錄井工程現(xiàn)場操作手冊 MUD LOGGING OPERATION MANUAL

1Mmm硒1腳麻祗

Preparedby：

AHMEDABDELFATAHEDREES.

Themainjobsofthemudlo史史eraretotakecareof:

1-Geologicaljob.

2-Drillingjob.

3-Drillingfluids_________________________________________________

1-Geologicaljob.

Ihavetoberesponsiblefor:

A)Sampling:

Ishouldpreparetwosamples.Onedried,theotheriswetted.

Thewettedsamplesareenclosedintospecificbags.

Onbothofthetwosampleswewriteabovethemthreeinformation's.

(Companyname,wellnameanddepthf?omandto).

Thesamplesmusthavebeenwashedandsievedtotakethefinest

grainstomakeathinsectionfromitandtodothesecondstepofthe

responsibility,whichis.

B)Descriptions:

Itisdoneunderspecificmicroscopetoseetheoilshowsandtake

theotherdescriptionsoflithologicalpercentagesandproperties.

2-Drilling:

Wehavetotakecareofmanyofthedrillingparameterssuchas:

A)Hookload:

Thisistheloadonthehookthisisthesummationofthestrings,i.e.;the

bitand(BHA)bottomholeassembly.

B)Weightonbit

It'salwayscalculatedfromthehookloadanditsdecreaseonit

SinceiftheHLis500tonesandsuddenlybecame400tonesso-this

differenceisduetotheformationresistanceandthisiscalledtheWOB.

Sand(lowestresistance)<shale<silt<lime<dolostone<anhydrite

(highestresistance)

ThehighertheFMresistance,thehighertheWOB.

C)Standpipepressure

Thisisthepressureofthepumpedfluidsinsidethepipesandhoses.

ThisisrelatedhighlytotheSPM.

D)Casingpressure:

Thisisthepressureofthepumpedcementintocasings.

E)Rotaryspeed:

Thespeedofrotationofthestrings,whichis,supportedeitherfrom

aboveontopdriveorontherotarytableonrigfloor.

F)Rotarytorque:

Theresistanceoftheformationtothedrillingandrotationofstrings

Themoretheresistanceofformation,thehigherexertedtorque.

G)Pumpspeed:

Thespeedsofpumpingofmudinsidethepipes,whichdependonthe

numberof,strokeperminuteoringeneraltheefficiencyofpump.

NB;thediameterofthebitisthatofcaliberisthatofthehole

Andthecasingpipesaresmallerthanthem.

IfthetorqueisveryhighandweincreasedtheRPMsotheremaybetwisting

offthedrillstring

3)Drillingfluids:

A)Volume.

B)MudWt(density)intoandoutfromhole.

C)Mudtempintoandoutputfromthehole.

D)Mudconductivity(resistivity)intoandoutputfromhole.

Q:Whatarethesensorsthatfeelallthoseparameters?

Thereare#3typesofthesensorssuchas:

NB;

Whenwemakesidetrackwell,itwillbetreatedlikeanewwellsowewillcreate

anewwellbythesoftware,writefileno1,runno1

ButwewillstartcompletingthedepthfromthepointofCMTplugtillreaching

anewFM,

Wecallthispointatwhichthelithologychangescompletelyf/CMTto/FM

(KICKOFFPOINT).

Duetohighhardnessofthecementsothedirectionmanmaketimedrillingin

ordertoletthebitescapesfromthatcementintothesofterlithologywhichisthe

formation.

TheyoftenPOOHafterthatpointinordertochangethebit.

##Whenconnectiontakesplace:

TheKellypositionislargerthanSTDlengthwithKellydownvalue(2ft).

##Whendepthisincorrect,gotodatagpinsoftwareandenterdepthcorrection,

thenwritenewvalueoftotaldepthandclickonbitdepthalsotobeadjusted.And

trytodothatwhenKellyisstopmoving.

##WhenthestandisonbottomwithspecificSPMthepressuredifferstosome

extentthanwhenitisoffbottomwithsameSPM.

WASHandREAMING:

IfsaprocessofwideningandcleaningtheholeafterthedrillingofeveryoneSTD.

BymovingupanddownwithRPM,SPM.

##WhenwemakePOOHandchangesbitoranylikethat,thenweRIHweshould

changerunn。andfileno,andenterthenewbitdataorifitsrerunagain.

##ROPforrocksis:

##ROTATIONPERMINUTEISDIRECTLYPROPORTIONALTOTHE

TORQUE.

##Suctiontank;istheactivepit,whichdirectlyattachedtothepumps.

##Reservetank;isthetankforsavingadditionalquantitiesofmudifneededagain.

##Slui>tank;isthetankforahighviscositymudpreparationsanditssmallvalue.

##Settling(sandtrap);it'slaybelowtheshaleshakerdirectlyandcanbedumped

toporeifitisundesiredmudor

contaminated.

##Triptank;itstankusedwhenwePOOHorRIHtoaddmudinsideholeor

receivesmudfromholerespectively,alsoit'svaryincapacitiesfrom40-80bblsto

sensehighlylossorgain.

MUDCIRCULATIONS:

Activetank------?pumps----?standpipe-Hrre?mudhose

swivelC?strifiSanmihieflowouTTifteshaleshaker

activetank.

BIIA:........->(bottomholeassembly),whichconsistsof(BIT,BITSUB,DC,

STABILIZER,DC,JAR,XO,HWDP)

Theoryofanypressuresensoris{sensitivediaphragmthataffectedwithanypressure

layonit,andit'scontactedwithoiltogivesensor.

MudorairDiaphragmOilSensorWire

TYPESObDRILLINGMUD:

1-Spudmud,commonlyusedinthefirstholedrillingforconductorCSG.

2-Solidsaturatedpolymermud(NaCl,KCl).

3-Saltsaturatedmud.

4-Oilbasemud.

5-Aeratedmud.

##SPM,SPPisdirectlyproportionalandreversalvolumetank.

HOWCAN/DIFFERENTIATEBETWEENTHEDIFFERENT

LITHOLOGIES?

SandstoneLimestoneShaleAnhydriteSalt

1-SD:Lse,1-Lst:Tansh1-Sh:Gy,1-Anh:1-Salt:Anh

clss,pnk,wh,offwh,brwnshgy,Crmywh,i/p

yellshwh,brnshgy,grnshgy,submlkywh,wh,

occ/gy,crse-cryptoxin,blky-subclss,modhd?

v.crsegrnd,sft-modhd,flky,modhd,

occ/pebbly,arg.frm-frm,cryptoxln.

ang?subang,noncalc-sli

poorsrtd,w/calc,

upto50%Dolomite:

fldsp.tanshbrnsh,2-Salt

2-Dol:Tanshtanshgy,2-Anh:Yelsh

2-SD:Lse,gy,brnshgy,cryptoxln-wh,offwh,

pnk,occ/gy,cryptoxln-microxln,pstd,sft,

md-crsemicroxln,hd-modhd-hd.cryptoxln.

grnd,occ/v.v.hd.

crse,ang-

subang,poor

srtd,w/upto

90%fldsp.3-SALINITY

3-Reactswith3-ReactswithTEST&Poor

3-fasterROPHCIBaSO4return&Fast

ROP

R0P1.......................=(ft/hr)

ROP2........................=60/ROP1(min/ft)

Drillingparameters:

Indrillingprocessweshouldtakecareofallrelatedparameterssuchas:

HKLD-------dec&WOB-------increases.

RPM---------inc&TRQ------increases.

SPM---------inc&SPP------inc&tankvolumedecreases.

KELLYposition---------------------------decreases.

TotaldepthmustequalBitdepth.Andbothofthemincreasesgradually=0.01or0.02

or0.03

2-Inreamingprocess

Offbottom,RPMoccurs,movingupanddownwithSTD,SPM,SPP,HKLDmax.

3?Incirculationprocess

Offbottom,noRPM,SPM,SPP,HKLDmax.

Whenthedrillmakescirculationbottomupispumpingmudtogetuptosurfaceand

thatneedsaspsificnumberofstrokesorbbls.

4?Connection

Offbottom,noWOB,lowestHKLD,noSPP,noSPM,noTRQ,noRPM.

5-Onslips

It'sdonewhenthefloormenmakesanewaconnection.

6-SlowDumprate(SCR)

Thisisatestoneachpumptonoticethepressureexertedbyeachoneinorderto

usespecificSPMforeachpumptokillthewellincaseofkick.

7?Blinddrillin!

Thedrillingofholewithoutanyreturnofcuttingsorfluidsotheydrillwith

seawaterinordertoreducethecosts.

8-Freepointindicator

Thepointatwhichtheycanmakecutforthestickystring,firstlytheytrytomake

jarringtofreethispoint.

9-Flowcheck

Thetestdonetonoticethelevelofmudinsidetheconductor.

10?Leakoftest

Thistestdoneaftereachcasingandthebeginningofnewopenhole,thisoccursby

drillingoftenfeefsnearlytoknowwhatistheallowablepressureonthe

formation.

ILPumpiniahighvismud

It'sahighviscositymudpumpedtocleantheholefromanycuttingsorLCMor

CMTcontamination.

12?Junksample(magnet)

IfsthemetalcuttingscomefromthefrictionbetweentheCSGpipesandtheDP.

13?Carbidetest

It'sthetestdonetocalibratethegassystemchromatograph;ifsalsousedto

examinethewashinholebycalculatingthelagstrokes.

##Calculatetheamountoflossesifnoreturn:

Bbls/hrs=POP*TSPM*60

##Calculatethe(TFA)............totalflowarea

====■?=(Jetsize/32/2)2*22/7*noofjetsiftheyequal.

Ifthejetsisopenedso===========B^thesizeis32

##ECD=======^istheequivalentcirculateddensity

Thisisthemudvvtinthedynamicstate.

##GPM=POP*SPM*42

##POP=(LD)2*lengthstroke*efficiency*0.000243

##HOWTOCALIBRATETHEPVTSENSOR?

1-Onedoublepress..........4MA.....................value..........................reachitto2.80

2-Towdoublepress..........20MA....................value...........................reachitto0.50

3-Fourdoublepress..........speed......................value...................reachitto1

##Incaseofpartiallosses,weaddLCMinthemud,makeshaleshaker(by-pass),

ifit'scontinuedsoaddseawaterinsteadofmudtoreducethecost.

Typeoflosses:

1-Surfacelosses..........今it'sthelossesofmudduetosurfaceequipmentslike

(desander,desilter,mudcleanerandcentrifuge).

2.Holefill.....................今it'sthemudneededtofillthehole=(ID)2*1feet/1029

3?Downholelosses-?一今it'sthemudlostintheformationduetofracturingor

highermudwt.

####Doglewwell....今thisiswelldeviated,tendstobehorizontal.

14?Slipandcut

It'stheprocessofeliminationoftheoldwornwireonthedrawworkand

installingofanewonefromthedeadlinereelontothedrawwork.

Duringthisprocess,theyhangthetopdrivesothehookloadsensorreadsa

minimumvaluelike25klbs.

###Thejunctionbetween2DPiscalled......今TOOLJOINT.

Whilethatbetween2casingspipesiscalled-->CASINGCOLLAR.

##The^assystemintheunitcomposedof:

1-DEGASSER：thisisaMOTORwithagitatortoliberatethegasesfromthemud.

2-SUCTIONPUMP：thisusedtosuckthegasesfromtheWATERTRAPthroughtheDITCH

LINE.

3?PNEUMATICPANEL：thisisusedtofilterthegassesthatcomingfromthepumpinto

thegassystem

4-LARGECOMPRESSOR:thisisusedtomakealarmforH2Sandexitingofanywateror

mudintheditchline.

5-SMALLCOMPRESSOR：thisisusedtosupplyanairneededforignition.

6-HYDROGENGENERATOR:thismainsourceofhydrogen&workbythedistilledwater

ionizationinto(HandO).

7-Totalwasdetector:isfortheoverallgasquantitydetection.

8-Cat心ticchromatoHraph:forsamplingandtimingofanalysis.

9-FIDCHROMATOGRAPH：forthegassampleanalysisintotheircomponents.

HOWTOKNOWTHEWASHOUTINPIPES?

Bysuddenpressuredropwhiledrilling.

##Thismaybeduetothepumpdeefficiencyorleakinthestandpipelinesothey

mustmakecheckonbothinordertoconfirmthatiswashoutinpipe,

Alsoitmaybeduetolossofthejets.

##Thcreare2typesofcrackseither

Lvertical:

ThatiswhenincreasingtheWOB,thecrackincreasesandthepressurewill

continuedrops.

2-horizontal:

ThatondecreasingtheWOB,thepressureswillincrease.

###Howtocalculatethewashoutdepth?

V={(id)2*L*const}+{(d-od)2*L*const)

Where...........今id,od............">forthedrillpipe.

d........................fortheopenholeorcasingdiameter.

OVERPULL:

IfsthesuddenincreaseintheHKLDreadingwhilePOOH,duetothetightspotin

thehole.

TWISTOFF:

Thisisthecutofthedrillstringfromanyweakpointlikethetooljointsthatis

predictedbysharpdropinSPPandsharpdropinHKLD.

##TheadditionofnewmudofdifferentMWTcandifferthetotalMWTinthe

hole,sotherewillbedifferenceintheHYDROSTATICPRESSURE.

MWDGYROTOTCO

1-ittakeangeland1-ittakesangelonly.1-ittakesangelonly.

directionsurvey.

2-itranwithrotary2-itranthroughthe2-itranthroughthe

assemblythroughpipesanditrequiresopenholebyusinga

motoritcouldsenditsbeingoffbottomandwire.

pulsesthroughthestoppingdrill,usinga

mudduringthespecialpieceofpipe.

drilling.

NiDplinqupBop:

Ifsthesettingup&installingoftheBOPforthenewopenhole,whichfollowedby

theBOPtesttoseewhatisthemaximumallowablepressureontheannulus.

FASTBREAK:

ItmeanstheROPishighduetosoftformation.

DRILLOFF:

Ifscomingoffbottompositionafterthedrillingprocess.

BACKFLUSH(PURGE):

Ifstheprocessofexitingthewateroranymudfromtheditchlineinordernotto

plugthat;byswitchingonthecompressorandopeningthewatertrap.

##Weshouldincreasethemudweightincaseofdrillinghighpressurizedshalein

ordernottocausemechanicalstuckandalsoweshouldn'tincreaseabovelimited

valueinordernottomakedifferentialstuck.

BITUNDERGAUGE:

It'sthedecreasingofthediameterofthebitduetolargetimeofhightorque

drilling,sotheyhavetoPOOHforbitchange

##Limesandytexture-----fit'sthelithologyoflimestoneinshapeofsandsize;

henceitcanreactwithhydrochloricacidwithoutanyppt.

##Sandylimestone---------->itslimestoneandsandstonemixedrock,when

reactswithHC1itgivesppt.

CALCULATIONOFTHEBOTTOMUP:

Bbls={(id)2-(od)2}*L/1029

Strokes=bbls/POP

Time=strokes/T.spm

HOLE

CALCULATIONOFTHECAPACITY:

Bbls=(id)2*L/1029

Strokes=bbls/POP

Time=strokesfr.spm

(HOLEorDP)

CALCULATIONOFTHEDISPLACEMENTINTHETRIPPING:

Bbls=(od)2-(id)2*L/1029

Thedifferenceoftheouter

diameterthantheinner

diameteristhethicknessof

thepipe.

Thepassofthesignalsfromandintotheunitis:

{Sensor-->Safetybarrier-->DAS-->Phillips-->online}

TheDAOistheconnectingnodeofthissystem,soit'sconnectedtoserverviaRS

232connectionthroughcardintheservercalledMOXA,whichisalsoconnected

totherigmonitorthroughtheDAQ.

DAQisfeedingthesensorswiththerequiredpowerthroughtheSAFETYBARRIER

&consequentlytheDAQcollectsthesensorsdatathroughthesafetybarrier.

TheDAQmodulesalsoarefeedingthePHILLIPSrecorderwiththedata.

Theimportanceofthesafetybarrier:

1-feedingthesensorswithrequiredpower.

2-isolatesensorsfromtheDAQ.

3-protectthesystemfromhadconnections(shortcircuit,open

Circuitconditions.

Bitsub:

It'stheconnectionbetweentheDCandthebit,andit'sabovethebitdirectly.

Crossoversub(XO):

It'sthejunctionbehveenthepipesthatofdifferentdiameter.

Kell、down:

It'stheendpointofKellyneartherotarytable;approximatelyit'stheheightof

theoldstandminus2-3feet's

Kellyup:

It'sthebeginningpointoftheKellyinthetopofthemast,theheightofnewstand

plus2-3feefs

TRIPPING

Ifseitheroneoftow:RUNINHOLE(RIH)ORPULLOUTOFHOLE(POOH):

1?COMPLTETRIPPOOH--4it'seitherdryorwet.

2?WIPERTRIPPOOH----今it'sshorttriptothelastcasingshoeinthewell.

RISER

Thelongtube(conductor)thatusedonlyinoffshorerigstoconnectbetweenthe

floorandtheopeningofthehole,andonthebottomtheBOPisresetonthesea

floor.

[AyDOWN:it'sthedisintegrationofanyjoints.

FORMATIONINTEGRATEDTEST:

Ifstheteston5feefsoftheformationaftercasingandaftertheydrilltheshoes,

bypumpingmudinclosingoftheholetoknowtheamountofpressureallowable

ontheformation,thispointisknownfromthedecreaseinthepressureafterits

increase.

Ififspumpedfromthecementpumpit'scalled(LEAKOFFTEST).

Cementjob:

Becauseoffillingtheholewithmudso;theyneedstopumpcement;hence,they

pumpfirstlyspacer(water+chemicals+so

Thisspacerpushesthemudtogouponmudtanks.

ThentheypumptheCEMENTSLURRY(lead(lightfirst)&tail(heavywt-last”,and

Icalculatetheamountofreturnedmudwithrespecttotheslurryinordernotto

takekickorlosses.

ThentheymakeDISPLACEMENTforthiscementbymudtoletthecemententerthe

annulus.

They計(jì)'八/丁ONCEMENTabout6-12hoursaccordingtothedepthofthecasing.

TheBOTTOMPLUGisaddedbeforepumpingthespacer,

WhiletheUPPERPLUGisaddedafterpumpingtheslurry.

CEMENTJOBREPORT

DURINGPUMPCEMENT

MUDVOLUME@02:00PM=444BBL(BEFORECEMENTJOB)

MUDVOLUME@04:10PM=735BBL(AFTERPUMPINGCEMENT)

MUDVOLUMERECEIVED=291BBL

HLSPUMP=(50SPACER)+(213LEAD)+(98TAIL)=361BBL

LOSSESDURINGPUMINGCEMENT=361-291=70BBL

DURINGDISPLACEMENTCEMENT

RIGPUMPSTARTDISPLACEMENTCEMENTWITH735BBLMUDINPITS

MUDVOLUMEAFTERDISPLACEMENT=684BBLS@06:00PM

LOSSESDURINGDISPLACEMENTCEMENT=735-684=51BBL

SO;

TOTALLOSSESINCEMENTJOB=70+51=121BBLS

Taqoncement:

IfstheprocessofRIHwithstringtotouchthetopofcementtobeidentified.

LOSSESKICK

1-DECREASEINTHEPITVOLUMEWITH1-INCREASEINTHEPITSVOLUME.

RESPECTTOHOLEFILLS.

2-1NCREASEINTHESPP,WITHSAME2-DECREASEINTHESPP

STROKES.&ITMAYINCREASESPMOFPUMPS.

3?INCASEOFCOMPLETELOSS,NO3-INCREASEINTHEMUD

MUDFLOWOUTRETURN.TEMPERATURE.

4-

4-DECREASEINMUDWT

5-

5-MAXREADINGOFGASTHANBACK

GROUNDGASES.

6-

6-FASTBREAKINROP.

NB

Whenthepumpsswitchedon,itwillconsumemanybarrelstofillthelines(no

losses),

Whilethepumpsswitchedoff,itwillbackthemudinlines(nogain).

Typesofgases:

l-backgroundgas:

2-connectiongas:

3-lripgas:

4~circulationgas:

SPPincreasewithsameSPMSPPdecreasewithsameSPM

1-Mudweightisincreased.1-Mudweightisdecreased.

2-jetsmaybeplugged.2-lossingofjets.

3-MWDproblemsifpresent.3-thedeficiencyofthepumps(POP)

Squeeze:

Ifstheprocessofinjectionthecement,ifsdonebyrunning(cementreturnertool)

anditsworkthroughpumpingcementatbottomthenitwillplugthecement.

Morgatolbacterialacid):

Itsataxicadditiveisplacedinthegeochemicalsamplestopreserveit.

###Nocarbidetestoccursinoilbasemudunlessweaddwaterinthetestbetween

thetowpipeconnections.

Dumpingthetank:

Itsprocessofgettingridofacontaminatedmudinthattank.

Pipelacks:

It'slikeasoapymaterialsaddedincaseofdifferentialsticking.

Whatiseffectofincreasingthemudweight?

1-Itmaycausefracturingtotheformationsolosses.

2-Ifitdidn'tmakelossesduetoimpermeableformation,itwouldmakeimpact

forceontheROP.

3-Alsoitcanaffectonthebithenceitwillaffectallthedrilling.

Whathappenedinsidetrack?

Whentheyplugtheoriginalholebyacementplugcalled(bridgeplug),

Theybuildanangleby(millingassembly)

Andmakeawindowtodrillinthecasingpipe,thiswindowmaycalled(whip

stock)

Spot:

It'sahighmudweightmudleftonbottom,inordertopoohwithdrypipes

aspossible.

Sweep:

It'sahighviscositymudtocleanholefromcuttings,inordertocleanonly.

Slug:

It'sahighmudweightusedtocleanthestringfromcuttingsduringthetripping.

HTHP:

HightemphighpressureIncaseofoilbasemudanditsequivalenttowaterin

caseofwaterbasenmd.

Emulsionstabilization:

It'stheagentresponsibleformixingthewaterwithdieselthroughachemical

materialcalled(emulsifier)

D.Vtool:

It'susedwhenmakinglargecasing,itcandividethecasingintotowpartitionsin

ordertomakethecementjob.

Linercasing:

Thiscasingisthelasttypeofcasingtubes,ranhangedfromtheprevious

(intermediate)throughahangerthatisgettingdownthroughthelastjointofdrill

pipe.

Wecanconfirmit'shangedbyincreasinginthepumppressuretolimitextent

thendecreaseagain.

Scabliner:

Itsreverselinerranabovethelinertosupport.Anditmustbeofhighgrade.

Stinger:

Its3.5"DPusedwhenwepumpingcementplugtocloseaholealsowhen

wedrill6"hole

Pressuregradient:

It'sthepressurechangeperfootofdepth.

P=mudwt*.052

Specificgravity:

=Densityofmud/densityofwater(8.33)

Oierburdenpressure:

Pressurechangeperonefootduetnweightofrockandweightofanyfluids

withinthatrock.

Normalpressuregradient:

Pressuregradientofacolumnoffluid,whichiscolumntoanarea.

DuringpuHinzstring:

Fluidleveldrop(ft)=pipedisplacement(bbl)/(annularcapacity+pipe

capacity)

SoHydpresslossduetopulling=(0.052*Mwt*leveldrop)

Afterpooh5STD,thelevelwilldecreaseintheholeso;weneedtofillthehole

afterevery5STD

Sothestrokestofillthehole=(pipedisplacement(bbl)/POP)

Pressureloss:

Pressureexpandedwherefluidflowthroughpipeandannulussincethereis

resistancetoflow,suchasdrop@(string&bit&annular&surface)

Itdependson:-fluidproperties.

-Pipedimensions.

-Flowrateoffluid.

Pressureontheformation=(hydpress+imposedpress+pressloss)

Slipvelocity:

Thevelocityofthecuttingstogettobottomwitheffectofgravityonlywhenthe

pumpisswitchedoff.

Reynoldsno:

Thefactor,whichdeterminethetypeofflowforanyfluid,

Whenit'sincreasedthan2000->soitsturbulentflowthathelpincleaningthehole

especiallyatthedrillcollararea,whichisspiral.

Whenifsdecreasedthan2000soit'salaminarflowsuchthatatthedrillpipe

Filluptool:

Itstooladdedtothetopdriveincaseofcasingrunninginordertofillthetube

aftermanyjoints.

WHATDOYOUDOTOMAKEWOBINTHEDRILLINGOFCMTWITH

KNOWINGTHATBITDEPTHISN'TEQUALTOTOTAL

DEPTH?

CALCULATION

■?BOUYANTWEIGHTOFDRILLSTRING

OFFBOTTOM========ENTERTHEOFFBOTTOMNEEDED

TOCALCULATEFROMWHICHTHEWEIGHT

DRILLSTRINGWEIGHT=========

TOENTERTHENEWVALUEOFTHEOFFBOTTOM:

(TD-FLOATCOLLARDEPTH)=VALUEI(WHICHISNEEDED)TOBE

OFFBOTTOMTOCALCULATWOB

#TOMAKETHESOFTWARECALCULATESTANDSWHICHCATCHTHE

LINERCASING:

-ENTERTHESTANDSNUMBERIN(DRILLSTRINGGEOMETRY)

PowerinaUptoDrillDown

DrillinaStraiahtDown

AutomaticallyKeepinqtheWellPathVertical-FromSpudtoTD

Anewrotarysteerablesystemforverticaldrillingpreventsboreholesfromdeviatingfromverticaland

canalsoreturninclinedboreholestoverticality.

Availableforawidevarietyofholesizes,thissystemrotatescontinuouslytoprovidesuperiorhole

qualityandholecleaning,whichminimizetheriskofmechanicalstickingandeffectahigherrateof

penetration(ROP).

EniselectedthePowerV*verticaldrillingsystemtodrilltheMiglianico2wellintheMiglianicooilfieldof

Pescara,centralItaly.

Thecompanywantedtoimproveefficiency,holecleaningandwellborequality.Thecarbonatereservoir

sitsbeneathtough,plasticclaystonesthatmakedrillinglarge-diameterboreholesdifficultbecause

claystonecuttingsinterferewithhydraulics.TheSlimPulse*third-generationslimMWDtoolconfirmed

verticalityinrealtime.ToimprovedrillingefficiencyandincreaseROP,thesystemwasdeployedwitha

PowerPak*steerablemotorintegratedinthebottomholeassembly.

ThePowerVsystemoffersauniquesetofcapabilities.Programmedonsurfacetoautomaticallyseek

andmaintainverticality,thetoolactivelysteerstoconstantlymaintainverticalitywithoutany

interactionfromsurfaceoncedeployedinthehole.Sensorsinthefulltriaxialsurveypackagewithinthe

PowerVtooldeterminewhetherinclinationischanging,alongwhatazimuthandbyhowmuch.If

changeshaveoccurred,thetoolautomaticallydeterminesthedirectionnecessarytosteerbacktoa

verticalorientationbyusingpadsthatactivelypushagainstthehighsideofthehole.Thisautomation

meansthatdrillingwiththePowerVsystemrequiresnoadjustmentatthewellsite.

ThePowerVtooldrilledthe16-in.boreholesection,alengthof1,736m[5,696ft],inonerun.TheROPwas21%

higherthantheaverageROPofnearbywells.The121/4-in.section,drilledineightruns,was1,060m[3,478ft]

long,andtheROPwas24%higherthanthatofoffsetwells.Bothsectionsweredrilledwithnotoolfailuresand

asavingsof15dayscomparedwiththedrillingplan.

EncouragedbythesuccessoftheMiglianico2drilling,Eniusedaspecialybuilt,22-in.PowerVtooltodrillthetop-holesectionof

theMonteEnoc5wellintheGrumentoNovafieldofsouthernItaly.ThePowerVsystemdrilledtroublesomeclay-richalluviumat

surfaceandhardlimestonesjustbelov/thepointatwhichconductorcasingisset.Anditdidsoathigherratesofpenetrationthan

aconventionalbottomholeassembly.

HighratesofpenetrationarethenormwhendrillingwiththenewPowerDrivevorteX*poweredrotary

steerablesystem.ThissystemIncludesanIntegratedpowersectionthatconvertsthehydraulicpower

ofcirculatingfluidtorotationaltorque,producingunprecedentedhighratesofpenetration.

Likeotheradvancedrotarysteerablesystems,thishigh-performancetechnologyofferstheadvantages

ofcontinuousrotationatdrillstringspeedtominimizestick/slipphenomenaandimproveefficiency.

ThePowerDrivevorteXsystemisplayingakeyroleforoperatorDragonOilPlc.intheredevelopmentof

theLAMfieldintheChelekenblockoffshoreTurkmenistanintheCaspianSea.Drillingoperationswith

positive-displacementmotorsinthethick,overpressuredreservoirsectioncommonlysufferedfrom

diflerentialstickingofthedrillstring.Byusingthepoweredrotarysteerablesystem(RSS),DragonOil

savesseveraldaysofdrillingtimeoneachdevelopmentwell.

ForBelayimPetroleumCompany(Petrobel),thePowerDrivevorteXsystemprovidesmoreenergyand

sufficientrotationratetodrillhardanhydritestringersinthematureBelayimMarinefield,offshore

EgyptintheGulfofSuez.Inadevelopmentwell,useofthepoweredRSSsavedmorethan10daysof

rigtime.Inaddition,the12.25"sectionwasdrilledinasingletrip,andthetrajectorycloselymatched

theplan.ThepoweredRSSsavedatleastfiverigdaysperwellinthreeotherwells.

SimilarsuccessoccurredinAlberta,Canada