專題18閱讀理解-2023年中考英語總復習真題探究與變式訓練

專題18閱讀理解命題方向重要指數(shù)考向一應用文（必考點）考向二記敘文（必考點）考向三說明文（常考點）考向四議論文（?？键c）考向一應用文例1（2022·湖北荊門·統(tǒng)考中考真題）（應用文）Weletoournewclubs!ChineseKnotClubKnotscanalsobeart.Youcanlearntheoldstoriesbehindtheknotsandlearntomakeyourownones.Thetraditionalredknotsarebelievedtobringpeoplehappinessandgoodluck.Time:8:00a.m.—10:00a.m.,TuesdayPlace:Room308TaijiquanClubAsanancientformofexercise,taijiquanbringspeacetoourmindandbodywithslowandquietmovements.Let’sfollowMr.Suanddoittogether.Itwillhelpyoushakeoffthestressinyourlife.Time:5:30p.m.—6:30p.m.,fromMondaytoFridayPlace:TheYouthSquareChineseCalligraphy(書法)Clubeandjoinus,boysandgirls!YoucanenjoythebeautyofChinesecalligraphyandlearnhowtowriteChinesecharacters(漢字)beautifully.Ms.Zhangiswaitingforyouhere.Time:3:00p.m.—5:00p.m.,ThursdayPlace:Room107BeijingOperaClubInourclub,youcanlearntoperformBeijingoperaandplayrolesfromancienttimes.Mr.WuisafamousBeijingoperaactor.HegiveslessonseachFridayandwegotoMeiLanfangTheatertoenjoyBeijingoperashowsonceamonth.Time:8:00a.m.—11:00a.m.,FridayPlace:Room105InChineseculture,theredknotsareasymbolof________.A．a(chǎn)rt B．peace C．oldstories D．goodluck2．WhencanyougototheTaijiquanClub?A．At5:00p.m.onSunday. B．At10:00a.m.onMonday.C．At5:30p.m.onFriday. D．At8:00a.m.onTuesday.3．WhatcanwelearnabouttheBeijingOperaClub?A．ItslessonsaregivenbyMr.Su. B．Itsmembersmeetonceaweek.C．Itsmembersperformatatheater. D．Itsteacherisafamousperformer.【答案】1．D

2．C

3．B【導語】本文是一篇應用文，向我們介紹幾個新的俱樂部。1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thetraditionalredknotsarebelievedtobringpeoplehappinessandgoodluck.”可知，傳統(tǒng)的紅結(jié)被認為能給人們帶來幸福和好運。故選D。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“TaijiquanClub...Time:5:30p.m.—6:30p.m.,fromMondaytoFriday”可知，太極拳俱樂部的時間是周一到周五的晚上5:30到6:30，故選C。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“HegiveslessonseachFriday”可知，每個星期五上課，所以成員每周見一次面，故選B。一、文章類型閱讀理解之應用文包含廣告、招聘、咨詢和建議、通知等類型的文章。二、滿分技巧解答廣告圖表類題，要仔細閱讀表格中的內(nèi)容，表格類閱讀材料一般都直觀地表達出所要傳遞的信息?？忌灰芸炊鱾€項目的意義，即可找出所設問題的答案。這類材料一般不涉及難度太大的題目?？v觀歷年各省市的中考題可以看出廣告圖表類的文章在閱讀理解中占有相當大的比重，一般四篇閱讀理解中至少有一篇是廣告圖表類。廣告圖表類的文章屬于應用文的行列?？忌陂喿x這類材料時，主要從兩方面入手：一是了解圖表的主題，確定圖表的主要內(nèi)容，二是推敲圖畫上的文字或數(shù)字，找出它們之間的關聯(lián)或試圖表達的含義?！咀兪?】（2022·內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯·統(tǒng)考中考真題）9:00a.m.—11:30a.m.Preparedspeechesandcreativetalentshowsarewaitingforyouinthehall.11:50a.m.—2:30p.m.HavelunchattheLotusHotel.Traditionalfoodanddrinksareoffered.3:00p.m.—9:00p.m.Youwon’tmisssandsliding,camelriding,sightseeingtraintour,OrdosWeddingandunforgettablecampfire<Joinusby8:00p.m.>.*Awarmcoat,afewmasksandnegativenucleicacidtestreportsareneeded.Whoistheposterprobablywrittenfor?A．Parents. B．Schoolleavers. C．Teachers. D．Seventhgraders.5．WhattimeshouldJackarriveifhewantstojoininthecampfire?A．At11:50a.m. B．At3:00p.m. C．About8:00p.m. D．After9:30p.m.6．StudentscandothefollowingthingsduringthetripEXCEPT________.A．ridingthecamelinXiangshaBay B．listeningtothepreparedspeechesC．givingthankstoteachersandparents D．goinghikingwithclassmates【答案】4．B

5．B

6．D【導語】本文是一篇應用文，介紹畢業(yè)活動——香沙灣之旅。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“It’stimetogivethankstoteachersandparentsandsaygoodbyetoeachotherinanewway.”可知，是時候感謝老師和父母，用新的方式和對方說再見了。由此推知，文章是寫給學校畢業(yè)生的，故選B。5．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“3:00p.m.—9:00p.m.”和“Joinusby8:00p.m.”可知，活動下午3點開始，如果想看篝火，需要在晚上8點前加入。故選B。6．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“camelriding”，“Preparedspeeches”和“It’stimetogivethankstoteachersandparentsandsaygoodbyetoeachotherinanewway.”可知，沒有提到和同學一起去遠足。故選D?？枷蚨洈⑽睦?（2022·甘肅甘南·統(tǒng)考中考真題）（記敘文）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷文后句子的正誤。正確的句子涂A，錯誤的涂B。Threeyearsago,IwentonavacationinParis,France.Oneday,Iwenttoarestauranttohavelunch,buttherewerenomorefreetablesthere.Thenanoldwomansaid,“Youcansitwithme.”Ithankedherandsatdownwiththekindwoman.Afterthelunch,sheaskedmehowIwouldspendthevacationinParis.ItoldherIwouldtakeataxitogoout,althoughitwasalittleexpensive.“Mydear,don’tuseanymoretaxis,”saidthewoman.“I’mretired(退休的)andIcandriveyoutoanyplaceyouwant.”ItoldherIcouldn’ttroublehertoomuch,butshedisagreedandaskedmewhereIwasstayingandthenextmorningshecametomyhotel.ShedrovemetotheEiffelTowerandthenleftafterstayingwithmeforsometime.Attheendoftheday,shecamebacktotakemebacktomyhotel.Igavehermoney,butsherefused.ThatwonderfulwomanmademyshortvacationinParisgreat.Iwillneverforgether.7．Thewriterdidn’thavelunchbecausetherewerenofreetablesintherestaurant.8．Theoldwomanwouldliketodrivethewriteranywhereshewantedtogo.9．TheoldwomanvisitedtheEiffelTowerwiththewriter.10．TheoldwomangotsomemoneyaftershedrovethewritertotheEiffelTower.11．Thewriterwillneverforgettheoldwomanbecauseofherkindness.【答案】7．B

8．A

9．B

10．B

11．A【導語】本文講述了作者去巴黎旅行時遇到一位善良的老婦人的故事。7．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Youcansitwithme”以及“Afterthelunch”可知作者和老婦人坐在一起吃了午飯。故選B。8．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“I’mretired(退休的)andIcandriveyoutoanyplaceyouwant.”可知老婦人愿意開車送作者去任何她想去的地方。故選A。9．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ShedrovemetotheEiffelTowerandthenleftafterstayingwithmeforsometime”可知老婦人把作者送到埃菲爾鐵塔后，待了一段時間就走了，并沒有和作者一起參觀了埃菲爾鐵塔。故選B。10．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ShedrovemetotheEiffelTowerandthenleftafterstayingwithmeforsometime.Attheendoftheday,shecamebacktotakemebacktomyhotel.Igavehermoney,butsherefused.”可知老婦人開車送作者到埃菲爾鐵塔后并沒有得到錢。故選B。11．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ThatwonderfulwomanmademyshortvacationinParisgreat.Iwillneverforgether.”可知作者永遠不會忘記這位老婦人的善良。故選A。記敘文閱讀理解是中考英語的?？疾牧现?。這類文章一般可分為人物傳記和短篇故事兩類。1.人物傳記主要涉及某人的生平事跡、趣聞軼事、生活背景、個性特征、成長和奮斗歷程等，其特點是以時間的先后或事件的發(fā)展為主線，脈絡清楚，可讀性較強。2.短篇故事與人物傳記不同的是，這類文章一般描述的是某一件具體事情的發(fā)生發(fā)展或結(jié)局，有人物、時間、地點和事件。解題技巧1.閱讀人物傳記類文章時應該抓住時間線索來獲取有關信息，即主人翁在某個時間做過什么，然后通過分析推理、綜合歸納的方法進行解題。2.閱讀短篇故事類材料時，同學們一定要根據(jù)主要情節(jié)掌握文章主旨大意，同時抓住每一個細節(jié)，設身處地地根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容揣摩作者的態(tài)度和意圖，根據(jù)情節(jié)展開想象，這樣的話即使是深層理解題也可迎刃而解。命題往往從故事的情節(jié)、人物或事件之間的關系、作者的態(tài)度及意圖、故事前因和后果的推測等方面著手，考查考生對細節(jié)的辨認能力以及推理判斷能力?！咀兪?】（2022·甘肅甘南·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Arichwomanissoproudofavaluableantiquevase(古董花瓶)thatshedecidestohaveherbedroompaintedthesamecolorasthevase.Severalpainterstrytomixthecolorright,butnoneescloseenoughtosatisfythewoman.Finally,theninthpersones.HeisapainternamedWilson.Heisconfidentthathecanmixthepropercolor.Thewomanispleasedwiththeresult,andWilsonbeesfamous.Yearslater,heretiresandturnsthebusinessovertohisson.“Dad,”askstheson,“there’ssomethingI’vegottoknow.Howdidyougetthosewallstomatchthevasesoperfectly?”“Son,”Wilsonreplies,“Ipaintedthevase.”12．Wheredoesthewomanwanttopaint?A．Thelivingroom. B．Thekitchen. C．Thebedroom.13．Howmanypainterstrytomixthecolor?A．Seven. B．Eight. C．Nine.14．Whatmakesthepainterbeefamous?A．Hiswonderfulworks.B．Histalentedson.C．Hemixesthepropercolorandsatisfiesthewoman.15．WhowilltakeoverWilson’sbusiness?A．Hisson. B．Hisnephew. C．Hisdaughter.16．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．AvaluableantiquevaseB．AsmartpainterC．Arichwomanandherantiquevase【答案】12．C

13．C

14．C

15．A

16．B【導語】本文講述了一個聰明的粉刷工怎樣讓一位貴婦滿意的故事。12．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“shedecidestohaveherbedroompaintedthesamecolorasthevase.”可知女人決定把臥室粉刷成和花瓶一樣的顏色。故選C。13．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Finally,theninthpersones”可知一共有九位畫家嘗試調(diào)色。故選C。14．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Heisconfidentthathecanmixthepropercolor.Thewomanispleasedwiththeresult,andWilsonbeesfamous”可知他調(diào)配了合適的顏色，讓女人滿意，這使得他出名，故選C。15．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Yearslater,heretiresandturnsthebusinessovertohisson”可知Wilson的兒子會接手他的生意，故選A。16．最佳標題題。根據(jù)全文可知，本文講述了一個聰明的粉刷工怎樣讓一位貴婦滿意的故事。B選項最合適。故選B?？枷蛉f明文例1（2022·甘肅甘南·統(tǒng)考中考真題）（說明文）閱讀下面短文，從各題所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。Anewstudyfoundthatlotsofkidshateschool.Usuallythiskindoffeelingdoesn’tlastlong.Butwhatwillhappenifyoufeelthiswaytoomuch?Schoolisafactoflifeandgettingagoodeducationcanhelpyoubuildthekindoffuturelifeyouwant.Solet’stalkaboutschoolandwhattodowhenyoudon’tlikeit.Ifyoudon’tlikeschool,thefirststepistofindoutwhy.Youmightnotlikeschoolbecauseyoudon’thaveenoughfriends,ormaybeyouarenotgoodwithyourteachers.Sometimesthere’sabigproblemwithyourschoolwork.Toomanysubjectsandtoomuchhomeworkmakeyouworried.Youmaybegettingfartherandfartherbehind,anditmayseemlikeyou’llnevercatchup.Whenyouknowwhyyoudon’tlikeschool,youcanstarttakingstepstomakethingsbetter.It’sagoodideatotalktosomeoneaboutyourproblemswithschool.Remember,yourmum,dadorteacherscanalwayshelpyou.Anothergoodideaistowritedownyourfeelingsaboutschoolinanotebook.It’sagreatwaytoletoutemotions（情緒）.Remember,youdon’thavetosharewhatyou’vewrittenwithothers.17．Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanknow________.A．a(chǎn)llthestudentshateschoolB．therearesomewaystohelpthesestudentswhohateschoolC．ifastudenthatesschool,hewillneverlikeit18．Accordingtothepassage,whocanhelpthestudentswhentheyhaveproblemswithschool?A．Theirfriends. B．Theirteachers. C．Theirclassmates.19．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“catchup”mean?A．彌補 B．趕上 C．糾纏20．Whatdoesthewriter’sopinionongettingagoodeducation?A．Itcanhelpstudentsmakemorefriends.B．Itcanmaketheparentshappy.C．Itcanhelpstudentsbuildthekindoffuturelifetheywant.21．Ifstudentshateschool,whatcantheydotosolvetheproblem?A．Writedowntheirfeelings.B．Sharewhatthey’vewrittenwithothers.C．Keeptheproblemtothemselves.【答案】17．B

18．B

19．B

20．C

21．A【導語】本文主要介紹了學生厭學的原因，并就如何解決這個問題提出了建議。17．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Solet’stalkaboutschoolandwhattodowhenyoudon’tlikeit.”可知，這篇文章要談談如果你不喜歡學校的話，可以做些什么，也就是說，有一些方法可以幫助那些厭學的學生。故選B。18．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Remember,yourmum,dadorteacherscanalwayshelpyou.”可知，老師能幫助那些學業(yè)上有困難的學生。故選B。19．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)“Youmaybegettingfartherandfartherbehind,anditmayseemlikeyou’llnevercatchup.”可知，你可能會越來越落后，看起來好像你永遠都趕不上。說明catchup意為“趕上”。故選B。20．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Schoolisafactoflifeandgettingagoodeducationcanhelpyoubuildthekindoffuturelifeyouwant.”可知，作者認為，學校是生活的一個事實，接受良好的教育可以幫助學生打造他們想要的未來生活。故選C。21．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Anothergoodideaistowritedownyourfeelingsaboutschoolinanotebook.”可知，如果學生厭學，可以把他們關于學校的感覺記在筆記本里。故選A。＂英語說明文＂，顧名思義，就是一種以＂說明、解釋＂為主要表達方式的英語文體。它是對客觀事物的性狀、特點、功能和用途等作科學解說的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張和論點論據(jù)；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構(gòu)夸張。說明文是通過解說事物、闡明事理，使人們增長知識和技能。說明文是高考英語閱讀理解題中的重點內(nèi)容之一。說明文具有與自己特點相適應的說明方法，因此說明文結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，專業(yè)術語多，易于拉開考生分數(shù)檔次，便于高校分層次選拔人才。然而對于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。高考對說明文的考查多為科普知識，動植物特性、自然現(xiàn)象和新產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點突破長句結(jié)構(gòu)特點和邏輯關系，以便對其做出準確的語意理解。說明文閱讀理解的特征一般說來，英語說明文與其他文體一樣，文章所涉及的內(nèi)容不外乎以下幾個方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。1.who：問的是這篇文章的主體是誰？（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）2.what：問的是主體做了什么事情？（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where：是在何時何地發(fā)生的？（即何時何地所表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途4.how：通過什么方式表現(xiàn)出來的？5.why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么？做說明文閱讀理解題的時候，一定要記住上面的whword。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點，把握全文?！咀兪?】（2022·湖北荊門·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Foundedin1987inShenzhen,Huaweiisaleadingproviderofinformationandmunicationstechnology(ICT)aroundtheworld.Withmorethan195,000workers,thepanyrunsinmorethan170countriesandareas,servingmorethanthreebillionpeople.Asweallknow,therearetwooperatingsystems(操作系統(tǒng))usedinsmartphones,AndroidOSandiOS.Foraverylongtime,mostofthesmartphoneshavebeendependingonAndroidOS,includingHuawei’ssmartphones.Nowthingsarechanging.Huaweihasbeencreatingitsownoperatingsystem—HarmonyOSorHongmenginChinese.HongmengisawordfromtheChinesemythology(神話),symbolizing(象征)theworldbeforeHarmonyOSwascreated.Soitmeansstartingfromtheverybeginning.Firstknowntothepublicin2019,HarmonyOSisanoperatingsystemfordifferentdevices(設備).IthasalreadybeenusedinHuaweiwatches,laptopsandsoonovertheyears.InDecember2020,abetaversion(測試版)ofHarmonyOSforsmartphonescameout.HalfayearlaterinJune2021,Huaweilauncheditsself﹣developedHarmonyOSforsmartphones.Chinesetechlovershavelongbeenlookingforwardtotheoperatingsystemdevelopedbyourselves.Industriesincludingtourism,education,homedevicesandsportshavealsoweledHarmonyOS.Atpresent,Huaweiencouragespeopletotestthesystem.ThepanyexpectsthenumberofdevicesusingHarmonyOStoreach300millionbytheendoftheyear.It’shopedthatHarmonyOSwillbeagreatmobileecosystem.22．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A．Huaweihasahistoryof45years. B．Thereare170,000workersinHuawei.C．HuaweiwasstartedinthecapitalcityofChina. D．OverthreebillionpeopleareusingHuaweiproducts.23．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto(指的是)?A．Theworld. B．iOS. C．AndroidOS. D．HarmonyOS.24．Paragraph3mainlytalksabout________.A．thedevelopmentofHarmonyOS B．theeffortsmadebythepanyC．thedifficultyindevelopingthesystem D．thereasonsfordevelopingthesystem25．What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A．TheHistoryofHuawei. B．HuaweiandItsHarmonyOS.C．HarmonyOSforSmartphones. D．DifferentKindsofOperatingSystems.【答案】22．D

23．D

24．A

25．B【導語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了華為公司自主研發(fā)的鴻蒙系統(tǒng)。22．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Withmorethan195,000workers,thepanyrunsinmorethan170countriesandareas,servingmorethanthreebillionpeople.”可知，華為公司擁有19.5萬多名員工，業(yè)務遍及170多個國家和地區(qū)，為30多億人提供服務。故選D。23．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“HongmengisawordfromtheChinesemythology(神話),symbolizing(象征)theworldbeforeHarmonyOSwascreated.Soitmeansstartingfromtheverybeginning.”可知，鴻蒙是中國神話中的一個詞，象征著鴻蒙系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)建之前的世界，所以這意味著從頭開始。此處it指的是“鴻蒙系統(tǒng)”。故選D。24．段落大意題。分析第三段內(nèi)容可知，本段介紹了鴻蒙系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，故選A。25．最佳標題題。分析文章內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹華為公司自主研發(fā)的鴻蒙系統(tǒng)。故選B。考向四議論文例1（2022·江蘇鹽城·統(tǒng)考中考真題）（議論文）Oneteacherpraisesastudentbysaying“You’resosmart!”Anotherteachersays,“Youmusthaveworkedreallyhardatthis!”Whichstudentdoesbetterinschool?Studiesshowthatstudentswhohearthewordsofthesecondteacherwilldobetter.Thosestudentsarelearningthattheireffortisimportant.Psychologists（心理學家）lookedatwhatstudentsdidaftertheyweregivendifferenttypesofpraise.Somestudentsweretoldthattheyweregoodatatask.Theydidn’ttryveryhardthenexttime.Otherstudentsweretoldthattheyhadworkedhardatatask.Theyworkedevenharderthenexttime.Thefirstgroupofstudentswaslearningthattheyhadasetamountofskill.Theydidn’tthinktheycoulddoanybetter.Thisiscalledafixedmindset（思維模式）.Thesecondgroupwaslearningthattheycoulddobetteriftheykepttrying.Thisiscalledagrowthmindset.Peoplewhohaveagrowthmindsetbelievethatthebraincangrow;peoplecandobetterandlearnnewskills.Iftheyworkhard,theycanbesuccessful.Howcanteachersandparentshelpstudentssucceed?Theycanfocusmainlyoneffortandnotsimplyonability.Whenstudentssucceed,teachersandparentsshouldpraisetheactualworkratherthanintelligence（智力）ortalent.Whenstudentsfail,theyshouldbetoldhowtheycandobetter.Teachers,parentsandstudentsneedtovalueeffort,notintelligence.BeliefsofFixedandGrowthMindsetsFixedMindsetGrowthMindsetThingsyou’rebornwiththatcannotchangeThingsyoucangrowandimprovewithhardworkSomethingtoavoid—couldshowlackofskillSomethingimportant—leadstosuccessThingstoavoid—incaseyouaren’tgoodenoughThingsthathelpyoulearnWhatkindofpeoplehavefewerchancestosucceedaccordingtothearticle?A．Peoplewithagrowthmindset. B．Peoplewithafixedmindset.C．Peoplewhooftenlearnfromchallenges. D．Peoplewhooftenlearnfrommistakes.27．Fromtheformwecanknowpeoplewithagrowthmindsetconsiderchallengesas________.A．thingsthey’rebornwith B．thingstheyneedtoavoidC．thingsthathelpthemlearn D．thingsthatstopthemimproving28．Howdoesthewriterorganizetheideasinthearticle?A．Bytellingstories. B．Bylistingnumbers.C．Bydrawingmindmaps. D．Byparingfacts.【答案】26．B

27．C

28．D【導語】本文是一篇議論文，介紹了固定型思維和成長型思維的區(qū)別，告訴我們應該更注重后天努力，而不是與生俱來的智力才能。26．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Somestudentsweretoldthattheyweregoodatatask.Theydidn’ttryveryhardthenexttime”及“Thefirstgroupofstudentswaslearningthattheyhadasetamountofskill.Theydidn’tthinktheycoulddoanybetter.Thisiscalledafixedmindset（思維模式）.”可知，文章介紹了擁有固定型思維模式的學生在面對一項任務時，如果受到了夸贊表揚，那么下一次他們就不會再繼續(xù)努力了，故可推知擁有固定型思維的人獲得成功的機會較小。故選B。27．推理判斷題。根據(jù)表格最后一行Challenges中“Thingsthathelpyoulearn”可知，擁有成長型思維的人會把挑戰(zhàn)視為可以幫助他們學習的事情。故選C。28．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Psychologists（心理學家）lookedatwhatstudentsdidaftertheyweregivendifferenttypesofpraise.Somestudentsweretoldthattheyweregoodatatask.Theydidn’ttryveryhardthenexttime.Otherstudentsweretoldthattheyhadworkedhardatatask.Theyworkedevenharderthenexttime.”可知，文章第二段介紹了兩組不同的學生在接受不同表揚后的行為表現(xiàn)，說明了固定型思維和成長型思維的不同；故文章通過對比事實來組織文章中心思想。故選D。議論文往往有觀點，有事實，邏輯性強，命題往往從事實的有關細節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。解題方法一、重視文章標題，找準全文主題句，把握文章主旨標題往往是全文的主題，審視標題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)，交替使用正面和反面的論證方式。通常，先總說現(xiàn)象或觀點；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結(jié)文章。通常主題句會出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例之后或之前的表示觀點的陳述句中尋找。二、細讀文章，注意文章細節(jié)理解除主旨題外，細節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎題，它主要考查學生對文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時間、地點等的理解。經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)排序題(按事情發(fā)展順序排序)，圖表題(按文章內(nèi)容找出正確圖形)，正誤題(依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對所列的陳述進行正誤判斷)。對這種題型，無論細節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點都應是從文章中找出相應詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問題無關。細節(jié)題的破解一般用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、分析、對比，有根據(jù)地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。假如問題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，則需要更加留意。此法可以加強閱讀的針對性，提高做題的準確率。做此類題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關系。三、理解整體語篇，掌握作者意圖做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時，對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語文章講究使用主題段與主題句，段與段之間通常有過渡性詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時文章還會在時間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上運用較高級的手段進行組編。要想準確、深刻地理解文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句內(nèi)、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關系。作者往往在構(gòu)思語篇前會進行預先設定：讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經(jīng)驗、思想見地和需求欲望等，然后設計一些隱藏在語篇深層的＂潛臺詞＂。因此，這類試題要求考生利用主題句進行推測，揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運用背景知識去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(diào)。四、多讀多背，擴大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧由于當今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒學過的詞匯。許多學生感到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問題，一是要擴大英語詞匯量，二是要學習并掌握一些猜測生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關系；利用照應、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關系；利用詞綴、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成等構(gòu)詞法；利用后置定語或同位語等語法結(jié)構(gòu)；利用前后對比或因果推理法等?？傊?，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對考生來說難度較大的議論文閱讀，學生應能從篇章和試題雙方面入手。通過觀察、體驗、探究等積極主動的學習方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提高學生自主學習的能力?？忌囵B(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說根據(jù)情境能揣測作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測等幾種出題方式?！咀兪?】（2022·四川綿陽·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Doyoupareyourselftootherpeople?Perhapsyourbestfriendreceivessomethingyoureallywant,oryou’renotallowedtogotoaconcertbutyourbrotherorsisteris.Eventhoughparisonsaremonandcansometimesbehelpful,focusing(專注)onyourownprogressisimportantforyourhappiness.“Weoftenpareourselvestootherswhoaredoingbetterornotaswellasourselves.”saysDr.Jack.“ButIsuggestparingyourselftoyourpastselfandyourfutureself.Thiscanmakeyoufeelproudofwhatyou’veachievedandexcitedaboutwhatyoumightdo.Focusingonyourownpurposesismoreworthwhilethanalwaystryingtoeoutontop.”paringyourselftothosearoundyouisnaturalandweoftendoitwithoutrealizingit.Itcanhelpustobeclearaboutourachievementsandtoformfriendshipswithnewpeoplewhohavesimilarinterests.However,it’simportanttorememberthatnobodyisperfectinreallife.It’salsoimportanttotakenoteofhowtheparisonismakingyoufeel.“Ifyoubegintofeelquitelow,focusonyourownstrengths.”saysJack.Inotherwords,youcanaskyourselfquestionslike“WhatcanIdowellin?”,whichcanhelpyoutrustyourself.Maybehereyou