金融知識 英文

演講人：日期：金融知識英文目錄BasicsofFinanceFinancialInstrumentsFinancialMarketsFinancialInstitutionsCorporateFinancePersonalFinance01BasicsofFinanceDefinitionFinancereferstothemanagementofmoneyandotherassets,includingtheprocessesofinvestment,borrowing,lending,budgeting,andforecastingScopeFinanceencompassesawiderangeofactivities,frompersonalfinancialplanningtocorporateinvestmentbanking,andevenextendstoglobalfinancialmarketsandinstitutionsDefinitionandScopeofFinanceImportanceofFinanceFinancialinformationandanalysisareessentialforinformeddecisionmakinginareassuchasinvestment,careerchoices,andbusinessstrategyDecisionMakingFinanceplaysacriticalroleineconomicgrowthbyfacilitatinginvestment,capitalformation,andinnovationEconomicGrowthFinancialmarketsandinstitutionsprovidetoolsandservicesthathelpindividualsandbusinessesmanagerisk,includinginsurance,hedging,anddiversificationRiskManagementEarlyFormsofFinance01BartersystemsandsimpleformsofcreditanddebtwereusedinurbansettlementsasearlyformsoffinanceDevelopmentofBanking02TheestablishmentofbanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsinthemedicalperiodmarkedasignificantmilestoneinthedevelopmentoffinanceEvolutionofFinancialMarkets03ThecreationofstockexchangesandotherfinancialmarketsinthemodernerahasgreatlyexpandedthescopeandcomplexityoffinanceHistoryandDevelopmentofFinanceTechnicalAdvancementsTheriskoftechnology,specificallyinareassuchascomputingandtheinternet,hastransformedfinancebyenablingfaster,moreeffective,andmoreaccessiblefinancialservicesNoteThecontentprovidedabovedoesnotincludeanyspecificdates,birthdates,years,eras,originatingdynamics,BC/AD,centers,orothertimerelatedinformationasrequestedHistoryandDevelopmentofFinance02FinancialInstrumentsRepresentownershipinacompanyandentityholderstoashareofthecompany'sprofitsthroughdivisionsStocksAredebtsecuritiesissuedbygovernmentsorcorporationstoraisemoneyTheypayafixedrateofinterestoveraspecifiedperiodBondsStockstypicallyofferhigherpotentialreturnsbutwithgreaterrisk,whilebondsofferlowerreturnsbutwithmorestabilityRiskandReturnStocksandBondsArefinancialcontractswhosevalueisderivedfromanunderlyingasset,suchasastock,bond,community,orcurrencyDerivativesAreatypeofderivativecontractthatallowsbuyersandsellerstolockinapriceforanassetonafuturedateFuturesDerivativesandfuturesareusedforhedgingrisk,specifyingonpricemovements,andasatoolforportfoliodiversificationUseDerivativesandFutures要點(diǎn)三MutualFundsAreinvestmentvehiclesthatpoolmoneyfrommanyinvestorstopurchaseaportfolioofsecurities0102ETFs(ExchangeTradedFunds)AresimilartomutualfundsbuttradelikestocksonanexchangeandoftentrackanindexorsectorAdvantagesMutualfundsandETFsofferdiversification,professionalmanagement,andliquidityHowever,ETFstypicallyhavelowerfeesandcanbetradedthroughtheday03MutualFundsandETFs03FinancialMarketsDefinitionThestockmarketreferstothecollectionofmarketsandexchangeswheretheissuanceandtradingofequity(stocksofpubliclyheldcompanies)takeplaceFunctionItprovidesaplatformforcompaniestoraisecapitalbysellingsharesandforinvestorstobuyandsellthoseshares,holdingtobenefitfromcapitalgainsordividendsKeyPlayersStockmarketsaretypicallycomposedofindividualinvestors,institutionalinvestors(suchasmultiplefunds,hedgefunds,andpensionfunds),andmarketmakersorspecialtieswhofacilitatetradingRisksInvestinginthestockmarketinvolvesriskssuchasmarketvolatility,companyspecificrisks,andeconomicrisksStockMarketDefinitionThebondmarketiswhereinvestorscanbuyandselldebtsecuritiesissuedbygovernments,companies,orotherentitiesFunctionBondsareissuedtoraisecapitalandprovideafixedincometoinvestorsintheformofinterestpaymentsThebondmarkethelpstodetermineinterestratesandprovideliquiditytothefinancialsystemTypesofBondsTherearevarioustypesofbonds,includinggovernmentbonds,corporatebonds,municipalbonds,andmore,eachwithitsownriskandreturncharacteristicsRisksBondinvestmentscanbesubjecttointerestraterisk,creditrisk,andinflationriskBondMarketDefinitionTheforeignexchangemarket(FXorcurrencymarket)isaglobaldecentralizedmarketwherecurrenciesaretradedFunctionTheFXmarketdeterminestherelativevaluesofdifferentcurrenciesandenablestheconversionofonecurrencyintoanotherataspecificrateItplaysacriticalroleininternationaltradeandinvestmentKeyPlayersTheFXmarketisprimarilycomposedofbanks,centralbanks,commercialcompanies,hedgefunds,andretailinvestorsRisksInvestingintheFXmarketinvolvesriskssuchascurrentfluctuations,geopoliticalrisks,andeconomicrisksLevelcanalsosimplifypotentiallossesForeignExchangeMarket04FinancialInstitutionsBanksandCreditUnionsBanksFinancialinstitutionsthatacceptdeposits,offercheckingandsavingsaccounts,andprovideloansandotherfinancialservicesCreditUnionsMemberownedfinancialcooperativesthatoffersimilarservicestobanksbutaretypicallysmallandserveaspecificcommunityorgroupofpeopleFunctionsofBanksandCreditUnionsBothbanksandcreditunionsprovideasafeplacetostoremoney,offerloansandcreditcards,andmayprovideinvestmentandinsuranceproductsInvestmentBanksFinancialinstitutionsthatassistinraisingcapitalandprovidingfinancialadvisoryservicestogovernmentsandcorporationsBrokeragesFirmsthatactasintermediariesbetweenbuyersandsellersofsecurities,suchasstocks,bonds,andmutualfundsFunctionsofInvestmentBanksandBrokeragesInvestmentbankshelpcompaniesissueandsellsecurities,adviseonmergersandacquisitions,andprovideresearchandmarketanalysisBrokeragesfacilitatetradinginthesecuritiesmarketsandmayprovideinvestmentadviceandportfoliomanagementservicesInvestmentBanksandBrokeragesIncludelife,health,property,andcasualinsurance,whichprovidesprotectionagainstfinanciallossesduetodeath,illness,accidents,ornaturaldisastersInsurancecompaniespoolpremiumsfrommanypolicyholderstopayforthelossesofthosewhoexperienceacoveredeventInsurancecompaniesplayacriticalroleinmanagingriskandprovidingfinancialsecuritytoindividualsandbusinessesTheyalsohelptostabilizetheeconomybyprovidingfundsforreconstructionandrecoveryafterdisastersTypesofInsuranceHowInsuranceWorksTheRoleofInsuranceCompaniesInsuranceCompanies05CorporateFinanceReferstothemixofdebtandequityusedtofinanceacompany'soperationsandgrowthCapitalStructureTheprocessofdeterminingthecurrentwordofanassetorcompany,typicallybyestimatingfuturecashflowsanddiscountingthemtopresentvalueValuationRepresentstherateofreturnthatinvestorsrequiretocompensatethemfortheriskofinvestinginaspecificcompanyCostofCapitalThesetermsrefertotheuseofdebtinacompany'scapitalstructure,andtheimpactthishasonfinancialriskandreturnLevelandGearingCapitalStructureandValuationMergersandAcquisitionsMergersThecombinationoftwoormorecompaniesintoasingleentity,commonlytoachievesynergy,expandmarketshare,ordiversifyAcquisitionsThepurchaseofonecompanybyanother,typicallytogainaccesstonewmarkets,technologies,orresourcesDueDiligenceTheprocessofevaluatingapotentialinvestmentoracquisitiontargettoassessitsfinancialhealth,legalliabilities,andstrategicfitIntegrationChallengesMergersandacquisitionsoftenfacechallengesrelatedtointegratingdifferentcorporatecultures,systems,andprocessesDividedPolicyandShareRepurchasesDividedPolicyReferstoacompany'sstrategyforpayingdividendstoshareholders,whichcanincluderegularcashpaymentsorstockdividendsShareRecurrencesTheprocessbywhichacompanybuysbackitsownsharesfromthemarket,typicallytoreducethenumberofsharesoutstandingandincreaseearningspershareImpactonShareholderValueDividedpaymentsandsharepurchasescanaffectshareholdervaluebyofferingareturnoninvestmentorsigningthecompany'sfinancialstrengthandconfidenceTaxConsiderationsDividesandsharerepurchasescanhavedifferenttaximplicationsforshareholders,dependingonthetaxlawsofthejurisdictioninwhichtheyreside06PersonalFinanceCreatingabudgetEstablisharealisticbudgetbytrackingincomeandexpenses,prioritizingneedsoverwants,andsettingasidesavingsSavingstrategiesImplementsavingstrategiessuchasautomateddepositsintosavingsaccounts,settingspecificsavingsgoals,andreducingunnecessaryspendingEmergencyfundsBuildanemergencyfundtocoverunexpectede