北京市昌平區(qū)2022-2023學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三年級期末質(zhì)量抽測英語試題 附解析

昌平區(qū)2022-2023學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三年級期末質(zhì)量抽測英語試卷筆試部分本試卷共12頁，共100分。考試時(shí)長90分鐘。考生務(wù)必將答案答在答題卡上，在試卷上作答無效?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將答題卡交回。第一部分知識運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，30分)第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。RecentlymywifeandIwereflyingacrossthecountry.Wewereabouttoboardour___1___whenawomansittingnexttoushadamedicalepisode.Icamebackfromtherestroomandsatdownnexttomywife,wholeanedintomeandwhispered“Something’s___2___.”Awomanwascollapsingandquicklylostcontrolofherbody.I___3___andbentinfrontofher,askingifshewasokay.She___4___herselfasMissJackie.ItoldherthatIwasnota___5___,butIwasthereforhertohelpinanywaysheneeded.InonehandIheldhersandwithmyotherhandIsupportedherhead,carefullyaskingwhatwashappening.She___6___thatshehadacondition.Whenherbodyisexposedtoalotofstress,herbodygoesintoanervousbreakdown.Sheexplainedthatshehadsufferedfromthis___7___conditionforthirtyyearsandwouldbe“perfectlyfineinjustawhile”.JustlikeJackiesaid,shewascompletelyfinewithinabouttwentyminutes.AsIwasstillconcernedabouther,Jackieagreedtoboardwithmy___8___.Istayedbehindtoensuresheboardedtheplanesafeandsound.___9___,whatJackieneededwassomeonetolistentoher.Don’tbeafraidtolistentostrangersandhelpthemout.Everyonehastheirownbattlesand____10____andsometimestheyjustneedsomeonetocare.1.A.ship B.train C.bus D.flight2.A.extraordinary B.different C.wrong D.unfamiliar3.A.jumpedup B.pulledup C.madeup D.wokeup4.A.explained B.introduced C.claimed D.described5.A.judge B.policeman C.journalist D.doctor6.A.revealed B.insisted C.denied D.expected7.A.normal B.casual C.terrible D.necessary8.A.control B.accompany C.agreement D.appointment9A.Strangely B.Certainly C.Naturally D.Actually10.A.conflicts B.struggles C.competitions D.campaigns【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.B5.D6.A7.C8.B9.D10.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者和他的妻子在旅行時(shí)幫助了一位患病的婦女登上飛機(jī)的故事，同時(shí)作者也呼吁人們要勇于傾聽和幫助別人。【1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我們正準(zhǔn)備登機(jī)時(shí)坐在我們旁邊的一位女士突然發(fā)病了。A.ship船；B.train火車；C.bus汽車；D.flight航班。根據(jù)前文“RecentlymywifeandIwereflyingacrossthecountry.”可知，最近作者和他的妻子將要坐飛機(jī)穿越這個(gè)國家，推斷出他們正準(zhǔn)備登機(jī)。故選D項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我從洗手間回來，坐在我妻子的旁邊，她靠過來低聲說：“有點(diǎn)不對勁兒。”。A.extraordinary不同尋常的；B.different不同的；C.wrong（身體）有毛病的；D.unfamiliar不熟悉的。根據(jù)后文“Awomanwascollapsingandquicklylostcontrolofherbody.”可知，一位婦女倒下了并且身體快速地失去控制，推斷出作者的妻子發(fā)現(xiàn)旁邊的婦女身體出了問題。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：我跳起來在她面前俯下身，問她是否還好。A.jumpedup跳起來；B.pulledup阻止；C.madeup彌補(bǔ)；D.wokeup醒來。根據(jù)前文“satdownnexttomywife”可知，作者當(dāng)時(shí)是坐在椅子上的，由于突發(fā)的情況，推斷出他是從椅子上跳起來幫助這個(gè)婦女。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她介紹說她是MissJackie。A.explained解釋；B.introduced介紹；C.claimed聲明；D.described描述。根據(jù)前文“I___3___andbentinfrontofher,askingifshewasokay.”可知，作者在詢問這位婦女的情況，推斷出婦女是在回答作者的問題，所以介紹了自己的名字。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我告訴她我不是醫(yī)生，但是如果她有任何需要我都會盡力幫助她。A.judge裁判，法官；B.policeman警察；C.journalist記者；D.doctor醫(yī)生。根據(jù)后文“InonehandIheldhersandwithmyotherhandIsupportedherhead,carefullyaskingwhatwashappening.”可知，作者一手扶著她的手而另一只手托著她的頭，仔細(xì)詢問她發(fā)生了什么情況，說明作者看不出婦女的病情，推斷出他并不是醫(yī)生。故選D項(xiàng)。【6題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她透露說她有疾病。A.revealed透露；B.insisted堅(jiān)持；C.denied否認(rèn)；D.expected期盼。根據(jù)前文“carefullyaskingwhatwashappening”可知作者詢問了她的情況，所以她告訴作者她的疾病。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他只是說他患有這種糟糕的癥狀已經(jīng)有三十年了，過一會兒就會完全好起來。A.normal正常的；B.casual隨意的；C.terrible糟糕的；D.necessary必要的。根據(jù)前文“Awomanwascollapsingandquicklylostcontrolofherbody.”可知，婦女發(fā)病的時(shí)候很痛苦，不能控制自己的身體，推斷出她認(rèn)為這個(gè)疾病很糟糕。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：因?yàn)槲胰耘f擔(dān)心她，Jackie同意在我的陪伴下登機(jī)。A.control控制；B.accompany陪伴；C.agreement同意；D.appointment約會。根據(jù)后文“Istayedbehindtoensuresheboardedtheplanesafeandsound.”可知，作者站在婦女的身后確保她平安健康地登上飛機(jī)，推斷出作者是陪伴著Jackie登上飛機(jī)的。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：事實(shí)上，Jack真正需要的是有個(gè)人聽她說話。A.Strangely奇怪地；B.Certainly確定；C.Naturally自然地；D.Actually事實(shí)上。根據(jù)后文“whatJackieneededwassomeonetolistentoher”可知，Jackie只是需要有人聽她說話這是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，“事實(shí)上”符合句意。故選D項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：每個(gè)人都有自己的斗爭與難事，并且有些時(shí)候他們需要的僅僅是某些人的關(guān)心。A.conflicts沖突；B.struggles難事；C.competitions比賽；D.campaigns戰(zhàn)役。根據(jù)前文“She___6___thatshehadacondition.”可知，她患有疾病就是她面臨的難事。故選B項(xiàng)。第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)A閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Smarthomesaremarketedasthefuture:makinglifeeasier,___11___(good),fasterandcheaper.Theypromisetoprovideconveniencefor___12___(use)andgivethemcontrolovereventsintheirhomes—___13___athomeornot—aswellasprovidingcomfortandenergyefficiency,forexamplesensingtemperatureandautomatingairconditioningorheating.【答案】11.better12.users13.whether【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了智能家居的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?！?1題詳解】考查比較級。句意：智能家居被營銷為未來：讓生活更輕松、更好、更快、更便宜。根據(jù)句中easier，faster和cheaper可知，此處應(yīng)用比較級形式。故填better?！?2題詳解】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意：它們承諾為用戶提供便利，讓他們控制家中的事件——無論是否在家——以及提供舒適和能源效率，例如傳感溫度和自動化空調(diào)或供暖。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“使用者”；根據(jù)代詞them可知，應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填users?！?3題詳解】考查固定句型。句意：它們承諾為用戶提供便利，讓他們控制家中的事件——無論是否在家——以及提供舒適和能源效率，例如傳感溫度和自動化空調(diào)或供暖。固定句型whether…ornot…“無論是……還是……”。故填whether。B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。WhenMarilyntriedtosorthermother’sthings,shecouldfindnothingshewanted___14___(keep).Sheleafedthroughphotoalbums(相冊)forapictureofherselfwithhermotherandcouldn’tfindone.OnlyMarilyninkindergartenpigtails;Marilyninthirdgradewitha___15___(miss)fronttooth;Marilynataschoolpartywithapapercrown(王冠)___16___herhead.TherewerethreephotoalbumsofMarilyn.Notasingleshotofhermother.【答案】14.tokeep15.missing16.on【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述瑪麗蓮試圖整理她母親的東西時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的照片?！?4題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：當(dāng)瑪麗蓮試圖整理她母親的東西時(shí)，她找不到任何她想要保留的東西。固定搭配wanttodosth.“想要做某事”。故填tokeep?！?5題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：三年級的瑪麗蓮缺了一顆門牙。此處修飾名詞fronttooth，應(yīng)用形容詞，作定語。故填missing。【16題詳解】考查介詞。句意：瑪麗蓮在學(xué)校聚會上，頭上戴著紙王冠。此處是“with+名詞/+介詞短語”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞head前用介詞on。故填on。C閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Rainbombs___17___(create)whenhotairmixeswithcoldair,causingstreamsofairtodrop.However,asthecoldairfalls,itpicksupmoisturefromthehotair,___18___producesheavyrainfalls.Researchershavefoundthatclimatechange___19___(play)abigroleinthecreationofrainbombs.Asrainfallsincrease,energyisreleased,causingmorewatertoevaporate(蒸發(fā))fromtheoceans.Becauseofthiscycle,manyclaimthatrainbombs___20___(increase)by80%bytheendofthecentury.【答案】17.willbecreated18.which19.plays20.willhaveincreased【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了暴雨的形成原因及其過程?！?7題詳解】考查謂語。句意：當(dāng)冷空氣與熱空氣混合時(shí)，就會形成暴雨，使氣流下降。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句包含when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句該處缺謂語動詞，主將從現(xiàn)，可知應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)，且主語與改動詞之間形成被動關(guān)系。故填willbecreated?！?8題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：然而，當(dāng)冷空氣下降時(shí)，它會收集來自于熱空氣中的水分，它會形成暴雨。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該處缺主語，為非限制性定語從句，且先行詞為moisture，指物，故填which?！?9題詳解】考查謂語。句意：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)氣候改變在暴雨形成過程中扮演重大的角色。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該處缺謂語，結(jié)合上下文，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且主語是三單形式，故填plays。20題詳解】考查謂語。句意：由于這種循環(huán)，很多人宣稱到這個(gè)世紀(jì)末，暴雨會增加百分之八十。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該處缺謂語，且由句子中bytheendofthecentury可知，應(yīng)使用將來完成時(shí)，故填willhaveincreased。第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分，共28分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。AReadanyinterestingbookslately?Wewanttohearaboutthem,sowe’rehostingaReviewBlitz!Wewantreasonablereviewsinonemonth!Thesereviewsmustbeyourhonestopinions.Don’trushthroughwritingthem,becausewe’llbepayingattentiontoquality!Deadline:Feb.1.2023Rules:Youmustbeateen(aged13-19)withaTeenCreativityaccounttoenter.●Submissionsmustrelatetothetopic.●Eachreviewmusthaveaminimumof250words.●Thereisnolimittothenumberofpiecesyoucansubmit.Guidelines:●Giveabriefsummaryofthebook.Don’texplaintheentireplotortellyourreaderhowthebookends.●Tellthereaderwhatyoulikeordislikeaboutthebook,suchastheme,characters,writingstyle,etc.●Recommendthebooktocertainreaders.Isthebookmoresuitabletoolderteens?Wouldsciencefictionfansbeinterestedinthisbook?It’shelpfulforreaderstothinkaboutthebookinthecontextofotherbooksthey’veread.●Rememberthatit’sokaytohaveastrongopinion!Avoidstartingsentenceswith“Ithink”,“Ibelieve”or“Inmyopinion”.Prizes:●Allparticipantswillreceiveacertificate.●FirstprizewinnerswilleachhaveonereviewpublishedinTeenCreativitymagazineandgetafree6-monthmagazinesubscription.●Secondprizewinnerswilleachgetafree3-monthmagazinesubscriptionandreceivea$25giftcard.●You’llreceivetheseprizesbeforeSep.28,2023.Submityourworkstoteencreativity.com.Wehopereviewingbooksbringsyoujoy.Don’tthinkofwritingareviewasanassignment;imagineyouarewritingtoabestfriendwholovesreadingasmuchasyoudo!21.TheparticipantsofReviewBlitz________.A.needtobeatleast12yearsold B.cansubmitmorethanonereviewC.shoulduploadworksbeforeSep.28 D.mustexpressopinionswithin250words22.Whatwillallwinnersgetbesidescertificates?A.Giftcards. B.Cashawards.CFreemagazines. D.Publishedreviews.23.Whichsentenceshouldbeavoidedinthereview?AThemaincharacterBillsurvivesatlast.B.Theauthor’suseofimageryismasterful.C.Thetalkbetweenthecousinsisunbelievable.D.FansoftheHarryPotterserieswilllovethisbook.【答案】21.B22.C23.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一則應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹邀請讀者對讀過的書寫書評的活動——評論閃電戰(zhàn)?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Rules部分“Thereisnolimittothenumberofpiecesyoucansubmit.(你可以提交的作品數(shù)量沒有限制)”可知，參加者可以提交的作品數(shù)量沒有限制。故選B?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Prizes部分“●Allparticipantswillreceiveacertificate.●FirstprizewinnerswilleachhaveonereviewpublishedinTeenCreativitymagazineandgetafree6-monthmagazinesubscription.●Secondprizewinnerswilleachgetafree3-monthmagazinesubscriptionandreceivea$25giftcard.(●所有參加者都將獲得證書。●一等獎獲得者每人將有一篇評論發(fā)表在《青少年創(chuàng)造力》雜志上，并可免費(fèi)訂閱6個(gè)月的雜志?！穸泉劦弥髅咳丝擅赓M(fèi)訂閱3個(gè)月的雜志，并獲得25美元的禮品卡)”可知，所有參加者除了獲得證書之外，還可以獲得免費(fèi)訂閱的雜志。故選C?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Guidelines部分“Giveabriefsummaryofthebook.Don’texplaintheentireplotortellyourreaderhowthebookends.(對這本書做一個(gè)簡短的總結(jié)。不要解釋整個(gè)情節(jié)，也不要告訴你的讀者這本書的結(jié)局)”可知，寫書評時(shí)不要寫書的結(jié)局。故選A。BMynameisLeo.Ineverthoughtofmyselfasaspecialperson,butIalwaysdreamedtobeasuperherolikeBatmanandSuperman.Onemorning,Iawoke,slippedoutofbedandlookedoutofthewindow.Therewasaworldcoveredinaseaofwhitesnow.Ihurriedtogetdressedandsetouttotakeawalkinthesnowwithmydrone(無人機(jī)).WhenIwanderedintheparknearmyhome,Isawthefrozenriverlyingtherepeacefully.Then,ayounggirlcameintomysight.Sheranhappily,followedbyhermomfromadistance.Suddenly,shewassoexcitedthatsheaccidentallyrushedtotheiceontheriver.Therewasacreak(嘎吱聲)andthegirl,sensingsomethingwrong,said“Mommy!”justbeforetheicegaveway.Withasplash(落水聲),theyounggirlcrashedthroughtheice.Atthatmomenttwothingshappenedtome.Firstly,Istoodmorealertly(警覺地)thanIhadeverbeenbeforeinmylife.Secondly,Iwasonthemove.Ididn’tknowwhatovercamemebutIneededtohelp.ThepreciousdroneinmyhandcrashedtothegroundandwascrushedbymeasIran.Ithrewoffmyjacketandscarfwhilerunning,knowingtheywouldweighmedown.Asthewomanyelled“Help!”atpassers-by,Iwasalreadymovingacrosstheicetogetthegirl.ItriedtopullherupbuttheicefurtherbrokeandIfellintoo.Asthewaterbegantomakemeverycoldtothebone,Ithoughtonlyoftheyounggirl.Igraspedherunderthearmsandpushedherupontotheiceneartheedge.Iwasofalmostnohelpsothemotherreachedoutandpulledherdaughterintoherarms.“Takeher.Soc-c-ccold.”IsaidasIpushedthegirlupwards.ThewomanturnedbacktohelpmeusingthescarfbutIwasnowheretobeseen.Blacknessenvelopedme.WithastartIawoke!TherewerefiremenallaroundmeandIwaslyinginthesnowwithamaskonmyface.Cheersbrokeoutaroundme.Mylifereallychanged.ItwasaspiritanditdidcometomebecauseIwasatruehero.24.WhathappenedwhenLeowasinthepark?A.Hisdronelandedintheriver. B.Hisjacketandscarfwerelost.C.Ayounggirlfellintotheicecave. D.Awomancrashedthroughtheice.25.WhatwasLeothinkingwhenhewasinthewater?A.Hecouldbearealherothistime. B.Heregrettedthrowingoffhisstuff.C.Hewonderedwhoelsecouldhelp D.Heneededtosavethepersonquickly.26.Accordingtothepassage,howdidLeofeelintheend?A.Worried. B.Proud.C.Confused. D.Shocked27.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeLeo?A.Braveandselfless. B.Intelligentandambitious.C.Cautiousandsmart. D.Generousandoptimistic.【答案】24.C25.D26.B27.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者Leo在公園里下救下掉入冰洞落水女孩的故事?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“WhenIwanderedintheparknearmyhome,Isawthefrozenriverlyingtherepeacefully...Therewasacreak(嘎吱聲)andthegirl,sensingsomethingwrong,said“Mommy!”justbeforetheicegaveway.Withasplash(落水聲),theyounggirlcrashedthroughtheice.(當(dāng)我在我家附近的公園里漫步時(shí)，我看到冰凍的河流靜靜地躺在那里……嘎吱一聲，小女孩感覺到有什么不對勁，在冰層坍塌之前叫了一聲“媽媽！”。隨著一聲水花四濺，那個(gè)年輕的女孩撞破了冰層，落水了)”可知，當(dāng)Leo在公園時(shí)，一個(gè)小女孩掉進(jìn)了冰洞里，落水了，故選C?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Asthewaterbegantomakemeverycoldtothebone,Ithoughtonlyoftheyounggirl.(當(dāng)水開始讓我感到徹骨的寒冷時(shí)，我想的只是那個(gè)年輕的女孩)”可知，當(dāng)Leo在水中時(shí)，想到的只是要盡快救出落水女孩。故選D?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Mylifereallychanged.ItwasaspiritanditdidcometomebecauseIwasatruehero.(我的人生真的改變了。這是一種精神，它確實(shí)來我這，因?yàn)槲沂且粋€(gè)真正的英雄)”可知，Leo認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)真正的英雄。由此推知，文章最后表明他感到很自豪，故選B?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“ThepreciousdroneinmyhandcrashedtothegroundandwascrushedbymeasIran.Ithrewoffmyjacketandscarfwhilerunning,knowingtheywouldweighmedown...Asthewaterbegantomakemeverycoldtothebone,Ithoughtonlyoftheyounggirl.(我手中珍貴的無人機(jī)墜落在地上，在我奔跑的時(shí)候被我壓碎了。我在跑步的時(shí)候脫掉了外套和圍巾，知道它們會把我壓垮……當(dāng)水開始讓我感到非常寒冷，我只想到了那個(gè)年輕的女孩)”可知，當(dāng)Leo看到女孩落水后，不顧自己珍貴的無人機(jī)摔碎，直接去救女孩，而且在水中的時(shí)候所想的也只有救女孩，完全不顧自己很冷。由此推知，Leo是一個(gè)勇敢且無私的人。故選A。CMostenvironmentalpollutioncomesfromhumansandtheirinventions.Theelectricbulbsarethoughttobeoneofthegreatesthumaninventionsofalltime.However,toomuchofagoodthinghasstartedtonegativelyimpacttheenvironment.Lightpollution,theextremeorinappropriateuseofoutdoorartificiallight,isaffectinghumanhealthandwildlifebehavior.Thereisaglobalmovementtoreducelightpollution,andeveryonecanhelp.Lightpollutionisaglobalissue.ThisbecameparticularlyobviouswhentheWorldAtlas(地圖冊)ofNightSkyBrightness,acomputer-generatedmapbasedonthousandsofsatellitephotos,waspublishedin2016.VastareasofNorthAmerica,Europe,theMiddleEast,andAsiaareglowingwithlight,whileonlySiberia,theSahara,andtheAmazonareintotaldarkness.Artificiallightcanwreakhavoconnaturalbodyrhythmsinbothhumansandanimals.Itinterruptssleepandconfusesthecircadianrhythm(生理節(jié)奏)一theinternal,twenty-four-hourclockthatguidesdayandnightactivitiesandaffectsphysiologicalprocessesinnearlyalllivingorganisms.Oneoftheseprocessesistheproductionofthehormonemelatonin(褪黑素),whichisreleasedwhenitisdarkandispreventedwhenthereislight.Anincreasedamountoflightatnightlowersmelatoninproduction,whichresultsinlackofsleep,headaches,stress,anxiety,andotherhealthproblems.Bluelight,inparticular,hasbeenshowntoreducelevelsofmelatonininhumans.Itisfoundincellphonesandothercomputerdevices,aswellasinlight-emittingdiodes(LEDs),thekindsofbulbsthathavebecomepopularathomeandinindustrialandcitylightingduetotheirlowcostandenergyefficiency.Studiesshowthatlightpollutionisalsoimpactinganimalbehaviors,suchasmigration(遷徙)patternsandhabitatformation.Becauseoflightpollution,seaturtlesguidedbymoonlightduringmigrationgetconfused,losetheirway,andoftendie.Largenumbersofinsects,aprimaryfoodsourceforbirdsandotheranimals,aredrawntoartificiallightandareinstantlykilleduponcontactwithlightsources.Evenanimalslivingunderthedeepseamaybeaffectedbyunderwaterartificiallighting.OnestudylookedathowanimalsinsearespondedtobrightlylitpanelsputunderwateroffthecoastofWales.Fewerfilterfeedinganimals(濾食性動物),suchastheseasquirt(海鞘),madetheirhomesnearthelightedpanels.Thiscouldmeanthattheartificiallightisalteringoceanecosystems.Thegoodnewsisthatlightpollution,unlikemanyotherformsofpollution,isreversible(可逆的)andeachoneofuscanmakeadifference!Now,manypeoplearetakingactiontoreducelightpollutionandbringbackthenaturalnightsky.Individualsareurgedtouseoutdoorlightingonlywhenandwhereitisneeded,tomakesureoutdoorlightsareproperlyshielded(遮擋)anddirectlightdowninsteadofupintothesky,andtoclosewindowblinds,shades,andcurtainsatnighttokeeplightinside.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“wreakhavocon”inPara.3probablymean?A.Greatlyimprove. B.Wellmaintain.C.Strictlymanage. D.Seriouslydamage.29.Accordingtothepassage,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Lightpollutionwasfirststudiedasaglobalissuein2016.B.Deep-seaenvironmentcanhelpanimalsavoidlightpollution.C.Artificiallightaffectsthesenseofdirectionandhabitsofanimals.D.LEDscanbeusedmorebecauseoflowcostandenergyefficiency.30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthecontroloflightpollution?A.Unconcerned. B.Negative.C.Neutral. D.Positive.31.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tocallonpeopletoreducelightpollution.B.Todiscussforsandagainstsofartificiallight.C.Togivesuggestionstoprotectenvironment.D.Toshowdevelopmentprospectofartificiallight.【答案】28.D29.C30.D31.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了人造光對人類和動物的危害，呼吁我們要行動起來，減少光污染?！?8題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段劃線短語下文“Itinterruptssleepandconfusesthecircadianrhythm(生理節(jié)奏)一theinternal,twenty-four-hourclockthatguidesdayandnightactivitiesandaffectsphysiologicalprocessesinnearlyalllivingorganisms.(它會干擾睡眠，擾亂晝夜節(jié)律——幾乎所有生物體內(nèi)指導(dǎo)晝夜活動并影響生理過程的24小時(shí)生物鐘)”和下文提到的人造光對人類和動物造成的危害可知，人造光會打擾睡眠，擾亂生理節(jié)律，對人類和動物產(chǎn)生危害，結(jié)合劃線短語所在句子“Artificiallightcanwreakhavoconnaturalbodyrhythmsinbothhumansandanimals.(人造光可以對人類和動物的自然節(jié)律wreakhavocon。)”可推知，人造光可以對人類和動物的自然節(jié)律造成嚴(yán)重破壞。由此可知，劃線短語“wreakhavocon”意思與D項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)重?fù)p害”意思一樣，故選D。【29題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Studiesshowthatlightpollutionisalsoimpactinganimalbehaviors,suchasmigration(遷徙)patternsandhabitatformation.Becauseoflightpollution,seaturtlesguidedbymoonlightduringmigrationgetconfused,losetheirway,andoftendie.(研究表明，光污染也影響動物的行為，如遷徙模式和棲息地的形成。由于光污染，在月光引導(dǎo)下的海龜在遷徙過程中容易迷路，甚至死亡。)”可知，人造光影響動物的方向感和習(xí)性。故選C。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thegoodnewsisthatlightpollution,unlikemanyotherformsofpollution,isreversible(可逆的)andeachoneofuscanmakeadifference!(好消息是，光污染，不像其他形式的污染，是可逆的，我們每個(gè)人都可以做出改變！)”可知，光污染是可逆的，每個(gè)人都可以做出改變，由此可推知，作者對光污染控制的態(tài)度是積極樂觀的，故選D?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段中“Lightpollution,theextremeorinappropriateuseofoutdoorartificiallight,isaffectinghumanhealthandwildlifebehavior.Thereisaglobalmovementtoreducelightpollution,andeveryonecanhelp.(光污染，極端或不適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂脩敉馊斯す?，正在影響人類健康和野生動物的行為。有一個(gè)減少光污染的全球運(yùn)動，每個(gè)人都可以幫忙。)”可知，文章主要介紹了人造光對人類和動物的危害，呼吁我們要行動起來，減少光污染，所以文章的寫作目的是呼吁人們減少光污染。故選A。DTherearehundredsofbacterial(細(xì)菌的)speciesinourstomach.Bacterialdiversityisagoodthing,ageneralcontributortoandmarkerofgoodhealth.Butwhatdoesahealthystomachlooklike?Studiesindicatethatthecompositionvariesbymanyfactors.Oneofthemostimportant,itturnsout,iswhoyoucurrentlylivewith.Researchershavecometotheconclusion:Dietandheritability(遺傳力)areknowntoaffectthemicrobiome(微生物組),butsocialrelationshipsshapeitmost—especiallywhenitcomestomarriage.TheDutchProject,whichstudiedmicrobesin8,208individualsbelongingtothreegenerations,findsthattheheritabilityofmicrobesisonly1.9percent.Theynoticedmuchgreatersimilarityamongtheunrelatedindividualssharingahouseholdthanamongrelativeswhodonotsharehouseholds,includingtwinswhoselivingsituationsdifferinadulthood.Theresearchersfoundthatnearly50percentofmicrobialtypesweresignificantlyaffectedbycohabitation.Ingeneral,themicrobiomesofalltypesofcohabitors(includingparentsandchildren)weremoresimilarthanthoseofparticipantslivingseparatelynomattertheirrelatedness.Marriedcoupleswhoreporthavingaclose,lovingrelationshiphavethemostsimilarity.Evidenceofmicrobialsharing,especiallyofrarespecies,showsexchangesthroughinteractions.Andthatputshighlightonactsofcloserelationship—includingkissing.Scientistshaveknownfordecadesthatsocialrelationships,especiallymarriage,powerfullyaffecthealth.Notonlyarethemicrobiomesofcohabitingcouplesmoresimilartoeachother;theyalsoaremoresimilarlydiverse.Thereisagreaterrichnessofspeciesthaninunmarried,noncohabitingindividuals.Despitethedominatinginfluenceofaclose,cohabitingrelationship,themicrobiomecanbedifferentindiet,especiallyonerichinplantfiber.Itcanalsobeinfluencedbybehavior,suchasfarmingandgardeningandexercise.Moreover,it’sadaptabletoenvironment—greenspaceandpollutantsaroundyou.Livinginaruralenvironmentbringsincreasesinbacterialinkedtohealth,anddecreasesinbacteriathatareharmful.Livingwithpetsalsohasapositiveeffectonthemicrobiome,whileexposuretoairpollution,especiallycarexhaust,andpassiveexposuretocigarettesmokehavenegativeeffects.Itcanalsobeaffectedbydirectadditionofspecificspeciesofbacteria,deliveredinconsumableprobiotics(口服益生菌).Thereareprobioticsnowmarketedfordigestivehealth,othersaimedatimmunehealth,andstillothersforboostingmood.Nowthatit’sclearthatsocialrelationsplaythelargestroleinthemakeupofthemicrobiome,canprobioticsforsinglesbefarbehind?32.Whichgrouphasthemostsimilarmicrobiomes?A.Husbandandwife. B.Adulttwins.C.Grandfatherandgrandson. D.Colleagues.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Diethasadominatinginfluenceonmicrobiomes.B.Cohabitationishelpfulforustohaveabalanceddiet.C.Socialrelationsplayasimilarroleassomeprobiotics.D.Themicrobiomesincouplesarelessdiversethansingles.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WhoAretheHealthiestPeople? B.HowDoesSocialLifeAffectOurHealth?C.WhatWillaHealthyStomachLookLike? D.HowDoMicrobiomesWorkinOurBody?【答案】32.A33.C34.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】文章是一篇說明文，介紹了一個(gè)健康的胃的組成是有很多不同的因素?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Researchershavecometotheconclusion:Dietandheritability(遺傳力)areknowntoaffectthemicrobiome(微生物組),butsocialrelationshipsshapeitmost—especiallywhenitcomestomarriage.”（研究人員得出結(jié)論：飲食遺傳力已知會影響微生物組，但社會關(guān)系影響最大，尤其是婚姻關(guān)系。）以及“Theynoticedmuchgreatersimilarityamongtheunrelatedindividualssharingahouseholdthanamongrelativeswhodonotsharehouseholds,includingtwinswhoselivingsituationsdifferinadulthood.”（同住一個(gè)家庭的無血緣關(guān)系的個(gè)體之間的相似性比不同住一個(gè)家庭之間的無血緣關(guān)系的親屬之間的相似性要大得多）可知，丈夫和妻子的關(guān)系會具有相似的微生物群。故選A項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Nowthatit’sclearthatsocialrelationsplaythelargestroleinthemakeupofthemicrobiome,canprobioticsforsinglesbefarbehind?”（既然社會關(guān)系在微生物的構(gòu)成中起著重大的作用，那么單身者們的益生菌還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？）可知，社會關(guān)系和一些益生菌都在微生物的構(gòu)成中起著重要作用，由此可推知，社會關(guān)系和一些益生菌有著相似的作用。故選C?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。結(jié)合文章第一自然段“Therearehundredsofbacterial(細(xì)菌的)speciesinourstomach.Bacterialdiversityisagoodthing,ageneralcontributortoandmarkerofgoodhealth.Butwhatdoesahealthystomachlooklike?Studiesindicatethatthecompositionvariesbymanyfactors.(我們的胃里有數(shù)百種細(xì)菌。細(xì)菌多樣性是一件好事，是健康的總體貢獻(xiàn)者和標(biāo)志。但是健康的胃是什么樣子的呢？研究表明，成分因許多因素而異。)”可知，本文介紹了一個(gè)健康的人的胃受到各種因素的影響，C項(xiàng)“健康的胃會是什么樣子？”最適合做文章標(biāo)題，故選C。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，共10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑，選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。ANervousJourneyLet’stakeajourney.Itisgoingtobeafastone,sobeprepared.Wherearewegoing?Wearegoingtostartatyourheadandendupatyourtoes.___35___Itmaybetheshortestandfastesttripofyourlife.Areyouready?Let’sbegin.Wiggleyourbigtoe.Okay,we’redone.Youmightbesaying,“That’sit?”Wesaiditwasgoingtobeafastride!Youjustsentamessagewithanelectricalsignalfromyourbraintothemusclesinyourtoe.Bingo!Itmoves.___36___Theelectricalsignalsinyourbodycanmoveasfastas150meterspersecond.Intheamountoftimeittakesyoutosay“Mississippi”threetimes,anervecouldsendanelectricalsignalthelengthofafootballfieldandback.Nowthatyouknowhowfastanerveimpulse(神經(jīng)沖動)cantravel,let’stakealookatthesystemthatisthehighwayfortheseelectricalsignals.Thehumanbodyismadeoftrillionsoftinycells.Eachcellissosmallthatyouneedamicroscopetoseethem.Yourskin,yourhair,youreye—allaremadeupofcells.___37___Musclecellsmoveyourbody.Skincellsprotectyourbody.Onespecialtypeofcell,neurons(神經(jīng)元),allowyourbraintosendmessagestoeverypartofyourbody.Thecenterofthenervoussystemisthebrain.Thebraintakesinwhatyoureyesseeandwhatyourearshear.___38___Youcanthinkofyournervoussystemasarelayteampassingabatonfromonerunnertothenext.Butinsteadofrunners,youhavecells,andinsteadofabaton,youhaveinformation.___39___Ithandsitsinformationtothenextcell,whichpassestheinformationtoanothercell.Intheend,theinformationreachesitsdestinationandcausesachange—maybeamusclecontracts.The“information”batonpassedfromneurontoneuronisusuallyasmallelectricaleventcalledanactionpotential.A.Justhowfastwasthesignalmoving?B.Aneuroninyourbrainstartstherelay.C.Differenttypesofcellsdodifferentjobs.D.Youmighthaveheardthemcalledbraincells.E.Didyoueverwishyoucouldgoinsidesomeone’sbrain?F.Itmaynotseemlikealongtrip,butitisgoingtobefast.G.Ifyoudecidethatyouwanttomovearound,yourbraintellsyourmusclestodoit.【答案】35.F36.A37.C38.G39.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了大腦中的神經(jīng)元通過神經(jīng)沖動指揮人體行動的原理和過程?！?5題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Wearegoingtostartatyourheadandendupatyourtoes.(我們將從你的頭部開始，到你的腳趾。)”和后文“Itmaybetheshortestandfastesttripofyourlife.(這可能是你一生中最短最快的一次旅行。)”可知，此處是指從頭部到腳趾并不是一段很長的旅行，但是很快。所以選項(xiàng)F“這似乎不是一段漫長的旅程，但它會很快?！鼻泻衔囊?。故選F?！?6題詳解】根據(jù)后文“Theelectricalsignalsinyourbodycanmoveasfastas150meterspersecond.(你體內(nèi)的電信號可以以每秒150米的速度移動。)”可知，此處是講人體內(nèi)的信號移動得有多快，所以選項(xiàng)A“信號移動的速度有多快？”切合文意。故選A?！?7題詳解】根據(jù)后文“Musclecellsmoveyourbody.Skincellsprotectyourbody.Onespecialtypeofcell,neurons(神經(jīng)元),allowyourbraintosendmessagestoeverypartofyourbody.(肌肉細(xì)胞推動身體運(yùn)動。皮膚細(xì)胞保護(hù)你的身體。一種特殊類型的細(xì)胞，神經(jīng)元，讓你的大腦發(fā)送信息到你身體的每個(gè)部分。)”可知，此處是指不同類型的細(xì)胞做著不同的工作，所以選項(xiàng)C“不同類型的細(xì)胞做著不同的工作。”切合文意。故選C?！?8題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Thecenterofthenervoussystemistheb