位到文章第二段。Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation，itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling．“盡管在冰川消退期，二氧化碳含量的變化緊隨著氣溫的變化，但在降溫期，二氧化碳含量的變化顯然滯后于氣溫?！闭f明降溫期二氧化碳含量先升后降，比氣溫下降慢一步，和選項(xiàng)C表述一致，所以C為正確答案。同時(shí)也排除了A“二氧化碳對(duì)氣溫變化做出的反應(yīng)是迅速的”和B“二氧化碳含量?jī)H在降溫期和氣溫有關(guān)”。D“二氧化碳比氣溫升得更快”屬于無(wú)中生有。所以答案選C。13、Theauthormentions"certainpositivefeedbacks"(Line6,Para.3)inordertoindicatethat______.A、increasedconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereisresponsibleforglobaltemperatureincreaseB、someclimatesimulationmodelshaveproducedusefulinformationC、greenhousegasesalonedonotaccountforglobaltemperatureincreaseD、variablesthatbenefitlifearecausingglobaltemperaturetoincrease標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段Thisreactionsuggeststhat，quiteasidefromchangesinheat—trappinggases，commonlyknownasgreenhousegases，certainpositivefeedbacksarealsoamplifyingthetemperaturechange．Suchfeedbacksmightinvolveiceonlandandsea，clouds，orwatervapor，whichalsoabsorbradiantheat．“這種關(guān)系表明，除了捕熱氣體(即通常所稱為的溫室氣體)以外，某些正反饋也會(huì)擴(kuò)大溫度變化。此類反饋可能涉及陸地上和海洋中的冰、云或水蒸氣，它們也都會(huì)吸收輻射熱?！笨芍粌H僅是溫室氣體導(dǎo)致了溫度升高．某些正反饋也是原因之一。C選項(xiàng)和原文表述一致。所以答案選C。14、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmethaneistrue?A、Methaneisfoundinmarinesediments.B、Methaneismoreeffectivethancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.C、TheEarth’satmospherenowcontainsmorethantwiceasmuchmethaneasitdoescarbondioxide.D、ThehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphere,thelowertheconcentrationofmethane.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)“methane”定位到第四段。根據(jù)Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide，itcannotbeignored：theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective，moleculeformolecule，thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat．“盡管大氣甲烷的含量要比二氧化碳的含量低兩個(gè)多數(shù)量級(jí)，但它仍不能被忽視：就分子與分子相對(duì)比，甲烷的輻射特性使其在吸收輻射熱這方面，要比二氧化碳強(qiáng)出20倍?！闭f明甲烷在吸收輻射熱這方面比二氧化碳有效。和選項(xiàng)B的表述一致，所以答案是B。A“甲烷是在海洋沉積物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的”原文沒有提及．C是對(duì)原文“甲烷的含量幾乎翻了一倍。在目前的間冰期范圍內(nèi)，它在過去短短的300年就已經(jīng)增加了兩倍多，并正在迅速增長(zhǎng)”的誤解，D“二氧化碳含量越高，甲烷含量越低”也沒有提及。15、ThepassagesuggeststhatwhenthemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmospheredecreases,whichofthefollowingalsohappens?A、Glaciersmeltfaster.B、Theconcentrationofcarbondioxideincreases.C、Carbondioxideabsorbsmoreradiantbeat.D、Theglobaltemperaturedecreases.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的最后一個(gè)例子“從氣候?qū)W研究者所建立的某個(gè)模擬模型來看，在8000至10000年之前的最近一次冰川稍退期間發(fā)生的升溫過程中，甲烷似乎發(fā)揮了相等于二氧化碳25％的重要作用?！笨芍獪囟壬撸淄楹可?，二者關(guān)系是正相關(guān)。那么如果甲烷含量下降，溫度應(yīng)該會(huì)降低．所以答案選D。Oneofthesimplestandbestknownkindsofcrystalistheionicsalt,ofwhichatypicalexampleissodiumchloride,orordinarytablesalt.Thefundamentalcomponentsofanionicsaltareions:atomsormoleculesthathavebecomeelectricallychargedbygainingorlosingonemoreelectrons.Informingsodiumchloride,forexample,sodiumatomsgiveupanelectron(therebybecomingpositivelycharged)andchlorineatomsgainanelectron(therebybecomingnegativelycharged).Theionsareattractedtooneanotherbytheiroppositecharges,andtheystacktogethercompactly,liketightlypackedspheres.Recently,scientistsatMichiganStateUniversitycreatedanewkindofcrystalcalledanelectride.Inelectrides,theanions(negativeions)arecompletelyreplacedbyelectrons,whicharetrappedinnaturallyformedcavitieswithinaframeworkofregularlystackedcations(positiveions).Electridesarethefirstexamplesofionicsaltsinwhichalltheseanionicsitesareoccupiedsolelybyelectrons.Unlikeothertypesofanions,anionicelectronsdonotbehaveasiftheyweresimplechargedspheres.Inparticular,becauseoftheirlowmassandtheirtendencytointeractwithoneanotherovergreatdistances,theycannotbe"pinneddown"toanyonelocation.Instead,theywanderclosetoandamongtheatomsliningthecavityandinteractwithelectronsinnearbycavities,perhapschangingplaceswiththem.Thepropertiesofanelectridedependlargelyonthedistancebetweenthecavitiesthatholdtrappedelectrons.Whenthetrappedelectronsarefarapart,theydonotinteractstrongly,andsobehavesomewhatlikeanarrayofisolatednegativecharges.Whentheyareclosertogether,theybegintodisplaypropertiesassociatedwithlargeensemblesofidenticalparticles.Whentheyarestillcloser,theensemblepropertiesdominateandtheelectrons"delocalize":theyarenolongertightlyboundwithinindividualcavitiesbutaremoreorlessfreetopassthroughthespaceswithintheframeworkofpositiveions.Bysynthesizingelectridesfromavarietyofmaterials,onecanvarythegeometryoftheanioniccavitiesandtheirrelationtothesurroundingcations.Theresultingpropertiesmaymakeitpossibleforelectridestobecomeabasisforeconomicallyusefulnewmaterialsanddevices.Forinstance,becausetheelectronsinsomeelectridesareveryweaklybound,thesecrystalscouldbeeffectiveasphotosensitivedetectors,inwhichanimpingingphotonliberatesanelectron,resultinginasmallelectriccurrent.Thesameweakbindingcouldalsomakeelectridesusefulinsolarenergyconvertersandascathodesinbatteries.Oneobstacleisthetendencyofelectridestodecomposethroughreactionwithairandwater.Researchersareseekingwaystoincreasetheirstability.16、Thetextisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing______.A、awaytoisolateelectronsB、thecharacteristicsofanewkindofcrystalC、thestructureofanionicsaltD、commercialusesforelectrides標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨題。文章第一段講了普通的晶體，第二段是解答本題的關(guān)鍵，第二段中介紹了最近的科研發(fā)現(xiàn)——電子晶體．后文都是在介紹這種新的電子晶體的特征，和B選項(xiàng)表達(dá)一致。所以答案選B。17、Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.A、introducingavariantonthestandardatomictheoryB、describinghowchlorineatomscanbecomenegativelychargedC、providingbackgroundforthetechnicaldiscussiontofollowD、describingsomeearlyresearchatMichiganStateUniversity標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第1題的討論結(jié)果，文章第二段開始一直關(guān)注的是新的科研發(fā)現(xiàn)——電子晶體，只有第一段的內(nèi)容是普通的晶體，所以第一段內(nèi)容是為引起下文而進(jìn)行的學(xué)科普遍現(xiàn)象背景介紹．為后文進(jìn)行鋪墊。同時(shí)也和下文形成了對(duì)比。和選項(xiàng)C表述一致，所以C為正確答案。18、Accordingtothetext,thedefiningcharacteristicofanelectrideiswhichofthefollowing?A、Itspositiveisofparticularlylowmass.B、Itsionspossessidenticalelectricalcharges.C、Itcontainsaframeworkofregularlystackedions.D、Itsnegativeionsconsistsolelyofelectrons.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)“electride”定位到第二段Inelectrides，theanions(negativeions)arecompletelyreplacedbyelectrons，whicharetrappedinnaturallyformedcavitieswithinaframeworkofregularlystackedcations(positiveions)．Electridesarethefirstexamplesofionicsaltsinwhichalltheseanionicsitesareoccupiedsolelybyelectrons．“在電子晶體中，陰離子(即帶負(fù)電荷的離子)全部被電子替代，這些電子被困在自然形成的空穴中，而空穴位于規(guī)則堆砌的陽(yáng)離子(即帶正電荷的離子)的框架內(nèi)。電子晶體是一種陰離子空間全被電子占據(jù)的離子鹽。“可知電子晶體的陰離子完全是由電子構(gòu)成的，D選項(xiàng)和原文表述一致，所以答案選D。19、Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatanionsbehavingas"simplechargedspheres"(Para.3)couldbeexpectedto______.A、readilyloseelectronsandbecomepositivelychargedB、movefreelyinandoutoftheircavitiesC、respondtophotonsbyliberatingelectronsD、remainfixedrelativetotheircations標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容．大意是“和其他類型的陰離子不同，作為陰離子的電子不像那些簡(jiǎn)單的帶電球體。它們很特別，由于它們的質(zhì)量很小而且有與遠(yuǎn)距離的離子進(jìn)行相互作用的傾向。它們不會(huì)被固定在任何一個(gè)位置。相反，它們會(huì)到處游離，或者緊靠那些在空穴邊上的原子，或者在這些原子之間游離，并且還和附近空中的電子發(fā)生相互作用，甚至還可能與它們交換位置。”可知那些簡(jiǎn)單的帶電球體的陰離子會(huì)被固定，不會(huì)到處游離，和選項(xiàng)D的表述一致，所以答案是D。20、Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingelectrideswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?A、Theyhaveproventhemselvestobeofgreatcommercialvalue.B、Theirfuturecommercialvalueispromisingbutuncertain.C、Theyareinterestingbutofnopracticalvalue.D、Theyhavecommercialvaluemainlyinsolarenergyapplications.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的Thesameweakbindingcouldalsomakeelectridesusefulinsolarenergyconvertersandascathodesinbatteries．Oneobstacleisthetendencyofelectridestodecomposethroughreactionwithairandwater．Researchersareseekingwaystoincreasetheirstability．“這種結(jié)合微弱的特性同樣可使電子晶體對(duì)太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)換器和電池的陰極很有用?？呻娮泳w的一個(gè)缺陷在于它易于與空氣和水發(fā)生反應(yīng)而分解。目前，研究人員正設(shè)法尋找提高電子晶體穩(wěn)定性的方法。”可知電子晶體對(duì)于太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)換器和電池的陰極很有用，是存在商業(yè)價(jià)值的。但是由于本身的缺陷，研究人員正在努力改進(jìn)，所以它的商業(yè)前景尚不明朗。和選項(xiàng)B的表述一致。所以答案選B。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)改革適用（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套一、仔細(xì)閱讀(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Therewasatimewhenbig-leagueuniversitypresidentsreallymattered.TheNewYorkTimescoveredtheireverymove.Presidents,therealones,soughttheircounsel.ForWoodrowWilsonandDwightEisenhower,beingheadofPrincetonandColumbia,respectively,wasastepping-stonetotheWhiteHouse.Today,though,thejobofcollegepresidentislessandlessremovedfromthatoftheAvonlady(exceptthehousecallsaremadetothedoorstepsofwealthyalums).RuthSimmons,thenewlyinstalledpresidentofBrownUniversityandthefirstAfricanAmericantoleadanIvyLeagueschool,isathrowbacktothecrusadingcampusleadersoftheold.Shedoesn'tmerelymarshalfunds;sheinveststheminthegreateducationalcausesofourday.Withthemorethan$300millionsheraisedaspresidentofSmithCollegefrom1995to2001,Simmonsestablishedanengineeringprogram(thefirstatanywomen'sschool)andaddedseminarsfocusedonpublicspeakingtopurgetheubiquitous"likes"and"urns"fromthecampusidiom.AtameetingtodiscussthefutureofSmith'smathdepartment,oneprofessortimidlyrequestedtwomorediscussionsectionsforhiscourse.Herresponse:"Dreambigger."Herowndreamwasborninasharecropper'sshackinEastTexaswheretherewasnomoneyforbooksortoys—sheandher11siblingseachgotanapple,anorangeand10nutsforChristmas.ThoughshewascalledNegroonherwalktoschool,enteringtheclassroom,shesays,"waslikewakingup."WhenSimmonswonascholarshiptoDillardUniversity,herhighschoolteacherstookupacollectionsoshe'dhaveacoat.ShewentontoHarvardtoearnaPh.D.inRomancelanguages.SimmonshasmadediversityherNo.1campuscrusade.ShenearlydoubledtheenrolmentofblackfreshmenatSmith,largelybytravellingtohighschoolsinthenation'spoorestZIPcodestorecruit.Concernedwiththelivesofminoritystudentsoncetheyarrivedatschool,shehasfoughttoeasetheracialstandoffsthatplaguesomanycampuses.AtSmithsheturneddownarequestbystudentstohaverace-specificdorms.In1993,whileviceprovostatPrinceton,shewroteanowfamousreportrecommendingthattheuniversityestablishanofficeofconflictresolutiontodefuseracialmisunderstandingsbeforetheyboiledover.HerfirsttaskatBrownwillbetohealonesuchrupturelastspringafterthestudentpaperpublishedanincendiaryadbyconservativepolemicistDavidHorowitzarguingthatblackseconomicallybenefitedfromslavery."There'snosafegroundforanybodyinracerelations,butcampuses,unlikeanyotherinstitutioninoursociety,providetheopportunitytocrossraciallines,"saysSimmons."Andevenifyou'rehurt,youcan'twalkaway.Youhavetowalkoverthatline."1、Whatdoesthe"ones"(Line2,Para.l)referto?A、CounsellorsintheWhiteHouseB、FamouspeopleinacountryC、PresidentsofuniversitiesD、Presidentsofnations標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：語(yǔ)義題。定位于原文中“Presidents，therealones，soughttheircounsel．”該段第一句說一流大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)舉足輕重。該句意思是總統(tǒng)甚至都向他們征求意見，所以該句的their指代大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)，而ones指代國(guó)家總統(tǒng)。所以，選項(xiàng)D是正確答案。2、WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTTRUEonhowSimmonsspendwiththefundsshehadraised?A、Sheenlargedthenumberofthosestudentswhocanwinscholarship.B、Shepaidmoreattentiononpublicspeakingbyaddingmoreseminars.C、Anengineeringprogramwasestablishedbyher.D、Sheencouragedprofessorstopracticetheirideas.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問，關(guān)于Simmons校長(zhǎng)怎么利用她籌集的款項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)中哪一項(xiàng)不正確?此題定位于原文第二段。選項(xiàng)B，對(duì)應(yīng)原文“addedseminarsfocusedonpublicspeaking”；選項(xiàng)C，對(duì)應(yīng)“Simmonsestablishedanengineeringprogram”；選項(xiàng)D，原文中一位教授提出他的課能否多加兩次討論環(huán)節(jié)，Simmons回答說再大膽些?？芍枪膭?lì)教授們實(shí)踐自己的想法的。選項(xiàng)A，她增加了獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的人數(shù)，文中并未提及。故選A。3、Whatcanweinferfrom"waslikewakingup"inparagraph3?A、Simmonsisrealistic.B、Simmonsiscreative.C、Simmonsiscoward.D、Simmonsisoptimistic.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。原文第三段講述Simmons年少時(shí)的經(jīng)歷。原文第二句“ThoughshewascalledNegroonherwalktoschool，enteringtheclassroom，shesays，“waslikewakingup．”上學(xué)時(shí)有人叫她黑鬼。但她進(jìn)教室卻說：“這喚醒了我?！比缓髪^發(fā)努力取得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金并在哈佛取得博士學(xué)位。由此可看出，她非常樂觀，選項(xiàng)D符合邏輯。選項(xiàng)A，現(xiàn)實(shí)的；選項(xiàng)B，創(chuàng)新的；選項(xiàng)C，膽小的，均與原文大意不相符。故選D。4、WhydidSimmonsrejecttherequesttoallowstudentswithsameracetolivetogetherinonedormitory?A、Sheintendedtoallowstudentstomakemorefriends.B、Sheexpectedstudentsfromdifferentracestoknowmoreabouteachot