翻譯教案第一課 翻譯概論

第一課:翻譯概論學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：了解翻譯的定義，過(guò)程以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一、翻譯是什么。Awidowaged70marriedayoungmanof25.Thisisanotherofthoseman-bites-dogstories.“It’sanorderfromPresidentBush.”“Idon’tcareifitisfrombush,tree,orgrass.”“綠丹蘭”——愛(ài)你一輩子（cosmeticsadvertisement）ButDiana’schampionswereoverwhelmingwomen.Likemanyofthem,shehadaheartlesshusband,in-lawsfromhell,andfickleboyfriends.1．什么是翻譯？2．判斷：翻譯是一種純語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換活動(dòng)。3．判斷：翻譯是一門(mén)藝術(shù)，所以翻譯不可學(xué)，翻譯課程沒(méi)有作用。二、翻譯的過(guò)程——理解，表達(dá)和校核三、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.嚴(yán)復(fù)的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)我們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Weevilsandothereconomicpestsmustbewipedout.Abigquestionmarkhangsoverthecompany’sfuture.Thisisaverygoodprice.Iwon’tdoittosavemylife.Thewaitressservedthemelonchilled.ThedishesfromChinesecuisinearemeanttobebothvisuallyappealingandflavorous.Fanspackedthehalltoseetheband.Libertyismoreimportantthanlife.四、如何學(xué)好翻譯？練習(xí)：1）優(yōu)劣判斷：Thesehospitalexpensesmadeinroadsonmysavings.醫(yī)院的這些費(fèi)用嚴(yán)重地消耗了我的積蓄。我住院花的這些費(fèi)用用掉了我的積蓄。這些住院費(fèi)耗掉了我大部分積蓄。Theykilledabottleofkaoliangbetweenthem.他們二人喝了一瓶高粱酒。他們二人對(duì)酌，把一瓶高粱酒喝得一干二凈。他們消滅了一瓶高粱酒。Itwouldbeonesetbacktoomuchforhim.這是一個(gè)對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)太多的挫折。他可再也經(jīng)不住什么挫折了。如果再有一個(gè)挫折，對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)太多了。Whenitcametoreading,theywereasgoodasblind.來(lái)讀書(shū)時(shí)，他們和瞎子一樣。一拿起書(shū)本，他們可都成睜眼瞎了。說(shuō)到讀書(shū)，他們可都是瞎子。Yes,westillhaveproblems–plentyofthem.Butit’sjustplainwrong,unjusttoourcountryandunjusttoourpeople,toletthoseproblemsstandinthewayofthemostimportanttruthofall:Americaisonthemend.是的，我們還有問(wèn)題——而且有大量問(wèn)題。但是，如果讓這些問(wèn)題妨礙一個(gè)最重要的事實(shí)——美國(guó)的情況正在好轉(zhuǎn)，那就是完全錯(cuò)誤的，對(duì)我們的國(guó)家不夠公正的，對(duì)我們的人民不夠公正的。不錯(cuò)，我們還存在問(wèn)題——而且問(wèn)題很多。但是美國(guó)的情況正在好轉(zhuǎn)。如果我們讓問(wèn)題擋住了視線而看不見(jiàn)這樣一個(gè)重要的事實(shí)，那就是完全錯(cuò)誤的，無(wú)論對(duì)我們的國(guó)家和人民都有失公正。對(duì)，我們?nèi)匀贿€有問(wèn)題，而且是大量的。但是如果讓這些問(wèn)題站在所有事實(shí)的道路中間，那簡(jiǎn)直是錯(cuò)誤的，對(duì)我們的國(guó)家和人民都不公正：美國(guó)的情況正在好轉(zhuǎn)。Ipreferdrivingtobeingdriven.我喜歡開(kāi)車，不喜歡別人開(kāi)車。我喜歡開(kāi)車，不喜歡坐車。我開(kāi)車比被開(kāi)車更喜歡。Shehaddeprivedherselfoftheadviceofallbutyesman.她喪失了除了唯唯諾諾的人之外的所有人的勸告。她剝奪了自己的所有人的勸告，唯唯諾諾的人除外。她喜歡唯唯諾諾的人。根本聽(tīng)不進(jìn)所有其他人的勸告。Unemploymenthasstubbornlyrefusedtocontractformorethanadecade.十多年來(lái)，失業(yè)人數(shù)一直頑固地拒絕壓縮。十多年來(lái)，失業(yè)人數(shù)總是居高不下。失業(yè)人數(shù)總是不收縮，這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)持續(xù)了十多年了。2）SentenceTranslation1）It’sverygoodtohavesomenewbloodinthecompany.2）Peasantsnowsellvegetablesatmovingpricesdeterminedbytheirsupplyandtheircustomer’sdemand.3）Let’sgetdowntothemeatandpotatoes;howmuchareyougoingtopaymeforthehouse?4）Havingthisthornyproblemsortedoutwillsortoutthemenfromtheboys.5）Sheisveryunhappytheseyearsbecausesheremainsagolfwidow.6）ShewastornbetweenstayingathometowatchtheTVplayserialandgoingtothecinemawithhim.7）Theyranasfastastheirlegscouldcarrythem.8）Priceandwagesarefellow-travelersonthesameupwardescalator.3）PassageTranslationWhatMakesaTeacherItiscustomaryforadultstoforgethowhardanddullandlongschoolis.Thelearningbymemoryofallthebasicthingsonemustknowisamostincredibleandunendingeffort.Learningtoreadisprobablythemostdifficultandrevolutionarythingthathappenstothehumanbrainandifyoudon’tbelievethat,watchanilliterateadulttrytodoit.Schoolisnoteasyanditisnotforthemostpartverymuchfun,butthen,ifyouareverylucky,youmayfindarealteacher.Threerealteachersinalifetimeistheverybestofmyluck.Myfirstwasascienceandmathteacherinhighschool,mysecond,aprofessorofcreativewritingatStanford,andmythirdwasmyfriendandpartner,EdRicketts.Ihavecometobelievethatagreatteacherisagreatartistandthatthereareasfewasthereareanyothergreatartists.Itmightevenbethegreatestoftheartssincethemediumisthehumanmindandspirit.Mythreeteachershadthesethingsincommon:Theyalllovedwhattheyweredoing.Theydidnottell,theycatalyzedaburningdesiretoknow.Undertheirinfluence,thehorizonssprungwideandfearwentawayandtheunknownbecameknowable.Butmostimportantofall,thetruth,thatdangerousstuff,becamebeautifulandveryprecious.第二講：英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比教學(xué)目的：了解英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)兩者之間的主要差異，學(xué)習(xí)英漢翻譯中相應(yīng)的翻譯策略，使譯文盡量符合譯入語(yǔ)(中文)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。請(qǐng)翻譯下列句子：Imethimbychanceatthetheatretheotherday.IwasverytiredwhenyousawmeyesterdaybecauseIhadbeenrunning.Histelephoneconversationseemedendless.判斷是哪個(gè)方面的差異。Hesteppedrightinafterthem,likeitornot,andhewasdeterminedthatnothingpettyasgoodmannersshouldkeephimfromenlightment.他緊跟著他們走了進(jìn)去，不管什么像不像的。他打定了主意：像禮貌這樣的小事決不應(yīng)該阻止他啟蒙的機(jī)會(huì)。他不管三七二十一地緊跟著他們走了進(jìn)去。什么禮貌不禮貌的，他顧不上這一套了，他決心不錯(cuò)過(guò)這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，要把心里的問(wèn)題弄個(gè)明白。他不管人家愛(ài)歡迎不歡迎，緊跟著他們走了進(jìn)去。他認(rèn)為禮貌事小，而不能讓啟蒙的機(jī)會(huì)給擋住了。Italkedtohimwiththebrutalfrankness.我用近乎冷酷的直率和他談了話。我用近乎殘忍的坦誠(chéng)和他談了話。我和他談了話，雖然逆耳，卻是忠言。Thebarbedshaftoflovehadpenetratedhisdullhide.Sixweeks–affection–opportunity–hadvictimizedhimcompletely.愛(ài)神的倒鉤箭頭把他的厚皮終于射穿了。六周以來(lái)他和心愛(ài)的人朝夕相處，親近的機(jī)會(huì)多了，已經(jīng)到了神魂顛倒的地步。愛(ài)情的帶刺的箭頭終于把他的厚皮射穿了。六周時(shí)間的親近和機(jī)會(huì)，是他完全犧牲了。他終于未能抵御住愛(ài)神之箭，深深地墜入了愛(ài)河。六個(gè)星期以來(lái)，他和心愛(ài)的人兒頻頻約會(huì)，耳鬢廝磨，已經(jīng)愛(ài)到了要死要活的地步。結(jié)論：2、1）TheabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinviolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemcondemnationoffreedom-lovingpeopleeverywhere.2）Withthismedicineboxattheready,you’llbeabletodealwiththeslightillnessbyyourself.Highvoltagecurrentisusuallycarriedbyoverheadwiresystemsoastopreventlivingthingsbeingelectrocuted.3）Wemuststophismadness.Inlinewithlatesttrendsinfashion,afewdressdesignershavebeensacrificingelegancetoaudacity.4）One’sownpastmaybecomeagraduallyincreasingweight.Hewaitedforherarrivalwithafrenziedagitation.判斷是哪個(gè)方面的差異。Carelessnesscausedhisfailureinthisyear’scollegeentranceexam.粗心導(dǎo)致了他在今年高考中的失敗。粗心是他今年高考考得不理想的一個(gè)重要原因。他由于粗心，今年高考落榜了。Failuretoanswerhalfthequestiontheyaskedmadethepolicesuspecthim.由于他未能回答他們所問(wèn)問(wèn)題的一半，使得警察對(duì)他產(chǎn)生了懷疑。他未能回答他們所問(wèn)問(wèn)題的一半，警察懷疑了。未能回答他們所問(wèn)問(wèn)題的一半，使警察起了疑心。1.倫敦發(fā)展得很迅速。2.約翰來(lái)得太早了。3.我們仔細(xì)對(duì)比一下，就能看出差別。4.再往前走幾步，就到實(shí)驗(yàn)室了。5.由于計(jì)劃不周，把錢(qián)都浪費(fèi)了。6.由于缺少時(shí)間，他改變了計(jì)劃。Don’tbelievehim.Youshouldknowheisagoodkidder.Youmustbeaverybadlearner,orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher.SheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.Howshegottohatemesomuch!Thewarwasaparadigmoftheevilanddestructivesideofhumannature.Hehassomeonebehindhim.Themachineisinoperation.Thedoctorfeltsympatheticwithhispatients.(sympathize)He’llbehomeinhalfanhour.英語(yǔ)是一種靜態(tài)的語(yǔ)言。英譯漢中的相應(yīng)策略。判斷是哪個(gè)方面的差異。Businesstookmetotown.公務(wù)把我?guī)У搅顺抢?。公?wù)伴我進(jìn)城。我因事進(jìn)城去了。Anideasuddenlystruckme.Hissenseofhumorrarelydesertthisnobleman.2、導(dǎo)致差異的思維上的根本原因3、如何在英漢翻譯中處理這個(gè)差異。1）Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.練習(xí)：Adecadeofthetrafficpolicejobinthecitycenterhashurthishearing.Thecuriosityshopdetainedhimforalmostthreehours.Achillofhorrorsuddenlysweptoverhim.Thislittlechap’sgoodnaturedhonestfacewonhiswayforhim.2）PoliticalconsiderationsalsoinfluencedmanypeopletomovetoAmerica.Risingpricespromptedmanylaborunionstodemandhigherwages.1、判斷是哪個(gè)方面的差異。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.Theboy,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungry,becausehehadhadnofoodfortwodays.2、3、產(chǎn)生這種差別的思維原因4、如何在英漢翻譯中處理這種差異。1）Timeisofnoaccountwithgreatthoughts,whichareasfreshtodayaswhentheyfirstpassedthroughtheirauthor’smindsagesago.Whentheeveningmistclothestheriversidewithpoetry,aswithaveil,andthetallbuildingslosethemselvesinthedimsky,andthetallchimneysbecomecampanili,thewholecityhangsintheheavens,andfairylandisbeforeus.2）Mr.Kennedyapparentlywashitbythefirstofwhatwitnessbelievedwasthreeshots.判斷是什么方面的差異。Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.AdrasticchangeofU.S.policyinthehornofAfricawouldcreateprobleminWashington’srelationwithEthiopia.Thesoaringpriceindexgavethelietotheofficialclaimthattheinflationwascurbed.StillstrugglingwithonlyafewwordsofChinese,Icontinuetosoakuptheirsoundsonpublictransport.Itsmobilestagesprovideadailydoseofcontemporary“PekingOpera”starringdriverandconductorsupportedbyahugecastofextras–thealwayschangingpassengers.如何處理這種差異。將英文句子按照意思拆分成短句。Warwasavoidedbyamasterstrokeofstatesmanship.A．戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)被高度的政治策略避免了。B．由于運(yùn)用了高超的政治策略，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)才得以避免。C．戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的被避免是由于運(yùn)用了高度的政治策略。HappyreunionwasmuchfeltamongthefamilymembersattheSpringFestival.1、Themachinewasbeingrepaired.Hisspeechwasgreetedwithhisses.TheGreeceOlympicwinnerswererichlyrewardedandpresentedwitheverythingfromcashonthebarrelheadtotaxexemptionsanddraftdeferments.2、Bytheendofthewar800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostofover200BegianandFrenchlives.Hislifewascutshortbycholera.Hewasseentopushabikeoutofthehouse.Muchislefttobedesired.Childrenshouldbetaughttospeakthetruth.Principlesmeanverylittleunlesstheyareactedupon.5、China-inkstainscannotbewashedout.Historyismadebythepeople.英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比練習(xí)一：修改下列句子的翻譯1.Hisfacetoldthetaleofonewhoknewbutthelawofmight.他的臉告訴過(guò)一個(gè)只知道力量法則的故事。2.Duringhisbriefcareerheplayednospeakingparts–hewasonlyanextra.在他短暫的職業(yè)生涯中，他扮演不說(shuō)話的角色——他只是一個(gè)群眾演員。3.Hermindreturnedtoherboyfriend’soffencesandlong,verylong,didtheyoccupyher.她的思緒又回到了她男友的粗暴無(wú)禮，而它們很久很久地占有她。4.Shefeltcreativelyandemotionallysterile.她覺(jué)得在創(chuàng)造性和情感上無(wú)生氣。5.Whatcanbeeasilyseeninhispoemsarehisimageryandoriginality,powerandranger.我們能夠很容易在他的詩(shī)歌中看到他的形象化描述，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，能量和范圍。二、翻譯下列句子1.Oxfordismuchsmallerinnumbers,forexample,thantheStateUniversityofMinnesota,andismuchpoorer.Ithas,orhadtillyesterday,fewerstudentsthantheUniversityof2.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.3.BobNewhart’spopularityasanactorandstand-upcomedianledtohiscastinginanumberofmotionpictures,withsomeofthebiggestfilmstarsinHollywood,andofcourse,asthecartoonvoiceofBernardthemouse.BobNewhart:鮑勃·紐哈特Bernard:伯納德4.Themonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageof9,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.5.Hisgruelingworkschedule,sayaides,isalmostsurelyamajorexplanationforthestomachailmentthathospitalizedhimforseveraldaysearlierlastmonth.PassageTranslation“Talentless”WomenProvesAnyPublicityIsGoodNegativeadvertisingworks,atleastforaSwedishcareworkerwhogaveitatryafterfruitlessattemptstofindanewjobbymoreconventionalmeans.“Iwantawell-paidjob.Ihavenoimagination.Iamanti-social,uncreativeanduntalented,”readanadvertisementpostedbyAngeliksWedberg,30,intheregionaldailyGoteborgs-Posten.Herphonestartedringingincessantlyandjobofferspoursin.WedbergtoldtheInterneteditionofthedailyExpressen.ShehasaninterviewthreedayslaterwithacompanycalledMapMediaofferingasalaryof18,000crowns(＄2,118)permonth–anincreaseofmorethanonethirdonhercurrentjobasacareworkerfortheelderly.Expressendidnotsaywhatthenewpositionwas.AngeliksWedbergGoteborgs-Posten哥德堡郵報(bào)（哥德堡是瑞典西南部的海岸城市）Expressen快報(bào)MapMedia英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比翻譯練習(xí)二：1、靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)SomeknowledgeaboutthestructureandhistoryofChineseishelpfultoyourstudyofthelanguage.Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.Thebasilicaisaconglomerationofcontrarystylesandperiods.Heshouldresignthepresidency.2、物稱與人稱Toomuchwater,likelittlewater,willkillthisplant.Theearly1600’ssawthebeginningofagreattideofemigrationfromEuropetoNorthAmerica.Myheartfailedmeatthesight.3、形合與意合Mysisterisexpectingme,soImustbeoffnow.Astheweatherwasfine,wedecidedtoclimbthemountain.Andheknowshowashamedhewouldhavebeenifshehadknownhismotherandthekindofplaceinwhichhewasborn,andthekindofpeopleamongwhomhewasborn.4、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Industrialwastemustbepreventedfrompollutingourrivers.ToprotectthewhalefromthecoldoftheArcticseas,naturehasprovideditwithathickcoveringoffatcalledblubber.Whenwhaleiskilled,theblubberisstrippedoffandboileddown,eitheronboardshiporonshore.Nonewinternationalefforthasbeenmadetoovercometheworstofpovertyandunderdevelopment.Economicmarginalizationhasbeenallowedtocontinueandtheinequalitiesofthe20thcenturyhavebeenfurthered.英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比翻譯練習(xí)三：一、修改下面的翻譯：I’venevermadeadealwhereIdidn’tfeelIcouldhavegottenmoremoney,oranadditionalbenefit.Thatisnormal:nobodyevergetsthelastcent.Infact,it’saverygoodnegotiatingtactictoleavesomethingonthetable.Itshowsyourlackofgreedandit’salwaysappreciated.[原譯]我從來(lái)沒(méi)有做過(guò)一樁我不感到我原本可以賺更多錢(qián)的生意。這是正常的：沒(méi)有人能得到最后一分錢(qián)。事實(shí)上，在桌子上留下來(lái)一點(diǎn)兒東西是非常好的談判策略。這表明你不貪婪，而且總是受到賞識(shí)。TopIsraelimilitarycommanderssaidIsraelitroopsshouldhavebombedseveralbigcitiedontheWestbankoftheJordanRiverasrecommendedbysomeIsraeligenerals.ThiswouldhavedrivenPalestinianmilitantsoutofthearea.[原譯]以色列高級(jí)指揮官稱，以色列部隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該依照一些以色列將軍的建議轟炸約旦河西岸的一些大城市，這樣就能把巴勒斯坦激進(jìn)分子趕出這個(gè)地區(qū)。OrperhapstheproliferationofcoffeebarsinManhattan–thenumberseemstodoubleeverythreemonths–isinfusingsomuchcaffeineintothealreadyjanglinglocalsthatpeoplecannolongkeeptothemselves.[原譯]或許曼哈頓不斷增長(zhǎng)的咖啡店，現(xiàn)在的數(shù)字是每三個(gè)月翻一番，注入太多咖啡因到本來(lái)就吵吵嚷嚷的當(dāng)?shù)厝松砩?，所以他們更不要?dú)自孤獨(dú)了。二、語(yǔ)篇翻譯（一）OnSanya’ssunnystretchofcoastlinealongthesleepysouthernmosttipofHainanIsland,youaremorelikelytofindboredbuffalothanbouncybeachbabes.ThatisunlessyoustrolledpastasoneofChina（二）AnotherstereotypeborneoutbythelivesoftheMillennialMindsisthatgeniusoftenseemstobe,asEdisonhimselfputit,onepercentinspirationand99percentperspiration.FromLeonardodaVincitoBrunel,MozarttoFritzHaber,analmostpathologicaldevotiontotheirworkcharacterizesmanyMillennialMinds.Thisdevotionbroughtsometoanearlygrave:MarieCurie,forinstance,waskilledbyradiationfromheryearsofworkwithradium.Formanyothers,itmeantunfulfilledpersonallives,failedmarriagesand,inthecaseofBoltzmannandTuring,suicide.第三講：詞義的選擇和引申Sophisticated見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣的；老練的；見(jiàn)過(guò)世面的,（機(jī)器、體系等）復(fù)雜巧妙的；先進(jìn)的；精密的,（人）水平高的；在行的SophisticatedmanSophisticatedelectronicdeviceSophisticatedweapon什么是選詞？（一）OnSanya’ssunnystretchofcoastlinealongthesleepysouthernmosttipofHainanIsland,youaremorelikelytofindboredbuffalothanbouncybeachbabes.ThatisunlessyoustrolledpastasoneofChina（二）AnotherstereotypeborneoutbythelivesoftheMillennialMindsisthatgeniusoftenseemstobe,asEdisonhimselfputit,onepercentinspirationand99percentperspiration.FromLeonardodaVincitoBrunel,MozarttoFritzHaber,analmostpathologicaldevotiontotheirworkcharacterizesmanyMillennialMinds.（三）Thequeenhaswingsforatime,andonedayshefliesawaywithawingedmale.Themalediessoonafterwards,butthequeen,withoutherwings,findsagoodplaceforhernewnestandbeginstolayeggsthere.Workerantswillfeedherandprotecttheeggs,andtheywillbuildasbigandsafeahomeastheycan.詞義的選擇1.根據(jù)詞類，確定詞義LightAluminiumisalightmetal.Trafficontheroadwasextremelylightduringthenight.Pleaseturnonthelight.Thelightisdim.Lightacandletoseewhathappenedinside.Bassrovawascalledtoapolicestationandtoldshewasbannedfromappearinginfilmsorplaysandevenfromattendingsocialfunctions.TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt“overwhelmed”lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.2.根據(jù)搭配確定詞義HaveHavemanyEnglishbookshaveacupofteaHaveabadcoldhavelunchHaveagoodtimehaveahatonHaveabathShehasonlylittleFrench.Willyouhaveacigarette?Willyouhaveadancewithme?She’shadfourlettersfromherfriendinTibet.Haveagooddream.Heisrathershortandskinny,hasathinmoustacheandeventhinnerhaironhishead.Hespeakswithaverythinvoice,soinaudiblethatitishardtotellifheisspeakingatall.3.根據(jù)使用領(lǐng)域確定詞義Iwilldoeverythingwithinmypowertoassistyou.Chinahasafewnuclearweapons,butitwillneverjointheso-calledclubofnuclearpowers.Thecellmustbeexaminedundera20-powermicroscope.二、詞義的引申1．根據(jù)搭配引申Survive:continuetoliveorexistHesurvivedthetrouble.Veryfewoftheseoldcoinssurvived.Thecountrysurvivedtheexternalpressures.Heredesperateworkersdefybothpoliceandpoisonoussnakestoferryloadsofcottonacrossthefrontierinthehopeofwinningahigherprice.Istrainedmyeyestryingtodistinguishbetweenthebird’sthinlegsandthetwigthatwasofthesamecolor.2.根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境Thesaplingscanwithstanddroughtywindsandsurviveunderthescorchingraysofthesun.Shebelievesthattheirthinkinghassurvivedthecenturiesbecauseofitsvitalityandsuitability.WhenMissMaddoxgotcloseenoughtogreetus,thelong-termneglectofherteethshowed.Intime,twoofmybrothersjoinedDadthere,followinginthefamilyfootsteps.DuringtheBrusselsconferenceeventheWorldBanksuggestedthattheproblemlieonbothsidesofthewealthdivide.WeinZambiawouldliketobuildacolor-blindsocietywhereeveryonecanhaveequalopportunity.3.根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)的感情色彩確定詞語(yǔ)的褒貶wordspositiveneutralNegativeDeath

Result

AmbitionstubbornHeisastubbornchildwhowon’tobeyhismother.Thedefendersputupstubbornresistance.inciteHeincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.endlessTherevolutionhasinspiredaseeminglyendlessstreamofnewandexcitingelectronicproductsthatwecan’tlivewithout.Thelearningbymemoryofallthebasicthingsonemustknowisamostincredibleandunendingeffort.notforgetoneselfWehopeMr.Whitewillnotforgethimself.GonearethedayswhenarepresentativeofabigpowerintheU.N.maydowhateverhelikes.Wehopethatourrespectedsecretary-Generalwillnotforgethimself.Hispoorhealthisknowntoall.4.根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)的輕重確定詞語(yǔ)的引申words輕重congratulate

Lookdownupon

destroy

修改譯文：Hetoldhishearersthatifthepeoplewereattackedbythepolicemen,theconsequencesmustfallontheaggressors.他對(duì)聽(tīng)眾說(shuō)，如果人民受到警察的襲擊，其后果一定會(huì)落在侵略者身上。5.根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)的文體色彩wordsinformalneutralformalpoor

tired

youngman

wife:potato:Mybelovedfatherhasjoinedtheheavenlychoir.Mydearparentshavepassedaway.Myparentsdied.Myoldmanhaskickedthebucket.詞義的選擇練習(xí)一：1.詞義的選擇和引申1）Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears.2）Thelightintheroomispoor.3）Chinawillbeoneofthelargesteconomiesintheworldwithin20years.4）Thefamouswriterissurveyinghisworkforthefinishingtouch.5）Heisahighlysuccessfulstudentwithabrilliantacademicrecord.6）Theoilprovidessomecoolingeffect.7）Thisafternoon’sballgameissuretobeanexcitingone,forthetwosidesarewell-matchedone.8）Whentheysang,soundwavebegantotravelandwentinalldirections.9）Ifyoudislikethecoldweatherinwinter,youcanvisitKunming,the“SpringCity”whichissparedtemperatureextremes.10）Anewdignitycreptintohiswalk.2.詞義的褒貶Thepresidentspokehighlyofthosewhohaddiedfortheircountry.Heisalwaysambitiousforhisson.AtthattimeitseemedthattherewasnoonewatchingoutforHitler’sambition.Thevocationalcollegehasagoodreputationforexamresults.DuringtheSecondWorldWartheaggressiveJapanesesoldierswonthemselvesasavagereputation.3.語(yǔ)篇翻譯CanYouBenefitfromaBreakup?Haveyoufoundyourselfthinking,'Idon'tthinkIcangothroughthisagain"afterabreakup?Fearnot.Breakupsareapartofourevolution,andfrankly,theonlywaytoescapeitistolockyourselfupinaroomwithnowindows.Here,familycourtjudgeMicheleLowranceshowsyoucannotonlysurvive,butthrive,fromyournextsplit.Whetherit'sdivorce,atemporaryseparation,orthefallingoutofafriendship,thebreakupofarelationshipisalwaystoughonone'spsyche.But,therearewaystogetthroughit.詞義的選擇練習(xí)二：Thethoughtthatonedaytheymightreturntotheirnativecountryhasneverdesertedthem.Oneteacherwritesthatinsteadofdrowninghisstudent’scompositionincriticalredink,theteacherwillgetfarmoreconstructiveresultsbyfindingoneortwothingswhichhavebeendonebetterthanlasttime,andcommentingfavorablyonthem.WhileinstayingJapan,SunYat-senmidwifedsomerevolutionarygroupsfortheoverthrowofQingDynasty(1616-1911)andtherebirthoftheChinesenation,hislifetimecause.Ihaverisenfromnothingtoeverything,butMrs.Sparsit,withallheradvantages,hasfallenfromeverythingtonothing.…thereader’shairstandonendwhenhereadsinthefinalpagesofthenovelthattheheroine,adearoldladywhohadalwaysbeensokindtoeverybody,had,inheryouth,poisonedeveryoneofherfivehusbands.…andIhadnotknownyouamonthbeforeIfeltthatyouwere,thelastmanintheworldwhomIcouldeverbeprevailedontomarry.Theevilwhichtheydidlivesafterthem.ItmightbetemptingtodismissShakespeare’sreputationasabitoversold,wereitnotforsomeprettyimpressivefacts.Shakespeareisthemostwildly-readauthorinhistory,havingbeentranslatedintomorethan100languages.Hisplaysarealsothemostfilmedinhistory,havingbeenturnedintomorethan300moviessincethefirstwasmadein1899.Andtheplayscontinuetopackaudiencesintotheatresaroundtheworld.Even400yearsafterhisdeath,Shakespeareisstillpullinginthecrowds.第四講增減詞和詞性以及句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換詞量增減，是指根據(jù)原文上下文的意思、邏輯關(guān)系以及譯文語(yǔ)言句法特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣，在翻譯時(shí)增加原文字面沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)但實(shí)際內(nèi)容已包含的詞，或者減去原文雖有但譯文語(yǔ)言表達(dá)用不著的詞。必須指出的是，詞量增減必須防止兩個(gè)傾向：一是添枝加葉，任意發(fā)揮；二是避難就易，肆意裁割。1、增詞1）Abook,tightshut,isbutablockofpaper.2）Successisoftenjustanideaaway.3）Afterthebanquets,theconcerts,andthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.4）It'smoreexpensivethanitwaslasttimebutnotasgood.5）Theapplicationofplasticsinautomobileindustryhasbroughtaboutgreatincreaseoftheconsumption.6）Commissiondependsonthequantityofgoodsordered.7）Thehighriskofinjectionputsapremiumontheuseofsterileneedles8）Whattheywantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.9）Sheisacomplicatedgirl-moody,sensitiveandskeptical.10）Betweensewing,cleaning,andraisingherchildren,themotherwaskeptbusyalldaylong.11）ThetensionintheMiddleEasthasattractedmuchattentionoftheworld.12）Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.13）Inordertoimproveacertainkindofbattery,Edisonspentalmosttenyearsandmadenearly50,000experiments.14）Alone,Rooseveltcouldhaveaccomplishedlittle.15）IsawaTurneronthewall.16）Theytalkedaboutwage,priceandinflation.2、減詞由于兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同，翻譯時(shí)如果一字不漏地照搬，往往會(huì)顯得累贅、拖沓、冗雜、或不合行文習(xí)慣，甚至產(chǎn)生歧義。采取減詞譯法可以使譯文言簡(jiǎn)意賅。涉外文書(shū)翻譯常有以下幾種減詞情況：(1)減去代詞1）Weassureyouofourpromptattentiontothismatter.(2)減去陳腐或不必要套語(yǔ)Wetakethisopportunitytoinformyouthatwearenowinpositiontomakepromptshipmentofthemerchandise.Youarekindlyrequestedtoletushaveyourbestquotationforthecannedfish.(3)減去不言而喻或冗雜詞語(yǔ)1）Onconditionthatyousignthisreceipt,Iwillpaythemoney.2）Thepriceoftheproductsshouldbesetaccordingtothepriceintheinternationalmarket.Itshouldbefixedbythetwopartiesatalevelthatwillbringprofittoboth.3）Part-timewaitressapplicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.名詞，形容詞，副詞的翻譯一、名詞的翻譯優(yōu)劣判斷1.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinhischaracter.A.他的性格既殘暴又狡猾。B.他的性格是老虎和猿猴的混合物。C.他既有老虎的性格又有猿猴的性格。2.Theinabilitytosatisfythoseexpectationswillmeanincreasedsocialtensions,especiallywheretheregimesarealreadyabywordforcorruptionandinstability.A.如果不能滿足這些期望，那就意味著社會(huì)局勢(shì)會(huì)越來(lái)越緊張，尤其是在那些腐化和動(dòng)蕩已經(jīng)成為政治的代名詞的國(guó)家里。B.不能滿足這些期望，將意味著社會(huì)形勢(shì)越來(lái)越緊張，尤其是在那些腐化和動(dòng)蕩已經(jīng)成為證券綽號(hào)的國(guó)家里。C.無(wú)法滿足這些期望，將意味著社會(huì)緊張局勢(shì)會(huì)加劇，尤其是在那些腐敗和動(dòng)蕩已成政權(quán)綽號(hào)的國(guó)家里。3.Hispreoccupationwithbusinessleftlittletimeforhisfamily.A．他全神貫注于事業(yè)，為他的家庭留下了很少的時(shí)間。B．他對(duì)事業(yè)的全神貫注留給家庭的時(shí)間很少。C．他全神貫注于事業(yè)，因而與家人在一起的時(shí)間很少。4．Fridaystartedwithamorningvisittothemoderncampusofthe22,000studentUniversityofMichiganinnearbyAnnArbor,wheretheChinesetabletennisteamjoinedstudentsinthecafeterialineforlunchandlaterplayedanexhibitionmatch.A．星期五那天，中國(guó)乒乓球隊(duì)一早就趕到安亞伯附近去參觀擁有22,000名學(xué)生的密西根大學(xué)的現(xiàn)代化校園。他們和該校學(xué)生在校內(nèi)自助餐廳一起排隊(duì)買午餐，然后舉行了一場(chǎng)表演賽。B．星期五開(kāi)始于一個(gè)早晨的訪問(wèn)，中國(guó)乒乓球?qū)η巴瞾啿浇⒂^擁有22,000名學(xué)生的密西根大學(xué)的現(xiàn)代化校園。他們和該校學(xué)生在校內(nèi)自助餐廳一起排隊(duì)買，而后打了一場(chǎng)表演賽。C．星期五是這樣開(kāi)始的：早晨中國(guó)乒乓球隊(duì)到安亞伯附近去參觀擁有22,000名學(xué)生的密西根大學(xué)的現(xiàn)代化校園；中午他們和該校學(xué)生在校內(nèi)餐廳一起排隊(duì)買午餐，午餐過(guò)后打了一場(chǎng)表演賽。5．Nepal’swiderangeoftopographiessupportsimilarlybroadculturalvariations.A.由于尼泊爾具有多樣化的地貌特征，它的文化也呈現(xiàn)出多樣性。B．尼泊爾廣泛的地貌特征支持同樣寬廣的文化多樣性。C．尼泊爾多樣化的地貌特征支持者它的文化多樣性。I’maperfectstrangertophysics.Itisourgreatpleasuretonotethatourshipbuildingindustryisdevelopingvigorously.Weshouldbeverycautiouswhenbuyingexpensivethingsandaskourselvesifwearemakingawisepurchase.Nowonderthesightofitshouldsendthememoriesofquiteanumberoftheoldergenerationrushingbackto36yearsago.Alittleforethoughtwouldhavesavedyoumuchtroubleafterwards.二、形容詞的翻譯優(yōu)劣判斷1．Everyoneofus,exceptmypoorhoodwinkedgrandmother,heardofthebadnews.A．我們每一個(gè)人，除了我那可憐的受欺騙的奶奶，都得知了這個(gè)不幸的消息。B．除了我那可憐的受欺騙的奶奶，我們大家都得知了這一不幸的消息。C．我們大家都得知了這一不幸的消息，只有我那可憐的奶奶還蒙在鼓里。2．There’sbeensomedirtyworkwiththeclubaccountsandsomemoneyismissing.A．俱樂(lè)部的賬目有鬼，有些錢(qián)不知去向。B．俱樂(lè)部的賬目有卑鄙的勾當(dāng)，有些錢(qián)不知去向。C．俱樂(lè)部的賬目是吃力不討好的工作，有些錢(qián)不見(jiàn)了。3．Sheisanabsoluteone-manwife.A．她是一個(gè)絕對(duì)地只要一個(gè)男人的妻子。B．她是一個(gè)忠實(shí)的妻子，絕對(duì)地只有一個(gè)男人。C．她是一位忠實(shí)的妻子，堅(jiān)信從一而終的信念。4．Sheisagoodwasher.A.她是一個(gè)好洗衣人。B．她洗衣服洗得很好。C．她洗衣服總是洗得很干凈。5．Ourtroopswonoverwhelmingvictoriesinquicksuccession.A.我們的軍隊(duì)勢(shì)如破竹，節(jié)節(jié)勝利。B.我們的部隊(duì)接二連三地贏得占?jí)旱箖?yōu)勢(shì)的勝利。C.我們的部隊(duì)接連取得了勢(shì)不可擋的勝利。6.Thechildrenarealwaysuptoamusingtricks.A.孩子們總是調(diào)皮搗蛋尋開(kāi)心。B.孩子們總是喜歡一些逗人笑的惡作劇。C.孩子們總是喜歡玩一些引起興趣的詭計(jì)。7.Fewwentoutinsuchacuttingandblindingwind.A.在如此刺骨的和刮得叫人睜不開(kāi)眼的風(fēng)里，很少有人出門(mén)。B.因?yàn)榇坦堑娘L(fēng)和刮得叫人睜不開(kāi)眼睛的風(fēng)，很少有人出門(mén)。C.寒風(fēng)刺骨，刮得叫人睜不開(kāi)眼睛。在這樣惡劣的天氣，很少有人出門(mén)。8.Enemiesoftheindustrialstatusquo,they(Americanfinancialenterpreneurs)aretakeoverartistsandspinoffspecialistswhohaveforcednothinglessthantherestructuringofcorporateAmerica.A.他們（美國(guó)金融企業(yè)家們）善于打破產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀，或者實(shí)行兼并，或者分散經(jīng)營(yíng)，往往得心應(yīng)手。他們促成了美國(guó)企業(yè)界的重組。B.他們（美國(guó)金融企業(yè)家們）是產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀的大敵，是兼并大師，也是分散經(jīng)營(yíng)的專家。他們促成了法人團(tuán)體的美國(guó)的改組。C.他們（美國(guó)金融企業(yè)家們）是產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀的敵人，是兼并大師，也是分散經(jīng)營(yíng)的專家。他們促成了全體美國(guó)的重組。9.Onthesepagesyougetthestoryofwhathappened–andhowleadingAmericansseetheprioritiesnow.A.以下幾頁(yè)敘述的是事情的來(lái)龍去脈——以及美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人當(dāng)前如何看待事情的輕重