英語四級(jí)語法集萃

英語四級(jí)語法集萃虛擬語氣一.普通型普通虛擬語氣既if引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句中的虛擬語氣,它有三種形式;一是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,其構(gòu)成形式為:從句過去式(be常用were主句would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形例如:IftherewerelifeonMars,suchlifeformswouldbeunabletosurviveonearth.二是與過去事實(shí)相反,其構(gòu)成形式為:從句had+過去分詞主句would/should/could/might+have+過去分詞例如:Ifhehadworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexam.三是與將來事實(shí)相反,其構(gòu)成形式為:從句should/wereto+動(dòng)詞原形主句would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形例如:Wewouldn’tloseourcourageevenifweshould(wereto)failagain.二.wish型.wish型虛擬語氣是指動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中虛擬語氣的形式,像普通型一樣,它也包括與現(xiàn)在,將來,過去時(shí)間相反的三種謂語動(dòng)詞形式.1.過去式(be用were)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反2.主語+wish+(that從句)would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形或were+動(dòng)詞ing與將來事實(shí)相反3.had+過去分詞或could+have+過去分詞與過去事實(shí)相反例如:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.Hewishesherememberedtheaddress.Iwishhewouldtryagain.Wewishwehadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.三.省略型省略型虛擬語氣是指非真實(shí)條件句中if的省略.當(dāng)條件從句中包含有were,had,should,could時(shí),省略if后,須把從句的助動(dòng)詞提前(即were,had,should,could);例如:Wereshetoleaverightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.Hadwemadeadequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Couldthedeadmanhavespoken,hewouldhaveidentifiedhismurderer.四“堅(jiān)決要命”題型(be型)“堅(jiān)決要命”題型即名詞性從句(包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句)中的虛擬語氣用法.句中的動(dòng)詞,名詞或形容詞若有“堅(jiān)決要命”等含義(堅(jiān)堅(jiān)持,建議,推薦;決是指決心,決定等;要是指要求,重要的,必要的等;命則是指命令,致命的等),則名稱性從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣形式,即用should+動(dòng)詞原形或省略should,直接用動(dòng)詞原形.主語從句通常用于it+is+形容詞+that主語從句結(jié)構(gòu).常見的引起虛擬的主語從句的形容詞或過去分詞有:demanded(要求的)essential(必要的)l,important,necessary,ordered,required,vital,strange等.常見的引起虛擬的賓語從句的動(dòng)詞有:advise,suggest,command,decide,demand,desire,insist,order,require,recommend,prefer等主句中的一些名詞要求表語從句和同位語從句采用虛擬語氣,這些名詞常見的有:advice,command,demand,desireimportant,motion建議,necessity,proposal提議recommendation,suggestion等等.五,狀語從句型一)在asif(asthough)引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,其虛擬語氣的謂語動(dòng)詞比較固定,只有兩種形式:一是如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí);二是如果如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí),則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為過去完成時(shí).例如:Itseemsasifitwas(were)springalready.Heactedasif(though)hehadbeenanexpert.二)lest(惟恐),incase,(假設(shè),萬一),forfearthat(以免)引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句.這時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞多用should,例如:Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestit(should)rain.Heburnedalltheimportantdocumentsforfearthattheyshouldfallintotheenemy‘shands.Hereissomemoneyincaseyoushouldneedit.六.特殊型一)Itistime…….,It‘s(high,about)timethat……的句型中應(yīng)采用虛擬語氣,表示早該做還未做的一種意思,其從句謂語用過去時(shí)或should+動(dòng)詞原形.be為單數(shù)時(shí)多用was,that常省略.例如:Itishightimeshewent(shouldgo).二)wouldrather型虛擬語氣是指would(had)rather,would(just)assoon,hadbetter,wouldsooner后接that從句中,動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí),表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)砬闆r的的虛擬語氣形式,可譯作”寧愿……..”,從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí).例如:Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice.IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryouwent.Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.三)含蓄型虛擬語氣是指if條件句不出現(xiàn),而某些詞或短語表示虛擬條件(主句不變),或靠上下文的襯托表示虛擬條件的形式.因從句不出現(xiàn),故稱含蓄型虛擬語氣.通常由without,butfor,wereitnotfor連接的短語和otherwise,or為標(biāo)志.起主要涉及主句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式,并且與普通型主句的謂語動(dòng)詞相同,也分為與現(xiàn)在,過去和將來事實(shí)相反的三種情形.例如:Butforyourhelp,wewouldnothavearrivedintime.七、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演習(xí)1.Iftheguaranteedyield()，Wewouldmakeuptheloss．AhadnotbeenreachedB.werenotreachedChasnotbeenreachedDwouldnotbereached2．Itishighlydesirablethateveryeffort()toreducepollutioninBeijing．AwasmadeB.bemadeCwillbemadeDwouldbemade3．IftheSouthhadwonthewar，whatisnowtheUnitedStates()dividedintoseveralcountries．AwillbeBshouldbeCmusthavebeenD.mighthavebeen．4．Icarn’tspeakJapanese，butIdowishI()．AcanB.couldChadDspoke5．Withoutelectricity，humanlife()quitedifferenttoday．AisBwillC.wouldbeDwouldhavebeen6．Iwasillthatday．OtherwiseI()partintheparade．AwouldtakeB.wouldhavetakenCtookDhadtaken7．()yourhelp，1wouldnothavesucceeded．ABecauseBBecauseofCButD.Butfor8．IwishSusanknewhowtoapplygrammaticalrulesproperlyand()thefactthatsheisnearlyalwaysinthewrong．A.recognizeB.recognizedCrecognizingDtorecognize9．IfIhadbeentothepartylastweek，I()sorryforitnow．A.wouldnotbefeelingBwouldn’thaveleftCmustn’tfeelDshouldhavefeel10．Nancysometimeswishesthatshe()inasmalltown.AisnotlivingBwasnotlivingC.werenotlivingDdidnotlive11.Thehousemasterwasstrict．Herequestedthatwe()televisiononweeknights．A.notwatchBmustnottowatchCnotbewatchingDhavenotwatchedl2．()Iknownit，Iwouldhavetoldyou．AHaveBIfC.HadDHaving13．Itishightimewe()severemeasuresagainstsuchviolence．AaretotakeBshouldtakeCcantakeD.took14．Thakla’svisittoEnglandmadeitnecessarythathersister()moreinthehouse．A.woulddoBwilldoCdoDdoes15．Whatdoyouthinkofhismotionthatwe()aplayattheEnglishevening?A.shouldputonBshallputonCwouldputonDwillhaveputon16．Itisnotnecessarythatasecondaryschoolgraduate()anentranceexamtobeadmittedtotheAmericanuniversity．ApassesB.passCwouldpassDpassed17．Everyattentionmustbepaidtohim，lesthe()thatheisinferiortomyotherguests．AwouldfeelBfeelsCfeltD.shouldfeell8．Ifonlyshe()notsoterriblyfrightenedofAuntRuth．AisBhasbeenC.wereDwouldbe19．ThemanshowedushisIDcard.Withoutthat,we()stoppedhimfromgettingin．A.wouldhaveBBwonldChadDhave20．Ido()Icouldplaychessmoreproficientlythanmybrother．A.wishBwantCknowD.hope21．()today，wouldwebeabletogettherebyTuesday?AWereweleavingBIfweleaveCWouldweleaveD.Werewetoleave22．Whatwouldyoudoifyou()liveyourlifeoveragain?AdoBcanC.couldDareableto23．()totelluseverything，wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem．AIfheisB.WereheCHadheDBehe24．()wewillsetoffasweplanned．AWereitgoodorbadB.BeitgoodorbadCBeingsoedorbadDWhethergoodorbad25．He’ssortofChineseShakespeare()．AitisBaswasitCasitwasD.asitwere26．Themanagerwouldratherthathiswife()workinthesameofficeashedoes．AdoesnotB.didnotCwouldnotDwillnot27．Youlooksotiredtonight．Itistimeyou()．AgotosleepBgotobedCwenttosleepD.wenttobed28．(),wecouldnothavefinishedtlleworkontime．A.ButfortheirhelpBIftheydonothelpusCWasitnotfortheirhelpDShouldtheyoffertohelp29．Hemakesanoteoftheassignmentlesthe()it．AforgetsB.forgetCwillforgetDwillnotforget30．Thereisalawthatdrunkendrivers()severelypunished．AwereBareC.beDwillbe31．Wereitnotforfriction，we()towalkonthisearthofours．AwouldnotbeableBshouldnothavebeenableCwerenotableDarenotable32．Itisstrangethatshe()inthelastexamination．AshouldhavefailedBhasfailedChadfailedDfails33．“Hewasshortofmoney，sohecouldnotaffordtotravelbyair．”“Youmeantosay()?”Aifhehadnotbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairBevenifhehadbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairCthoughhewasshortofmoney，hecouldaffordtotravelbyairDifhewereshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyair34．IhadhopedthatI()youbytalkingaboutmychildren．Ashouldn’tboreBwouldn’tboreCdidn’tboreDhadn’tbored35．Maythisbookinasmallway()toenhancetheunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenthetwopeoples．AhelpBhelpsCwillhelpDshouldhelp36．“Whydidn’tyouhelphim?”“Iwouldhave()Ididnothavethemoney．”AstillB.butCotherwiseDor37．Theideaisthatwe()allunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.AwillsendBhadsentC.sendDbesent38．Ifwehadn’tpreservedsomuchfood，we()ingreattroublenow.AA.wouldbeBwouldhavebeenCareDwere39．Givehermybestregards，().A.shouldyouseehertodayBifyousawhertodayCifyouwouldseehertodayDshouldyouhaveseenhertoday40．He’sworkinghardforfearthathe()．A.shouldfallbehindBfallbehindCmayfallbehindDwouldfallbehindKeytotheExercises1．B2．B3．D4．B5．C6．B7．D8．B9．A10．C11．A12．C13．D14．A15．A16．B17．D18．C19．A20．A21.D22.C23.B24．B25．D26．B27D28．A29．B30．C31.A32．A33．A34．B35．A36.B37．C38．A39．A40．A非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞又稱作是非限定動(dòng)詞,這樣的非謂語動(dòng)詞,顧名思義是指在句中不能充當(dāng)謂語的一種動(dòng)詞形式.它有三種形式,即動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞和分詞.動(dòng)詞不定式一)動(dòng)詞不定式有3點(diǎn)屬性:1.在詞性上具有名詞,形容詞和副詞的功能,(名詞可作主語,賓語和表語,形容詞可作定語,表語和賓補(bǔ).而副詞則可以作狀語.)2.其又具有動(dòng)詞的三個(gè)特征:即可帶賓語或表語;可由狀語來修飾;有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.3.它還帶有某種具體性,目的性特定性和未來的特征.作主語ItisdifficulttoanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglish.ToanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglishisdifficult.但在大多數(shù)情況下,動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),通常用形式主語it代替.(二)作賓語Ifyoupromisenottogetangrywithme,I‘lltellyouwhatIbroke.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語時(shí)要注意以下語法點(diǎn):1.在及物動(dòng)詞begin,cease,choose,continue,describe,expect,fail,happen,hate,help,hope,intend,like,love,manage,offer,plan,prefer,promise,refuse,want,wish,forget,remember,mean,try,stop等后面常接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語.2.某些特定的動(dòng)詞后要求用動(dòng)詞+wh-型疑問副詞/how+動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu),如:Theyaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.這類動(dòng)詞可以分為兩類:第一類是與思維活動(dòng)有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞:consider,know,imagine,think,understand,learn,forget等.第二類是表示感覺的動(dòng)詞:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此類動(dòng)詞后接賓語時(shí)to常常省略.3.當(dāng)不定式作直接賓語,它后面還有補(bǔ)足語時(shí),需要用形式賓語it代替不定式.而把不定式放在補(bǔ)足語之后.如:Ifounditdifficulttosolvetheproblem.4. 動(dòng)詞不定式可作but,except,save(除……之外)的賓語.但當(dāng)but,except,save(除……之外)前有do的某種形式時(shí)(包括did,does,done)不定式符號(hào)to必須省略.如果無do的某種形式時(shí)則不能省略.如:Hecoulddonothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.(三)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,主語補(bǔ)足語如:Adreamoftheredchamberissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)注意以下兩點(diǎn):1.有些動(dòng)詞后要求用不定式作賓補(bǔ),如:allowadvise,ask,choose,enable,expect,fail,have,hear,order,tell,wish等.例如:Harryinvitedmetocometohisparty.在此不定式做賓補(bǔ),而Iwasinvited(byHarry)tocometohisparty.則作主補(bǔ).當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞為believe,report,say,suppose等時(shí),其后作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式用完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成或提前.如:Mr.BrownissupposedtohaveleftforItalylastweek.2.在consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose之后也可跟賓語+tobe/tohave的形式,如:Weallknowhimtobedead.(我們都以為他死了.)(四)作定語如:Sheisalwaysthefirsttoarriveandthelasttoleave.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)注意:1.當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞與不定式有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(即邏輯賓語),該不定式的動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),不定式結(jié)尾表示動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的介詞不要丟掉.如:Ihaven‘tgotachairtositon.2.由only,last,next序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)的名詞常用不定式作定語.另外有些名詞后固定地要求用不定式作定語,像ability,right,effort等,如:Energyistheabilitytowork.(五)作狀語如:Couldyoufindsomeoneformetoplaytenniswith.一．動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語時(shí)常表示目的,結(jié)果,原因等,常有以下幾種情況:1. to+動(dòng)詞原形Tomeetneedsofourindustry,wemustworkhard.(表目的)2.Iamverygladtocomehere..(表原因)3.Thetemperatureissohighastochangewaterintosteam.(表結(jié)果)二.)動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化動(dòng)詞不定式保留了動(dòng)詞的一些特征,具有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,其時(shí)態(tài)有:1.一般式:不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生.如:Wehopetohavealotofstory-books.2. 進(jìn)行時(shí):動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行.如:Thetrainseemstobemoving.3.完成式:動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.如果動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)用在表示”需要,希望,打算”等意義的動(dòng)詞時(shí),如hope,wish,expect,intend,mean后時(shí),則說明動(dòng)作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn).例如:Weintendedtohaveattendedthatactivity.(我們本來打算參加那項(xiàng)活動(dòng).)若表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作則用shouldlike/wouldlike+不定式的完成時(shí).三) 語態(tài)如:Mr.Johnsonpreferredtobegivenheavierworktodo.注意以下3點(diǎn):1當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語是不定式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),則用其被動(dòng)形式,如:Themotorseemstohavebeenrepaired.2.當(dāng)用在easy,difficult,hard,heavy,good等形容詞作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞后,不定式要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意思,說明謂語所表示的情況.如:Thisquestionishardtoanswer.另外,一般而言,當(dāng)不定式與所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),也可用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意思.如:Hegavemesomethingtoeat.3.toblame,tolet本身已包含被動(dòng)意義,無需使用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式.如:Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.四)特殊的不定式1.定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):for+名詞(代詞)+不定式(短語).一般而言,句中謂語動(dòng)詞的主語就是動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)的邏輯主語.但有時(shí)它還有自己的邏輯主語,由介詞for引出,但如果句中的形容詞即指行為的性質(zhì)又指人的品質(zhì),則由of引出這一結(jié)構(gòu).(如:Itiskindofyoutohelpme.)例如:ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.(作主語)Thechalkisfortheteachertouse.(作表語)Wefounditimpossibleforthestudentstoanswerthequestion.(作賓語)Therearemanyproblemsfortheresearcherstodealwith..(作定語)Foramachinetodowork,wemustdoworkonthemachine.(作狀語)2.獨(dú)立的動(dòng)詞不定式:1.)獨(dú)立的動(dòng)詞不定式具有插入語的性質(zhì),表示說話人的態(tài)度或看法.例如:Totellthetruth,thatisallIknowabouthim.Tobeginwith,Iwouldliketotalkaboutmyplan.2)too+adj(adv)+todosth結(jié)構(gòu)表示否定的含義,意為“太…..以至于不”.enough……..to結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義,意為”足夠能……”注意.enough用于名詞之前,而用于形容詞或副詞之后.五) to的省略1. 在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather(寧愿),wouldjustassoon(寧愿),cannotbut(不得不),cannothelpbut(只得),donothingbut(不得不),letalone(更不用說)等搭配后,如:Iwouldrathernothaveeggsforbreakfast.2. 在表示感覺的動(dòng)詞:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此類動(dòng)詞后接賓語時(shí)to常常省略.如:Johnmadehertellhimeverything.但當(dāng)不定式變?yōu)橹餮a(bǔ)時(shí),to不能省略.如:Shewasmade(byJohn)totellhimeverything.3. 在help后可用to也可不用to,如:CanIhelpyou(to)liftthisheavybox?4. 在except,but(除…..之外),save(除…..之外)之后的動(dòng)詞不定式,如果其前有do的某種形式,一般不帶to,反之則須帶to.如:Hedoesnothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.5.當(dāng)連詞ratherthan(而不是),soonerthan(而不是)置于句首時(shí),其后的不定式不帶to.如:Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.6.當(dāng)and,or等連接兩個(gè)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)Allyoucandointhediscussionistodebateandargue.7.在Why……?或Whynot……?結(jié)構(gòu)中,可省略.如：Whyarguewithhim?Whynotgivehimsomeflowers?二.動(dòng)名詞.動(dòng)名詞的三點(diǎn)屬性:1).動(dòng)名詞在性質(zhì)上比較單一,只有名詞的功能,因此只能作主語,表語和賓語.2).動(dòng)名詞不是簡(jiǎn)單地等同于名詞,之所以稱為.動(dòng)名詞是因?yàn)樗€具有三個(gè)特征,即:可以帶賓語或表語;可以由狀語修飾;如:learningEnglishwell.可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài).3)從更深的層次上講,.動(dòng)名詞具有一般性,習(xí)慣性和過去性的含義.1.作主語:Doingworkmeansmovingabodythroughadistancebyaforce.當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞作主語且此短語較長(zhǎng)時(shí),常用it作形式主語,特別在一些習(xí)慣用法中.Itisnousedoingthatwork..動(dòng)名詞還可以用在Thereisno…….結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語.2.作賓語:Theyoungmanstilldenieshavingstartedthefirebehindthestore.在某些動(dòng)詞之后,有些只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,而不能接不定式,為方便記憶,這些動(dòng)詞我們可以統(tǒng)稱為”妹不吃咖啡的”.即:Mepskarfdi:mind(miss),enjoy(escape),postpone,(permit,pardon,practice),suggest,consider(can‘thelp,complete),keepavoid(admit,advise,appreciate,acknowledge)risk(resent,resist),finish,deny(delay,deserve,dislike),imagine.3.動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài):1)一般式:動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作與句中謂語的動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生,如用一般式表示其發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前,則在動(dòng)名詞之前用介詞on,upon或after.2)完成式:動(dòng)名詞完成式表示其動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.3)被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作對(duì)象時(shí),該動(dòng)名詞要求用被動(dòng)形式.4.動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):由動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語+動(dòng)名詞短語構(gòu)成的動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作主語或賓語等,邏輯主語與動(dòng)名詞存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系.邏輯主語的形式有四種:1) 邏輯主語是表示有生命的名詞,用所有格(加‘s).2) 邏輯主語是表示無生命的名詞,用所有格則直接用普通格(不加‘s).3) 當(dāng)邏輯主語是代詞時(shí),可用物主代詞或代詞賓格.4) 當(dāng)邏輯主語不是代詞或指示代詞時(shí),只用賓格,不用所有格.例如:Smith‘slackinginexperienceworriedheragreatdeal.WhatIknowisthewindowbeingopen.Wearelookingforwardtohercomingback.Iwasafraidofthetentfallingdownduringthenight.5.動(dòng)名詞與不定式比較:由于動(dòng)名詞也具有名詞的性質(zhì)和功能,因此,其用法在三個(gè)位置上與動(dòng)詞不定式發(fā)生了重合,既主語位置,賓語位置,和表語位置,故有必要對(duì)此予以比較.一.賓語位置上的區(qū)別1)有些動(dòng)詞要求跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語,有些要求跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語.2)有些動(dòng)詞后既可跟動(dòng)名詞又可跟不定式,但意義不同.如:1.IfIhadremembered______thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)toclose.B)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed2.I‘llneverforget_____youforthefirsttime.A)tomeetB)tohavemeetC)meeting.D)havingtobemeeting3.Weregret_____youthatthebooksyouwanttobuyaresoldout.A)informingB)toinform.C)tohaveinformedD)informed4.WhenIcamein,hewenton_______withme.A)talkingB)havetalkedC)talkD)totalk.5.Thedriverhasbeentrying______thecarfornearlyanhour.A)startB)startedC)tostart.D)starting6.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans____trouble.A)makingB)tomake.C)tohavemadeD)havingmade考題注釋1.remember后即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞,前者意思是:記住做某事(還沒做),后者的意思為:記得做了某事(做過了).Irememberseeingherbefore.根據(jù)題意,窗戶未關(guān),因此小偷進(jìn)來了.2.forget后即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞,前者指”忘記要做某事”,后者指”忘記過去作過的一件事”.題意為”我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見面的情景”.3.regret后即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞,前者指”對(duì)尚未做,或正在做的事情的遺憾”,后者指”對(duì)過去作過的事情的遺憾”.如:Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice,本題譯文為:很遺憾的通知你,你想買的書賣完了.4.togoontalking意思為一直持續(xù)做某事,而togoontotalk意思為在被中斷做某事后繼續(xù)原來的動(dòng)作.5.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.我們必須設(shè)法及時(shí)把一切搞好.Letustrydoingtheworksomeotherway.我們用另外一個(gè)方法做這個(gè)工作試試.6.Idonotmeantohurtyoubysayingthis.我這樣說并不是想傷害你.Missingthisbusmeanswaitingforananotherhour.錯(cuò)過這次車意味著又要再等一個(gè)小時(shí).3)1.在動(dòng)詞hear,deserve,need,want,require之后,若用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,則表示被動(dòng),其意義與動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式相同.注意:在require之后只用動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng).2.在動(dòng)詞begin,start,continue,hate,like,love,prefer后跟不定式或動(dòng)名詞含義基本相同,只不過跟動(dòng)名詞表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,跟不定式表示一次具體的動(dòng)作.注意:這些動(dòng)詞用在should,would之后,后面只跟不定式。三、分詞一)屬性切記分詞的兩點(diǎn)性質(zhì)：1、分詞在性質(zhì)上具有形容詞和副詞的功能，形容詞可作定語、表語和賓補(bǔ)，而副詞可作狀語，由此推知，分詞也可以作定語、表語賓補(bǔ)和狀語。分詞有兩類，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。2、分詞并不是簡(jiǎn)單地等同于形容詞和副詞，它還具有動(dòng)詞的特征，即可以帶賓語或表語，如：Hestopped,realizingmistakesinhiswriting.也可以用狀語修飾，如：Hefoundthefireburningbrightly.另外，分詞還有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)，有一般法和完成式，而過去分詞本身便含有被動(dòng)或完成的意義，故沒有形式上的變化。A)現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化(以study)為例)：主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式一般式studyingbeingstudied完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedB)過去分詞(以study為例)：studied(一)作表語1.He’s()becausehehaswontheprize.AnervousBexcited.CsatisfyingDexciting2.Thattheywouldgetmarriedis().AsurprisedBsurprisinglyCsurprising.Dsurprise考點(diǎn)分析現(xiàn)在分詞做表語時(shí)多表示主語所具有的特征；過去分詞做表語時(shí)多表示主語的狀態(tài)。故一般而言，當(dāng)主語是“人”時(shí)，用過去分詞做表語，表求“感到……”當(dāng)表示主語的性質(zhì)時(shí)，一般用現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，意為“令人……”，此時(shí)主語多為“事物”。如boring(令人厭煩的)，bored(感到厭煩)。(二) 作定語1.Youwillseethisproduct()whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertised.CadvertiseDadvertising2.Catshavesharpteeth()mice.Ausedforcatching.BwhichusedtocatchCtheiruseistocatchDtheyareusedforcatching3.Thespeaker,()forherspeeches,waswarmlyreceivedbytheaudience.AhavingknownBbeingknownCknowingDknown.4.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone().AtocorrectBcorrectingChavingcorrectedDbeingcorrected.考點(diǎn)分析1)單個(gè)分詞作定語一般放在它所修飾的名詞前；但也可以放在名詞后，其作用是強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作性，但一般僅限于過去分詞，如考題1。2)分詞短語做定語必須放在被修飾的名詞后，除“副詞+分詞”構(gòu)成的短語外。3)如果被修飾的中心詞與分詞的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果被修飾的中心詞與分詞的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。如：ThewomanteachergivingusorallessonsisfromAmerica.Thestorydescribedinthebookiseasytounderstand.4)現(xiàn)在分詞與去分詞做定語時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者的區(qū)別應(yīng)從時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)兩個(gè)方面予以區(qū)分。從量才而為的角度看，現(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行，而過去分詞表示完成。如：thechangingworld(變化中的世界)；thechangedworld(變化了的世界)；從語態(tài)角度而言，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，而過去分詞表被動(dòng)，如：theexploitingclass(剝削階級(jí))，theexploitedclass(被剝削階級(jí))5)分詞做定語與動(dòng)詞不定式做定語的區(qū)別是：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行之意，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)與完成，而不定式表示在謂語詞表示的動(dòng)作之后即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：Theproblemdiscussed/beingdiscussed/tobediscussedatthemeetingisquitesecret.(會(huì)上所討論的問題/正在討論的問題/將討論的問題是十分秘密的。)(三)作狀語1.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo()bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.Aunrecorded.BtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded2.()inthisway,thesituationdoesn’tseemsodisappointing.ATolookatBLookingatCLookedat.DTothelookedat3.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen().AscoldingBtoscoldChavingscoldedDscolded.4. ()theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.AHavingbelievedBBelieving.CBelievedDBeingbelieved考點(diǎn)分析分詞及分詞短語作狀語可表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨情況，即可以放在句首也可以放在句末，通常用逗號(hào)與句子其他部分分開。分詞前可帶when,while,as,once,until,if等連接詞。注意分詞及其邏輯主語(即主句主語)的一致性。如分詞與邏輯主語的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，分詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，如為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。(四)作賓語補(bǔ)足語1. Hisremarksleftme()abouthisrealpurpose.AwonderedBwonderCtowonderDwondering.2. Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers()ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.AinformBinformingCbeinformedDinformed.考點(diǎn)分析有些及物動(dòng)詞之后要求分詞作賓補(bǔ)才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。有些動(dòng)詞之后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，也可用過去分詞，這就要看動(dòng)詞之后的名詞或代詞能否執(zhí)行分詞的動(dòng)作來確定能執(zhí)行的用現(xiàn)在分詞，否則，用過去分詞。此類動(dòng)詞常見的有：see,hear,feel,catch,watch,notice,make,think,have,keep,want,order等。三) 分詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化1. ()inaseeminglyendlesswar,thegeneralwasforcedtoevaluatethesituationagain.ASincethelossof50,000soldiersBBecauseof50,000soldiershavinglostCHavinglostover50,000soldiers.D50,000soldierswerelost2. ()differentkindsofcars,theworkersfurtherimprovedtheirtechnique.AHavingbeenproducedBBeingproducedCHavingproduced.DProducing3. After()forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.Abeinginterviewed.BinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed考點(diǎn)分析分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的重點(diǎn)和核心是掌握其完成式的用法。1) 一般式：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式說明分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或表示分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后；過去分詞的一般式說明分詞表示的動(dòng)作在句中謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生或者某些持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的分詞表示與句中謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作在句中謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，具有主動(dòng)意義。如：Havingfinishedreadingthebook,sheputitaside.3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式：一般式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示的動(dòng)作和句子謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；完成式現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。四) 分詞的特殊形式分詞的特殊形式主要指的是分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。一般而言，作狀語用的分詞短語的邏輯主語為整個(gè)句子的主語，但有時(shí)，分詞的邏輯主語卻與句子的主語不一致，這時(shí)，分詞必須帶上自己的主語，稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示原因、時(shí)間、伴隨等。歸納起來，分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾類：(一) 分詞邏輯主語+分詞1. Allthetasks()aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.AbeenfulfilledBhavingbeenfulfilled.CwerefulfilledDhadbeenfulfilled2. Somanydirectors(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AwereabsentBbeingabsent.CbeenabsentDhadbeenabsent3. Allthings(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.Aconsidered.BbeconsideredCconsideringDtoconsidered4. Allflights()becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.AwerecanceledBhavingbeencanceled.ChadbeencanceledDhavebeencanceled考點(diǎn)分析這是一種非常重要的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，是四經(jīng)考試語法測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)。它通常表示原因、時(shí)間、條件等，注意做題時(shí)應(yīng)慮以下步驟：①邏輯主語與分詞的關(guān)系。若為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞，若為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用過去分詞(或現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的被動(dòng)形式)；②分詞與整句話謂語的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系。若兩者無先后關(guān)系，用分詞的一般式，若分詞發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，則用一般式的完成式。(二)由“There+being+主語”構(gòu)成(),thepolicewentbacktotheiroffice．ATherewasnodangerBTherebeingnodanger.CBeingwithoutdangerDWithouthavingdanger(三)由“with(without+加分詞邏輯主語+分詞”構(gòu)成1．Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse，withtheaudience()onbenches,chairsorboxes．AhavingseatedBseatingCseated.Dhavingbeenseated2．WithDick(),hefinishedhiswork．AhelpedBtohelpChelping.Dbeinghelped3．()thetemperaturefallingsorapidly.wecouldn’tgoonwiththeexperiment．AWith.BForCAsDSince考點(diǎn)分析這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明。做題時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮以下步驟：(1)邏輯主語與分詞的關(guān)系。若為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；若為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則一般用過去分詞。(2)分詞與整句話謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間先后關(guān)系，若分詞的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，則用分詞的一般式；若分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。四、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演習(xí)1．Itisnouncommonthingnowadays()tolearnaforeignlanguage．ApeoplegoingtoeveningclassesBthatpeoplegotoeveningclassesCforpeopletogotoeveningclasses.Dtopeoplegotoeveningclasses2．Weshouldbedelightedto()amemberoftheinstitute．AhaveyoutobecomeBhaveyoubecome.\ChavingyoubecomeDhavingyoutobecome3．Shehasgotnoidea()withherforthetrip．Awhatclothestotake.BoftotakewhatclothesCtotakewhatclothesDwhatclothesbetaken4．Theteacherwasbusy()sumsupontheblackboard．Shewastoobusy()thestudents’questions．Atowriteout；answeringBtowriteout；toanswerCwritingout；toanswer.Dwritingout；answering5.Theengineerfound()tomeasuretheoiltemperature．AthatdifficultBitdifficult.CthatwasdifficultDdifficult6.CaptainHenry,()，creptslowlythroughtheunderbrush．AbeingremotefromtheenemyBtryingtoavoidtheenemy..CattemptingtonotencountertheenemyDnotinvolvinghimselfintheenemy7．TherevolutionarywavethatwassweepingoverthewholeofEuropemadeitseffects()intheBritishLabourMovement．AtobefeltBfeelingCbeingfeltDfelt.8.()Iamnotinfavourofyourplan．ATellingyouthetruthBTotellyouthetruth.CFortellingyouthetruthDTotellyouatruth9．Theyexchangedviewsonthequestionof().AelectingwhomBwhomtobeelectedCwhomtoelect.Dtoelectwhom10．Theyweremade()likeadog．AworkingBtowork.CworkDforworking11．What’stroublingthemis()enoughmachinetools．AtheirnottohaveBthemtonothaveCtheirnothaving.Dnottheirhaving12．IamsorryImissed()youwhileinBeijing．AtoseeBseeing.CofseeingDatseeing13．Itiswellworth()tolearnhowtodriveacar．Amakingtheeffort.BmakingeffortCtomaketheeffortDtomakeaneffort14．“Hasthequestionbeensettled?”“No，itis()．”AfarfromtobesettledBnotyettobesettledCgoingtosettleitDfarfrombeingsettled.l5.Agoodadministermustknow()．AtobefirmBhowtobefirm.CtohavefirmnessDthewayoffirmness16．()abusstopsonearourcollegeisagreatadvantage．ATherebeing.BThereistobeCTherebeDThereis17．Youarecordiallyinvitedtoaparty()atourinstituteat7：30p.m.Dec．2．AbeinggivenBgivenCwillbegivenDtobegiven.18．()ahotday，wedecidedtogoforaswim．ABeingBItbeing..CWhatDSuch19．Allflights()becauseofthestorm，theydecidedtotakethetrain-AhavingcanceledBhavingbeencanceled.CwerecanceledDhavebeencanceled20．Thefarmercaughttheboys()hisapples.Astealing.BstoleCtostealDwouldsteal21．()adequatepreparations，theythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek.ANottohavemadeBNotmaking..CNothavingmadeDHavingnotmade22．Hetoldustokeepasecretofthethings()．Abeingdiscussed.BtodiscussCordiscussingDdiscussing23．()toaliquid,naturalgascaneasilybetransportedbysea.AHavingbeencompressed.BHavecompressedCCompressingDBeingcompressed24．Thegovernmentwarnedpeople()cranberriesbecausetheywerecontaminatedwithinsecticides．Anottoeat.BtonoteatCinnoteatingDtoeatnot25．Annasaidinherletterthatshe’dappreciate()fromyou.AtohearBhavingheardChearing.Dtohearing26．Idon’tremember()totrythismethod.AhavinggivenachanceBtohaveeverbeengivenachanceChavingeverbeengivenachance.Dtobegivenachance27．“Whatdoyouexpectmetodo?”“Theroomneeds().”AtobecleanBtocleaningCcleaning.Dcleaned28．WhenIreadtheplaynowIcan’thelp()Cyril.Atothink0fBthinkingof.CthinkofDIthinkof29．Peterdevelopedamethodtobringsubstancestothelowesttemperatures().AknowscienceBknowings