《中西文化比較（英文版）（第2版）》unit 7 The Chinese and Western Literature

中西文化比較TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit7TheChineseandWesternLiterature圖片BackgroundLiteraturerepresentsthecultureandtraditionofalanguage,soitisnotjustthehistoricalorculturaltreasure,butcanserveasanintroductiontoanewworld.Literatureworks,attheirbest,provideakindofblueprintofhumancivilization.FromthewritingsofancientcivilizationlikeEgyptandChina,toGreekphilosophyandpoetry,fromtheepicsofHomertotheplaysofShakespeare,fromJaneAustenandCharlotteBronte,toMayaAngelou,worksofliteraturegiveinsightandcontexttoallsocieties.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.crystallizev.

tobecomeclearandfixed;tomakethoughts,beliefs,etc.clearandfixed①Ourideasbegantocrystallizeintoadefiniteplan.我們的想法開始形成了一個(gè)明確的計(jì)劃。

②Thesaltcrystallizesasthewaterevaporates.鹽在水分蒸發(fā)時(shí)結(jié)晶。TextA

Notes2.compactnessn.

①Thesoilsettlesandiscompactedbythewinterrain.土壤沉積下來，然后在冬雨的作用下變得堅(jiān)實(shí)。②Theverycompactnessofthecottagemadeitallthemoresnugandappealing.正是村舍的小巧緊湊讓其更為溫暖舒適，也更有吸引力。①theconsistencyofacompactsolid②thespatialpropertyofbeingcrowdedtogetherTextA

Notes3.ecstasyn.

afeelingorstateofverygreathappiness①Onewonderedwhatheightsofecstasythewinnerreached.人們想知道勝者欣喜若狂到了什么程度。②MyfatherwasinecstasywhenIwonmyscholarship.我獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金時(shí)父親欣喜若狂。TextA

Notes4.alludev.

makeamoreorlessdisguisedreference①Thestoryalludestoherpastthatshewouldn’tliketodiscusswithothers.這個(gè)故事影射她不愿和別人談?wù)摰倪^去。②Theproblemhadbeenalludedtobrieflyinearlierdiscussions.這個(gè)問題在以往的討論中已經(jīng)間接提及。TextA

Notes5.demarcationn.

aborderorlinethatseparatestwothings,suchastypesofwork,groupsofpeopleorareasofland①Itwashardtodrawclearlinesofdemarcationbetweenworkandleisure.在工作和閑暇之間很難劃出明確的界限。②Talkswerecontinuingaboutthedemarcationoftheborderbetweenthetwocountries.關(guān)于兩國之間邊界劃定問題的談判仍在繼續(xù)。TextA

Notes6.antitheticadj.

sharplycontrastedincharacterorpurpose①Hopeisantithetictodespair.希望是與絕望對(duì)立的。②Thecoupletsarecomposedofneatandantitheticwordstodescribesocietyandexpressgoodwishes.春聯(lián)以工整、對(duì)偶的文字描繪時(shí)代背景，抒發(fā)美好愿望。TextA

Notes7.paralleladj./n.

①twoormorelinesthatareparalleltoeachotherarethesamedistanceapartateverypoint②aperson,asituation,anevent,etc.thatisverysimilartoanother,especiallyoneinadifferentplaceortime①Theroadandthecanalareparalleltoeachother.道路與運(yùn)河平行。②Thistraditionhasnoparallelinourculture.這種傳統(tǒng)在我們的文化中是沒有的。TextA

Notes8.inexplicableadj.

incapableofbeingexplainedoraccountedfor①Hisbehaviourwasextraordinaryandinexplicable.他的行為不同尋常，讓人費(fèi)解。

②Therearemanythingswhichareinexplicablebyscience.有很多事科學(xué)還無法解釋。TextANotes9.vernacularn.

①ParaphrasetheancientChineseproseinvernacularlanguage.把這篇古文譯成白話文。

②MostofthesenewbookswererecordedinliterarySanskritratherthaninvernacularlanguage.這些新書大部分是用書面梵語而不是方言記載的。①theeverydayspeechofthepeople(asdistinguishedfromliterarylanguage)②thelanguagespokeninaparticularareaorbyaparticulargroupTextA

Notes10.proliferatev.toincreaserapidlyinnumberoramount①Computerizeddatabasesareproliferatingfast.計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫正在迅速激增。②Inrecentyearscommercial,cultural,travelandothercontactshaveproliferatedbetweenEuropeandChina.近年來，中歐之間的商業(yè)、文化、旅游及其他交往發(fā)展迅猛。TextA

KeySentences1.Inadditiontophilosophical,religious,andhistoricalwritings,Chinaalsoproducedpoetry,novels,anddramaticwritingsfromanearlydate.TheprincipalgenreofChineseliteraturewaspoetry.Culturaltip:四大文學(xué)體裁：小說、詩歌、散文、戲劇TextA

KeySentences2.Anothergenrebelongingtothiscategoryis“parallelprose”,whichischaracterizedbyantitheticconstructionandbalancedsoundpatternswithouttheuseofrhyme...Anothergenreis“stereotypedwriting”.Culturaltip:①駢文起源于漢代，盛行于南北朝。全篇字句兩兩相對(duì)而成篇章，常用四字句、六字句，講究對(duì)仗的工整和聲律的鏗鏘。②八股文是明清科舉考試的一種文體。八股文有固定格式，由破題、承題、起講、入題、起股、中股、后股、束股八部分組成八股文章，句子的長短、字的繁簡、聲調(diào)的高低等都要相對(duì)成文，字?jǐn)?shù)也有限制。TextA

KeySentences3.Theshortstory,whichbegantodevelopduringtheTangDynasty,atfirstemphasizedeitherhistoricaleventsorsupernaturalhappeningswhichcouldnotberelatedinaformalhistoricalwork.relatev.togiveaspokenorwrittenreportofsomething;totellastory①Herelatedthefactsofthecasetojournalists.他給記者們講述了這件事的實(shí)際情況。②Sherelatesherchildhoodexperiencesinthefirstchapters.在前幾章中，她描述了自己童年的經(jīng)歷。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListoneortwofamousChinesewritersandtheirworks.①TaoYuanmingwasapoetfromtheschoolofpastoralpoetry.HismasterpieceisPeachBlossomSpring.②SuDongpowasaChinesewriter,poet,painter,andcalligrapheroftheSongDynasty.SomeofhisnotableworksincludeTheRedCliffs,RememberingtheRedCliffs,TotheTuneofNianNuJiao,andShuiDiaoGeTou.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthestoryofChineseclassicalliteraryworkRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.

RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsisthefirstChinesemagnificenthistoricalnovel.ItfeaturedLiuBeiastheprotagonistandthedepictionofthepeopleinShu-Hanregionwasglorified.Theantagonists,CaoCao,SunQuan,andtheirkingdomswereoftendenigrated.TextA3.WhatistheroleofLiBaiandDuFuinChinesepoetry?LiBai,theImmortalofPoems,wasaChinesepoetacclaimedasageniusandaromanticfigurewhotooktraditionalpoeticformstonewheights.HeandhisfriendDuFu,theSageofPoems,werethetwomostprominentfiguresintheflourishingofChinesepoetryinthe“GoldenAgeofChina”.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.genreAgenreisacategoryofliterarycomposition.Themostgeneralgenresinliteratureareepic,tragedy,comedy,andcreativenonfiction.Theycanallbeintheformofproseorpoetry.Additionally,agenresuchassatire,allegory,orpastoralmightappear.TextA2.narrativepoemNarrativepoemisaformofpoetrythattellsastory,oftenmakinguseofthevoicesofanarratorandcharactersaswell.Theentirestoryisusuallywritteninmetreverse.Narrativepoemsdonothavetofollowrhythmicpatterns.Thepoemsthatmakeupthisgenremaybeshortorlongandthestoryitrelatestomaybecomplex.TextA3.rhymeArhymeisarepetitionofsimilarsoundsintwoormorewords,mostofteninthefinalsyllablesoflinesinpoemsandsongs.Thewordrhymealsomeansashortpoemsuchasarhymingcoupletorotherbriefrhymingpoemsuchasnurseryrhymes.TextA4.toneToneplaysaveryimportantroleinthemeaningofthecharacters.DifferenttonesinPinyinleadtodifferentcharactersanddifferentmeanings.TheChineselanguagehasfourpronouncedtones,whicharemarkedwithalittlesymbolabovethevoweltowhichtheyrelate.Inaddition,there’salsoashort,lesspronouncedtonecalledthelighttone,whichisgivennotonalmarker.TextA5.autobiographyTheterm“autobiography”meansthatthecharacteristhefirst-personnarratorandthatthenoveladdressesbothinternalandexternalexperiencesofthecharacter.Autobiographicalworksarebynaturesubjective.CharlesDickens’DavidCopperfieldisaclassicandCharlotteBronte’sJaneEyreisyetanotherexampleoffictionalautobiography.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.

唐詩宋詞被稱為中國文學(xué)的精華，是中國最具代表性的古典文學(xué)之一，短小精悍又意境深遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)美。宋詞分為多個(gè)流派。它們?yōu)橹袊膶W(xué)添上了濃墨重彩的一筆。1.PoetryintheTangandSongDynastiesiscalledtheessenceofChineseliteratureandoneofthemostrepresentativetypesofChineseclassics.Theycanbuildprofoundandelegantartisticconceptionwithshortandconcisewords.ThereweremanyschoolsofpoetryintheSongDynasty.TheyhadbrightenedtheChineseclassicliteraturewithvibrantcolors.TextA2.先秦文學(xué)是我國古代文學(xué)發(fā)生發(fā)展的最早階段，奠定了我國兩千多年文學(xué)發(fā)展的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。它主要由上古歌謠神話、《詩經(jīng)》、先秦散文和《楚辭》組成。2.Thepre-QinliteratureistheearlieststageoftheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofancientChineseliterature,whichhaslaidasolidfoundationforthedevelopmentofChineseliteratureinmorethan2,000years.Itismainlycomposedofancientballadsandmythology,TheBookofSongs,thepre-Qinprose,andTheSongsofChu.TextA

Notes1.aspirationn.

astrongdesiretohaveordosomething①YoungAddisonhadastrongaspirationtobeaninventor.年幼的愛迪生渴望成為一名發(fā)明家。②Thecollege’saimistohelpstudentsachievetheiraspirations.大學(xué)的目標(biāo)是幫助學(xué)生實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的抱負(fù)。TextA

Notes2.manifestv.

①toshowsomethingclearly,especiallyafeeling,anattitudeoraquality②toappearorbecomenoticeable①Hemanifestedapleasingpersonalityonstage.在臺(tái)上他表現(xiàn)出惹人喜愛的個(gè)性。

②Thesymptomsofthediseasemanifestedthemselvestendayslater.十天后，這種病的癥狀顯現(xiàn)出來。TextA

Notes3.prophetn.

apersonwhoclaimstoknowwhatwillhappeninthefuture①Heholdsthebeliefthatheisalatter-dayprophet.他深信自己是當(dāng)代先知。②Thepityisthatyouarenotaprophet.可惜你不能未卜先知。TextA

Notes4.pastoraladj.

showingcountrylifeorthecountryside,especiallyinaromanticway①Thevasewaspaintedwithpastoralscenes.花瓶上繪飾著田園景色。②Whenshefirstcametothispastoralarea,shefoundlifehereabitdifficulttogetusedto.她剛來牧區(qū)的時(shí)候，生活上感到有點(diǎn)別扭。TextA

Notes5.fluxn.

continuousmovementandchange①Oursocietyisinastateofflux.我們的社會(huì)在不斷演變。②Educationremainsinastateoffluxwhichwilltakesometimetosettledown.教育還處于不斷變化中，需要一段時(shí)間才能穩(wěn)定下來。TextA

Notes6.illustratedadj.

withpictures,photographsordiagrams①Thebookisbeautifullyillustratedthroughout.這本書從頭到尾都有精美的插圖。②He’sjustwrittenabook,nicelyillustratedandnottootechnical.他剛寫完一本書，插圖精美，內(nèi)容也并不艱澀。

TextA

Notes7.redemptionn.

theactofsavingorstateofbeingsavedfromthepowerofevil;theactofredeeming①Inthe1994movieTheShawshankRedemption,themaincharacterneedstocrawlthroughasewerpipe.在1994年的電影《肖申克的救贖》中，主角需要爬過下水道。

②Ihavenodoubtthatwearepollutingtheenvironmentbeyondredemption.我絲毫都不懷疑我們對(duì)環(huán)境的污染是不可挽回的。TextA

Notes8.backstoryn.

thethingsthataresupposedtohavehappenedbeforetheeventsinafilm/movie,novel,etc.①RowlinghashintedthatshehasideasforatotaloffiveFantasticBeastsfilmstofillinthePotterversebackstory,sothiscouldbejustthebeginning.羅琳暗示說，她已經(jīng)構(gòu)思出了五部《神奇動(dòng)物》電影，來填補(bǔ)哈利?波特系列的背景故事，所以這只是個(gè)開始。②Ironically,however,thebackstorymaybemorepositivethannegative.但具有諷刺意味的是，背后故事的積極因素可能大過消極因素。TextA

Notes9.defiantv.

openlyrefusingtoobeysomebodyorsomething,sometimesinanaggressiveway①Rooseveltwasdefiantinthefaceofthebadnews.對(duì)這個(gè)壞消息，羅斯福毫不理會(huì)。②Shestoodthere,muteanddefiant.她站在那兒不說話，一副挑釁的樣子。TextA

Notes10.prodigyn.

ayoungpersonwhoisunusuallyintelligentorskillfulfortheirage①Shewasachildprodigy,givingconcertsbeforeshewasateenager.她是個(gè)神童，十來歲不到就舉辦音樂會(huì)了。

②Mozartwasaninfantprodigy.莫扎特是個(gè)神童。TextB

KeySentences1.WilliamWordsworthwasoneofthedomineeringfiguresofBritishRomanticism.HewasagoodfriendofSamuelTaylorColeridge,andthetwoofthemsettledintheLakeDistrictinNorthwesternEngland.Culturaltips:湖區(qū)國家公園常被譽(yù)為英格蘭最美麗的一角，既有靈秀清幽的自然風(fēng)光，又不乏各種休閑娛樂設(shè)施。公園擁有雄偉壯麗的山峰與波光粼粼的湖泊，舉世無雙的美景激發(fā)了許多作家和詩人的創(chuàng)作靈感。TextB

KeySentences2.SamuelTaylorColeridge’sroleinLyricalBalladswasovershadowedbyWordsworth,butColeridge’spoeticskillstoodonitsown.beovershadowedby…使顯得遜色;使黯然失色①Hehadalwaysbeenovershadowedbyhiseldersister.他與他姐姐相比總是相形見絀。②AleafbeforetheeyeshutsoutMountTai--haveone’sviewoftheimportantovershadowedbythetrivial.一葉蔽目，不見泰山。TextB

KeySentences3.ThoughnotasprolificasWordsworth,Coleridgehadmanyworkswhichresonatedwithreadersinwaysthatfewotherpoetswereabletomatch.resonatewith引起共鳴①Theroomresonatedwiththechatterof100people.屋里會(huì)合著100人唧唧喳喳的聲音。②Shemakesasimplestoryresonatewithcomplexthemesandemotions.她使一部情節(jié)簡單的小說充滿了復(fù)雜的主題和情感。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousChineseandWesternnovels.TextB2.WriteapassageaboutthedifferencesbetweentheSevenSagesoftheBambooGroveandtheLakePoets.TheSevenSagesoftheBambooGrovewereagroupofChinesescholars,writers,andmusicianswhostressedtheenjoymentofpersonalfreedom,spontaneity,andacelebrationofnature.DifferentfromtheLakePoets,withthetrueenjoymentofnaturalbeauty,theSevenSagesoftheBambooGrovelivedunderabloodyreignofthegovernmentandusedthemethodofsymbolizationandmetaphorofnaturetoexpresstheirrealfeelings.TextB3.WhatistherelationshipbetweenChineseandWesternliteratureinvalues?Chineseliteratureassessesothers’moralbehaviorbystandardofmodestyandcourtesy,inotherterms,collectivism,whiletheWesternliteratureadvocatesself-enterprisingspiritalotanditalwaysassessesindividualvaluebysuccess.Thisiswhatwecalledindividualism.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.theByronicheroTheByronicherofirstappearsinByron’ssemi-autobiographicalepicnarrativepoemChildeHarold’sPilgrimage.HistorianandcriticLordMacaulaydescribedtheByronicheroas“amanproud,moody,andcynical,withdefianceonhisbrow,miseryinhisheart,ascornerofhiskind,implacableinrevenge,yetcapableofdeepandstrongaffection”.TextB2.SongsofInnocenceandofExperience

SongsofInnocenceandofExperienceisanillustratedcollectionofpoemsbyWilliamBlake.Itappearedintwophases.AfewfirstcopieswereprintedandilluminatedbyWilliamBlakehimselfin1789.Fiveyearslater,heboundthesepoemswithasetofnewpoemsinavolumetitledSongsofInnocenceandofExperienceshowingthetwocontrarystatesofthehumansoul.TextB3.theLakePoetsTheLakePoetswereagroupofEnglishpoetswhoalllivedintheLakeDistrictofEnglandattheturnofthe19thcentury.Asagroup,theyfollowednosingleschoolofthoughtorliterarypractice.TheyareconsideredpartoftheRomanticMovement.TextB4.LyricalBallads

LyricalBalladsisacollectionofpoemsbyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgeandgenerallyconsideredasthebeginningoftheEnglishRomanticMovementinliterature.Theimmediateeffectoncriticswasmodest,butitbecomesandremainsalandmark,changingthecourseofEnglishliteratureandpoetry.TextB5.OdetoaNightingale

OdetoaNightingaleisapoembyJohnKeats.AccordingtoBrown,anightingalehadbuiltitsnestnearthehouseofKeats.Inspiredbythebird’ssong,Keatscomposedthepoeminoneday.ItsoonbecameoneofhisfamousodesandwasfirstpublishedinAnnalsoftheFineArtsthefollowingJuly.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.TheattitudesofAmerica’swriterswereshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.AnewRomanticismappearedinEnglandinthelastyearsofthe18thcentury.1.美國作家的態(tài)度是由他們的新世界環(huán)境塑造的，這一系列思想繼承了歐洲的浪漫主義傳統(tǒng)。在十八世紀(jì)后期，英國出現(xiàn)了新的浪漫主義。TextB2.Shakespearewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.TheromanticsacclaimedShakespeare’sgenius.TheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalledas“bardolatry”.2.

莎士比亞在世時(shí)是一位受人尊重的詩人和劇作家，但直到19世紀(jì)他的聲望才達(dá)到今日的高度。浪漫主義者贊頌莎士比亞的才華，維多利亞時(shí)代的人敬仰他，蕭伯納把這種現(xiàn)象稱為“莎士比亞崇拜”。JuejuSonnetTextCComparison1TangXianzuWilliamShakespeareTextCComparison2TheDreamoftheRedChamberRemembranceofThingsPastTextCComparison3TheMonkeyKingReynardtheFoxTextCComparison4ImagerySymbolismTextCComparison5Case

Study

《趙氏孤兒》與《中國孤兒》

《趙氏孤兒》是中國著名的元雜劇，曾被法國作家伏爾泰改編成話劇《中國孤兒》。伏爾泰改編的原因是，他認(rèn)為原作“沒有時(shí)間和劇情的統(tǒng)一、情感的發(fā)揮、風(fēng)俗的描繪，雄辯、理性、熱情，這一切都沒有”。因此，伏爾泰從時(shí)間、人物、情節(jié)、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面對(duì)其進(jìn)行改編，以使其符合西方悲劇的“三一律”。Case

Study

分析點(diǎn)評(píng)

伏爾泰的改編行為反映了中西文學(xué)審美的差異。伏爾泰是歐洲新古典主義戲劇的代表人物，他信奉古典主義美學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和情趣，并按照法國的文化模式和審美規(guī)范要求中國文學(xué)作品，忽視了原作中忠義、因果等中國文學(xué)主題內(nèi)核。在欣賞文學(xué)作品時(shí)，應(yīng)該以包容、開放的態(tài)度，接受并欣賞不同文化產(chǎn)生的文學(xué)手法和審美規(guī)范。Translation

漢譯英

1.四大名著

中國的四大名著(theFourGreatClassicalNovels)創(chuàng)作于明清時(shí)期，是最偉大、最有影響力的四部小說。閱讀這四大名著，可以了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的社會(huì)、歷史、地理、民俗和處世哲學(xué)。大多數(shù)中國人對(duì)這四部小說中的人物、情節(jié)和場景都很熟悉，它們已經(jīng)深深地影響了中國人的思想、觀念和價(jià)值觀。現(xiàn)在，四大名著都已被改編成電影和電視劇，受到很多觀眾的喜愛。它們都具有很高的藝術(shù)水平，是中華民族的寶貴遺產(chǎn)，在中國文學(xué)史上也是一大創(chuàng)舉。Translation

Keys

1.TheFourGreatClassicalNovels

TheFourGreatClassicalNovelsofChina,the4greatestandmostinfluentialnovels,werewrittenintheMingandQingDynasties.ReadingthemcanacquaintpeoplewithtraditionalChinesesociety,history,geography,folkcustoms,andphilosophyoflife.MostChineseareprettyfamiliarwiththefigures,plots,andscenesinthese4novels.Theyhaveprofoundlyinfluencedthementality,ideas,andvaluesofChinesepeople.Nowadays,theFourGreatClassicalNovelshavealreadybeenadaptedintomoviesandTVseries,favoredbylotsofaudiences.Beinghighinartisticstandard,theyarepreciousheritagesofChinesenationandpioneeringworksinthehistoryofChineseliterature.Translation

漢譯英

2.《西游記》

《西游記》是吳承恩寫的一部神話小說，講述的是唐僧在三個(gè)徒弟——孫悟空、豬八戒和沙僧的保護(hù)下去西天取經(jīng)(tofindtheBuddhistScriptures)的故事。一路上，唐僧經(jīng)常被妖怪(demon)捉走，性命垂危，因?yàn)樗鼈兿嘈懦粤颂粕涂梢蚤L生不老，因而他的三個(gè)徒弟不得不一次又一次地解救他。在歷經(jīng)了九九八十一難之后，他們終于取得了真經(jīng)，修煉成佛。1986年，這部小說被改編為電視劇，受到了廣大觀眾的喜愛。Translation

Keys

2.JourneytotheWest

JourneytotheWestisamythologicalnovelwrittenbyWuCheng’enwhichtellsastoryaboutTangseng—theMaster,whowenttotheWesttofindtheBuddhistScripturesundertheprotectionofhis3disciples—MonkeyKing,Pigsy,andSandy.Duringthejourney,Tangsengwasoftencapturedandhadhislifethreatened,becausethedemonswhocapturedhimbelievedthatiftheyateTangsengtheycouldattainimmortality.Asaresult,his3disciplesalwayshadtosavehimtimeandagain.Afterhavingexperienced81difficulties,thefourobtainedth