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Unit1ScienceandscientistsJohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”

約翰·斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”Part1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showed

how

itcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Para1fearn./v.擔(dān)心;害怕usedtodo/be...過去常常做…/曾經(jīng)是…beusedtodoing... 習(xí)慣于……beusedtodo.... 被用來做……

hit=strike(struck)v.侵襲diefrom... 死于

……(外因)dieof... 死于

……(內(nèi)因)JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtoprevent(預(yù)防)ortreat(治療)cholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesire

todestroycholera

onceandforall.Para1rise(rose-risen)v.上升;提高;起床attendv.參加;處理attendto...=lookafter...照顧……desirev.渴望;n.愿望desiretodo...渴望做……h(huán)is/her/thedesiretodo...做……的愿望JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplain

howcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthat

badaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthat

cholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedto

thesecondtheory.Para2ingeneral=generallyadv.一般來說explanationn.解釋;說明JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently(因此,結(jié)果),whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate(調(diào)查).Hediscoveredthat

intwoparticular(特定的)streetsthecholeraoutbreakwasso

severethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Para2consequent adj.隨之發(fā)生的,由此引起的consequence n.結(jié)果,后果asaconsequenceof... 由于……asaconsequence=consequently因此,結(jié)果bedeterminedtodo...下定決心做……JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Snowbeganbymarking(做記號)onamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthat

thewaterpumpwastoblame.Para3JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Whatismore(而且,此外),inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthat

thewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthat

shehaditdelivered

toherhouseeveryday.Asaresultof(由于)thisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannounce(宣布)

that

thepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly(因此,相應(yīng)地),hehadthehandleofthepumpremoved

sothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks(軌道;蹤跡;小道).Para3havesth.done

把某物……JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Thetruthwasthat

thewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.

Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetween

othercasesofcholera

and

thedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswater

weremuchmorelikelytoget

cholera

thanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.Para4sell(sold-sold)v.出售pollutionn.污染pollutantn污染物垃圾;廢物:waste=trash=litter=junkrubbish=garbageJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts(不懈的努力),watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreat(威脅)ofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.Para5TheFatherofChina’sAerospace

中國航天之父

Part2TheFatherofChina’sAerospacePerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.Described

by

theauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith“greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit”whowaspatrioticandservedhishomeland(祖國;家鄉(xiāng))witheffort,achievement,anddevotion,Qianwasanextremelywell-respected(備受尊重的)man.Para1對……有影響haveanimpacton...haveaneffecton...haveaninfluenceon...TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceBorninHangzhouin1911,QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandthenenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,Qianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajor

toaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforce(空軍)toprotectanddefendthecountry.Para2forcen.武力,力量v.強迫forcesb.todo...強迫某人做...major

adj.主要的n.專業(yè)v.主修

majorin...

主修……TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceQianwenttotheUnitedStatesin1935topursuehisgraduatestudies(研究生學(xué)習(xí)).Overthecourseofthe1930sand1940s,Qianbecameapioneer

inAmericanjetandrockettechnology.Asagraduateassistant(研究生助理)attheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyduringthe1930s,Qianhelpedconduct(實施)importantresearchintorocketpropulsion(火箭推進),andinthe1940s,heandseveralotherpeoplefoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratory(實驗室),nowoneofNASA’sleading(主要的)space-explorationcentres.Para3TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceAfterovercomingsomedifficultiesduringhisfinalfewyearsintheUS,QianreturnedtoChinain1955.Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeof

notonly

developingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme(計劃).Atthattime,Chinawaspooranditsrocketsciencewasundeveloped.Noinstitute(研究所)oruniversityinChinaofferedrocketscienceasamajor,andtherewerenotalentsorexpertsinthisfieldinChina.Para4TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceNevertheless(然而),Qiandidnotletthatdiscouragehimfrom

takingon(承擔(dān))thechallenge.Whenhewasasked“CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”,hisreplywasadetermined(堅定的)“Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.”Para4阻止某人做……discouragesb.fromdoing...preventsb.fromdoing...keepsb.fromdoing...stopsb.fromdoing...TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceUnderQian’sleadership,ChinadevelopedtheDongfengmissiles,followedby(隨后是)thefirstgenerationofLongMarchrockets.In1970,Chinasuccessfully

launched(發(fā)射)itsfirstman-madesatellite(人造衛(wèi)星),DongFangHongI,fromaLongMarchrocket.Becausemuchofthetechnology

behindtheShenzhourocketscanalsobetracedbacktoQian’sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof“thefatherofChinasaerospace.”Para5TheFatherofChina’sAerospace

Qianreadalotandwasextremelyknowledgeable(知識淵博的),especially(尤其)intheareaof

frontierscienceresearch.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterest

inotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.Hisdeepappreciation(鑒賞)

forartoftengavehiminspiration(靈感,啟發(fā))inhisscientificresearch.

Para6TheFatherofChina’sAerospace

On31October2009,thewholecountrywassaddenedbyQian’sdeath,andpeoplehonoured(尊敬)andremembered(紀(jì)念)himindifferentways.Para7AWorldofPureThought

純凈思想的世界Part3AWorldofPureThought

StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwith

imagesofhiminhiswheelchair,unabletomoveandusingacomputertotalk.Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhich

causedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.Para1(人作主語)befamiliarwith... 對……感到熟悉(物作主語)befamiliarto... 為……所熟悉AWorldofPureThoughtHawkingfirstachievedfame(成名)whenhewasstillhealthyenoughtowalk,asagraduatestudent

inphysicsatCambridgeUniversityin1964.Ingeneral,thereweretwomaintheorieson

theoriginoftheuniverse.Thefirstwasthesteadystatetheory,whichholdsthat

theuniversehasnobeginningorend.Theotherwasthebigbangtheory,

whichholdsthat

theuniversebeganatasingle(單個的)pointintimeandspace.

Para2AWorldofPureThought

Thebiggestchampion(擁護者;冠軍)ofthesteadystateconceptwasFredHoyle,aprofessoratCambridge.Duringthequestionandanswerperiod

after

oneofHoyle’slectures,HawkingstoodupandpointedoutthatHoylehadmadeamistake

inhismaths.Oncethemathswascorrected,itshowedthat

thebigbangtheory—andnotthesteadystatet

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