萬(wàn)學(xué)海文考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法及長(zhǎng)難句基礎(chǔ)課程

考研十訓(xùn)[引]一訓(xùn)曰：汝不可因惰而隨心所睡；二訓(xùn)曰：汝不可移志而半途而廢；三訓(xùn)曰：汝不可隨性而泡哥追妹；四訓(xùn)曰：汝不可因苦而哭天抹淚；五訓(xùn)曰：汝不可因悶而夜夜買醉；六訓(xùn)曰：汝不可求閑而叫囂疲憊；七訓(xùn)曰：汝不可進(jìn)步而自我陶醉；八訓(xùn)曰：汝不可沒(méi)座而遲到早退；九訓(xùn)曰：汝不可因懼而錯(cuò)過(guò)機(jī)會(huì)；十訓(xùn)曰：汝不可考上便吹噓不累！萬(wàn)學(xué)海文考研英語(yǔ)2012基礎(chǔ)課程【語(yǔ)法及長(zhǎng)難句】主講：付博20XX年3月9日HYPERLINKQ1、長(zhǎng)難句在何處是考點(diǎn)？HYPERLINKQ2、是什么把句子變長(zhǎng)了？HYPERLINKQ3、是什么把句子變難了？HYPERLINKQ4、考研中長(zhǎng)難句的難度？Q1、長(zhǎng)難句在何處是考點(diǎn)？閱讀中：劃分結(jié)構(gòu)、宏觀理解翻譯中：劃分結(jié)構(gòu)、推斷詞義寫作中*：利用結(jié)構(gòu)、合理填充完形中*：利用結(jié)構(gòu)、去粗取精【范例】Man’syouthisawonderfulthing,itissofullofanguishandmiracle,andhenevercomestoknowitasitis,untilithasgoneawayfromhimforever.【范例】P-135Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabouttheCauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.1.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch【范例】P-135Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.【范例】Cheatinginexaminationscomeslessthroughthepressurefromthesetestsandmorefromstudent’sdishonesty.Thedeteriorationofenvironmentcomeslessthroughthefragilityofnatureitselfandmorefromofaggressivehumandestruction.【范例】However,suchstatisticscannotconveytheeffectsofobesity,betheymoderateorserious,7thequalityoflifeandtheimpactofprematuredeathsassociatedwithobesity.7.A.in B.with C.for D.onHYPERLINK【返回總目錄】Q2、是什么把句子變長(zhǎng)了？并列句復(fù)合句比較結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句S+VS+V+OS+LV+SCS+V+O1+O2S+V+O+OC并列句：A：基本形式Sentence1,sentence2,…,sentencen,andsentencen+1.【范例】2001-71Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.B:其他形式表示并列：neither/norWhatIsaidistrue,normustweforgetaboutit.表示對(duì)比：whileIlikeswimmingwhilemygirlfriendthinksitsuicide.表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but/yetNETEMisboring,yetitisasocialladderwehavetoclimb.表示因果：for/soHepaidthesweat,sohegotthesweet.表示選擇：or/either...or/neither...norYoushouldbebrave,orshewouldmarrythat“Mr.Brave”.C：難點(diǎn)解析【范例】P-135…Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.…59. Theword“it”(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace【范例】P-135Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(如果)這些問(wèn)題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問(wèn)題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。【范例】P-135Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.一般地說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。（二）復(fù)合句：A：基本形式主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句【范例】Whathesaidiswhatheisdoing.【范例】News,massage,conclusion,assertion,assumption,suggestion,implication,…Igotthenewsthatourteamhadwon.IgotthenewsthatIhadbeenlongingfor.【范例】ThefirstplacethatIwillshowyouaroundisBigWildGoosePogoda,onthetopfloorofwhichyoucanappreciatethebeautifulsceneryofthecity.Tothenorthofthetowerlocatesasquarefullofhistoricaltopicswhereyoucanindulgeinthousandsofpoems.【范例】P-136Forexample,withsmallclasses,teacherscanidentifyandremedyincipientproblemsamongstudentsatriskforlowachievement.Effortsrequiredtolifttheseweightsseemsconsiderable.Theneedtoloveandtobelovedseemsuniversal.Maybethisisonetraitthatseparateshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.Studentsbraveenoughtoattemptthecoursedeservetosucceed.【范例】P-137ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的?！痉独縋-137Whentheworkiswelldone，aclimateofaccident-freeoperationisestablishedwheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.B：難點(diǎn)解析【范例】P-136Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace–allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing–areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Whatdoes“which”referto?A.ways B.contributionC.productivity D.economy【并列句、復(fù)合句綜合訓(xùn)練】【范例】1992-75Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.（三）比較結(jié)構(gòu)：HYPERLINK【返回總目錄】Q3、是什么把句子變難了？抽象表達(dá)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)邏輯問(wèn)題語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題特殊成分抽象表達(dá)【范例】P136But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.1999text3【范例】2009-Text4Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)【范例】Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwithscientists’processes,andtheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.邏輯問(wèn)題關(guān)于否定部分否定Idon’tknowanythingabouther.（一無(wú)所知）Idon’tknoweverythingabouther.（并不全知道）Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正確）Alltheanswersarenotright.(并非都正確)Idon’tknowanyofthem.（全不認(rèn)識(shí)）Idon’tknowallofthem.（并非都認(rèn)識(shí)）Not+all,both,every,always,以及entirely,altogether,completely,quite和allthetimeNotallmencanbemasters.Idon'twantboththebooks.我不是兩本書都要。Both(the)windowsarenotopen.兩扇窗子并不都開(kāi)著。Noteverybookiseducative.Everybookisnoteducative.不是每本書都有教育意義的。Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.這花并不是隨處可見(jiàn)的。Heisnotalwayssosad.他并不是一直都這樣悲傷。Thebusinessmanisnottobeentirelytrusted.不可以完全信任商人。Hefeltnotaltogethersatisfied.他并不完全滿意。Idon'tagreecompletely.我并不完全同意。Afoolishmandoesn'tmakeamistakeallthetime.笨人未必老是犯錯(cuò)誤。Hedidnotspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他講得清楚但不正確。Thisfilmisnotinterestingandinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingorinstructive.Thisfilmisnotinterestingbutinstructive.Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Not…any…,no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)…atall等用于完全否定Nomencanbemasters.Iwantneitherofthebooks.Neitherofwindowsareopen.Thisflowerisseennowhere.Heisneversosadatall.Thebusinessmanisnevertobetrustedatall.Idon'tagreecompletelyatall.Hedidnotspeakclearlyorcorrectly.否定轉(zhuǎn)移：否定主語(yǔ)，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語(yǔ)Everyonecannotenjoythepopmusic否定表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)Theclothdoesn`tfellsoftIdon`tlikebothofthebooks.否定狀語(yǔ)HehasnotcometothedecisionquicklyIdidnotdoitformyself.Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhavetheaccesstomoreinformationthanchildrenofthepast.今天的孩子不會(huì)因?yàn)楸冗^(guò)去的孩子更多的接觸了信息就會(huì)自然地變得更加成熟雙重否定Cannot…too/cannever…too/canhardly…too/cannot+over~~Youcannotbetoocautiouswhendriving.Thisideacannotbeoveremphasized。Not+否定意義的詞Makingamessisnotuncommonforayoungmanfromhome.Althoughheisyoungforawriter,heisnotunknown否定詞+形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)=最高級(jí)NowherecanIexpecttofindabettergirlthanmywife.Nothingismorepreciousthanthehealth.Thereisnothingmorenaturalthanachild`sbeliefinhisparents.關(guān)于比較as…as…notso…as…notsomuch…as…notsomuchas…asmuch…as…Heisasoldasme.Peoplearenotsogenuineastheyusedtobe.Heisnotsomuchadoctorasateacher.Idon`tsomuchasknowhisname.XisasmuchBasA.Confidenceisasmuchasourceofdangerasofdanger.AisasmuchXasB.他大舅他二舅都是他舅，高桌子低板凳都是木頭。Apauperhasasmucharighttolearnasaking.Tomarrytwowomenisasmuchabadthingastobesingle.Thedrunkardisasmuchadangertosocietyasalunaticatlarge.Hetaerismisasmuchasocialinstitutionasanyother.It`sasmuchaquestionasanythingelse.Knowbetterthan…Bewiserthan….Iamwiserthantobelievewhathesaid.Childreniswiserthantobelievestoriesfromadults.易混比較總結(jié)Nomorethan=onlyNotmorethan=lessthan,atmostNolessthan=asmuchas,justas Notlessthan=morethan,atleastNomore…than=neither…nor… Notmore…than=less…thanNot…anymorethan…=nomore…than… Notless…=more…thanNoless…than=both…and【范例】Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題A．完全倒裝：Overthebridgemarchedthesoldiers.Oneverytopofhilllivesahermit.Thencametheordertodesertthecity.Nowisthehourwhentheysaygoodbye.【范例】P138-B1Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.B．部分倒裝否定副詞作狀語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，謂語(yǔ)部分位置不變Hardlyhadhegotoutofthecourtwhenreportersraisedalotofquestonstohim.Only+狀語(yǔ)置于句首，部分倒裝Onlyafterhehadspokenouttheworddidherealizehahadmadeabigmistake.C.虛擬倒裝Weretheytoceaseadvertising,priceswouldbesignificantlyreduced.D．強(qiáng)調(diào)倒裝Soabsurdwashismannerthateveryonestaredathim.【范例】P139-E2Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguageformthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.【范例】P138-A4ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.E．平衡倒裝【范例】P138-A1-4Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvulgarizeactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologies,whichenablethestorage,anddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreeterspeedtomorelocationsthanhe’severbeenpossiblebefore.Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.ImplicitwithinTyler’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,sharedandpatternedbehaviors.【范例】P138-C1IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.【范例】P136-性質(zhì)主語(yǔ)2Forafamilyoffour,forexample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.特殊成分主格結(jié)構(gòu)A．常見(jiàn)基本結(jié)構(gòu)Herearethefirstvolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Shecameintotheroom,earredwithcold.Heputonhissocks,wrongsideout.Hecameoutofthelibrary,largebookunderarm.B．帶with的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Withthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.Withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.Withtheglovesoff,sheleftcold.C．獨(dú)立主格的省略Generallyspeaking,Strictlyspeaking,Talkingof,Speakingof,Judgingfrom,Takingallthingsintoconsideration,Considering…Otherthingsbeingequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.Takingallthingsintoconsideration,wecandrawaconclusionthatthistheoryshouldbeputintopractice.HYPERLINK【返回總目錄】Q4、考研中長(zhǎng)難句的難度？Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.譯文：這種性別比例能在最大程度上增加個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制的數(shù)量，所以這種性別比例得到認(rèn)可。難句類型：倒裝、省略Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞譯文：哈代的缺陷緣于兩個(gè)方面，一方面，他顯然無(wú)法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái)；另一方面他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。AssheputitinTheCommonReader.“ItissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”譯文：正如她在《普通讀者》中所說(shuō)，“我們完全可以說(shuō)，喬叟所說(shuō)或者所寫的東西并沒(méi)有給人們形成任何的定規(guī)，也沒(méi)有強(qiáng)加給人們什么樣的規(guī)則；然而，隨著不斷深入到他的作品中去，我們一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)逐漸接受了其中全部的道德教誨。疑難單詞1.frame[freim]n.框,結(jié)構(gòu),骨架v.構(gòu)成,設(shè)計(jì),陷害2.absorb[?b's?:b]v.吸收,吸引...的注意,使全神貫注3.morality[m?'r?liti]n.道德,美德4.pore[p?:,p??]n.毛孔,小孔v.熟讀,熟視,細(xì)想AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’